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Performance Evaluation of software-based error detection Mechanisms for Supply Noise Induced Timing errors

IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2017年第7期E100A卷 1452-1463页

作者： Masuda, Yutaka Onoye, Takao Hashimoto, Masanori Osaka Univ Dept Informat Syst Engn Grad Sch Informat Sci & Technol Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan

software-based error detection techniques, which includes error detection mechanism (EDM) transformation, are used for error localization in post-silicon validation. This paper evaluates the performance of EDM for timing error localization with a noise-aware logic simulator and 65-nm test chips assuming the following two EDM usage scenarios;(1) localizing a timing error occurred in the original program, and (2) localizing as many potential timing errors as possible. Simulation results show that the EDM transformation customized for quick error detection cannot locate electrical timing errors in the original program in the first scenario, but it detects 86010 of non-masked errors potential bugs in the second scenario, which mean the EDM performance of detecting electrical timing errors affecting execution results is high. Hardware measurement results show that the EDM detects 25010 of original timing errors and 56010 of non-masked errors. Here, these hardware measurement results are not consistent with the simulation results. To investigate the reason, we focus on the following two differences between hardware and simulation;(1) design of power distribution network, and (2) definition of timing error occurrence frequency. We update the simulation setup for filling the difference and re-execute the simulation. We confirm that the simulation and the chip measurement results are consistent.

关键词： electrical timing error software-based error detection EDM transformation error detection

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Performance Evaluation of software-based error detection Mechanisms for Localizing Electrical Timing Failures under Dynamic Supply Noise 34

Performance Evaluation of Software-based Error Detection Mec...

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34th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)

作者： Masuda, Yutaka Hashimoto, Masanori Onoye, Takao Osaka Univ Dept Informat Syst Engn Suita Osaka 565 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781467383882

For facilitating error localization, software-based error detection techniques have been proposed and EDM (error detection mechanisms) transformation is one of these techniques. To discuss the effectiveness of EDM for electrical bug localization, two scenarios are considered;(1) localizing an electrical bug occurred in the original program, and (2) localizing as many potential bugs as possible. We experimentally evaluated the error detection performance in these two scenarios under dynamic power supply noise. Experimental results show that the EDM transformation customized for quick error detection cannot locate electrical bugs in the original program in the firs scenario, but it is useful for findin potential bugs in the second scenario.

关键词： electrical bug software-based error detection EDM transformation error detection

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A software-based error detection Technique for Monitoring the Program Execution of RTUs in SCADA 34th

A Software-Based Error Detection Technique for Monitoring th...

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34th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security (SAFECOMP)

作者： Rajabpour, Navid Sedaghat, Yasser Ferdowsi Univ Mashhad Dept Comp Engn Dependable Distributed Embedded Syst DDEmS Lab Mashhad Iran

ISBN: (纸本)9783319242552;9783319242545

A Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is an Industrial Control System (ICS) which controls large scale industrial processes including several sites over long distances and consists of some Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and a Master Terminal Unit (MTU). RTUs collect data from sensors and control actuators situated at remote sites and send data to the MTU through a network. Since RTUs operate in a harsh industrial environment, fault tolerance is a key requirement particularly for safety-critical industrial processes. Studies show that a significant number of transient faults due to a harsh environment result in control flow errors in the RTU's processors. A software error detection technique has been proposed to detect control flow errors in several RTUs. For experimental evaluation 30,000 faults injected on network;the average performance and memory overheads are about 33.20 % and 36.79 %, respectively and this technique detected more than 96.32 % of injected faults.

关键词： SCADA RTU Transient fault Fault tolerance Fault injection software-based error detection

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Hardware-Simulation Correlation of Timing error detection Performance of software-based error detection Mechanisms 22

Hardware-Simulation Correlation of Timing Error Detection Pe...

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22nd IEEE International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design (IOLTS)

作者： Masuda, Yutaka Hashimoto, Masanori Onoye, Takao Osaka Univ Dept Informat Syst Engn Suita Osaka 565 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781509015061

software-based error detection techniques, which includes EDM (error detection mechanisms) transformation, are used for error localization in post-silicon validation. This paper evaluates the performance of EDM for timing error localization with 65-nm test chips assuming the following two EDM usage scenarios;(1) localizing a timing error occurred in the original program, and (2) localizing potential timing errors that vary execution results. Experimental results show that the EDM transformation customized for quick error detection detects 25% of timing errors in the original program in the first scenario and 56% of non-masked errors in the second scenario. However, these hardware measurement results are not consistent with the simulation results of our previous work. To investigate the reason, we focus on the following two differences between hardware and simulation;(1) design of power distribution network, and (2) definition of timing error occurrence frequency. We update the simulation setup for filling the difference and re-execute the simulation. We confirm that the simulation and the chip measurement results are consistent, which validates our simulation methodology.

关键词： electrical timing error software-based error detection EDM transformation error detection

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software-based Control-Flow error detection with Hardware Performance Counters in ARM Processors 4

Software-based Control-Flow Error Detection with Hardware Pe...

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CPSSI 4th International Symposium on Real-Time and Embedded Systems and Technologies (RTEST)

作者： Ahmad, Hussien Al-Haj Sedaghat, Yasser Ferdowsi Univ Mashhad Comp Engn Dept Dependable Distributed Embedded Syst DDEmS Lab Mashhad Iran

ISBN: (数字)9781665499101

ISBN: (纸本)9781665499101

The recent trend in processor manufacturing technologies has significantly increased the susceptibility of safety-critical systems against soft errors in harsh environments. Such errors result in control-flow errors (CFEs) that can disturb systems' execution and cause severe financial, human, or environmental disasters. Therefore, there is a severe need for efficient techniques to detect CFEs and keep the systems fault-tolerant. Although numerous control-flow error detection techniques have been proposed, they impose considerable overheads, making them inappropriate for today's safety-critical systems with restricted resources. Several techniques attempt to insert fewer control-flow checking instructions to reduce overheads. However, they limit fault coverage. This paper proposes a software-based technique for ARM processors to detect CFEs. The technique leverages the Hardware Performance Counters (HPCs), which exist in most modern processors, to count microarchitecture events and generate HPC-based signatures. based on these signatures that capture the correct control flow of the program, the proposed technique can detect CFEs once the correct control flow is violated. We evaluate the detection capability of the proposed technique by performing many fault injection experiments applied on different benchmark programs. Moreover, we compare the proposed technique with common signature-based CFE detection techniques with respect to fault coverage and imposed overheads. The results demonstrate that the proposed technique on average can achieve -99% fault coverage which is 23.57% higher than that offered by the employed signature-based techniques. Moreover, the memory overhead imposed by the proposed technique is 4.85% lower, and the performance overhead is -19% lower than that of the studied signature-based techniques.

关键词： hardware performance counter control-flow checking safety-critical systems fault injection software-based error detection

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software-based Control Flow error detection and Correction Using Branch Triplication

Software-based Control Flow Error Detection and Correction U...

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17th IEEE International On-Line Testing Symposium (IOLTS)

作者： Ghalaty, Nahid Farhady Fazeli, Mahdi Rad, Hossein Izadi Miremadi, Seyed Ghassem Sharif Univ Technol Dept Comp Engn Azadi Ave Tehran Iran

ISBN: (纸本)9781457710551

Ever Increasing use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors to reduce cost and time to market in embedded systems has brought significant challenges in error detection and recovery methods employing in such systems. This paper presents a software based control flow error detection and correction technique, so called branch TMR (BTMR), suitable for use in COTS-based embedded systems. In BTMR method, each branch instruction is triplicated and a software interrupt routine is invoked to check the correctness of the branch instruction. During the execution of a program, when a branch instruction is executed, it is compared with the second redundant branch in the interrupt routine. If a mismatch is detected, the third redundant branch instruction is considered as the error-free branch instruction;otherwise, no error has occurred. The main advantage of BTMR over previously proposed control flow checking (CFC) methods is its ability to correct CFEs as well as protection of indirect branch instructions. The BTMR method is evaluated on LEON2 embedded processor. The results show that, error correction coverage is about 96%, while memory overhead and performance overhead of BTMR is about 28% and 10%, respectively.

关键词： Control Flow Checking COTS processor fault tolerance software-based error detection error correction

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software-based Control Flow Checking Against Transient Faults in Industrial Environments

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS 2014年第1期10卷 481-490页

作者： Asghari, Seyyed Amir Taheri, Hassan Pedram, Hossein Kaynak, Okyay Amirkabir Univ Technol Dept Comp Engn & Informat Technol Tehran 158754413 Iran Amirkabir Univ Technol Dept Elect Engn Tehran 158754413 Iran Bogazici Univ Dept Elect Engn TR-81030 Istanbul Turkey

Mechatronic systems operating in industrial environments are subject to a variety of threats because of harsh conditions. Industrial systems usually use commercial off-the shelf (COTS) equipment which are not robust and safe against hostile conditions and therefore require fault-tolerance considerations. This paper presents a novel and efficient method for online detection of control flow errors, called software-based control flow checking (SCFC). It is implemented purely in software and does not manipulate the hardware architecture of the system. Redundant instructions and signatures are embedded into the program at compile time and are utilized for control flow checking at run time. The signatures of the basic blocks are derived from the program graph. It is shown in the paper that SCFC method can increase single detection capability to 14.7% and the fault coverage to 6.12% averagely in comparison with other methods without any increase in memory and performance overheads. In the paper, besides experimental evaluations, analytical evaluations are also carried out, based on probability principles. The detection ability of each method used is thus computed. These computations verify the experimental results and show that SCFC can detect more errors than other methods suggested in literature. Considering the memory limitations in some (such as space) applications and the trend towards the requirement for faster execution of programs, we suggest a novel metric called fitness parameter which incorporates these. It is a better measure than the previously proposed ones since it considers the fault coverage, the memory overhead and the execution time (performance overhead) of each method simultaneously, as well as the detection capability.

关键词： Analytical evaluation commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) control flow checking fault injection fitness parameter software-based error detection

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