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Indoor navigation map design based on spatial complexity

CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SCIENCE 2025年第1期52卷 69-81页

作者： Zhou, Jingyi Yang, Haoyu Shen, Jie Zhu, Litao Nanjing Normal Univ Key Lab Virtual Geog Environm Minist Educ Nanjing Peoples R China Jiangsu Ctr Collaborat Innovat Geog Informat Resou Nanjing Peoples R China Nanjing Normal Univ Sch Geog Nanjing Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Finance & Econ Coll Informat Engn Nanjing Peoples R China

In the face of the complex interior structure of a building, indoor navigation is an important tool for people to arrive at their destination in large public buildings. In this research, we first analyze the complexity of indoor space, which mainly includes spatial entities with rich semantics, but corridors lacking in semantics, poor visibility, and multi-dimensional floors. Then, we designed various indoor navigation maps based on spatial complexity and conducted a comparative analysis between the existing maps and the ones we designed. Participants were recruited to perform three navigation tasks in the study area on-site. The results demonstrate the advantages of using a hierarchical landmark representation for improved spatial knowledge acquisition and the effectiveness of scene-enhanced directional guidance in areas with poor visibility. It is worth noting that the introduction of three-dimensional maps was found to have a positive impact on users' spatial perception and their ability to sketch routes accurately. In summary, this evidence confirms that maps based on spatial complexity not only enhance navigation efficiency but also have the potential to improve the overall indoor navigation experience.

关键词： spatial complexity indoor navigation map indoor landmark indoor visibility indoor navigation route

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spatial complexity of 'Little Ice Age' climate in East Africa: sedimentary records from two crater lake basins in western Uganda

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HOLOCENE 2007年第2期17卷 183-193页

作者： Russell, James M. Verschuren, Dirk Eggermont, Hilde Brown Univ Dept Geol Sci Providence RI 02912 USA Univ Ghent Dept Biol Limnol Unit B-9000 Ghent Belgium

Lithostratigraphic analyses of the sedimentary record from two contrasting crater lake basins in western Uganda, Africa, provide evidence for three major century-scale and intervals during the last 2000 year. Variations in sedimentation and salt mineralogy of hypersaline Lake Kitagata, and a succession of fine-grained lake sediments and peat in the freshwater Lake Kibengo, suggest century-scale droughts centred on AD 0, similar to 1100, similar to 1550 and 1750. These results broadly support data from nearby Lake Edward on the timing of drought in western Uganda, but contrast with lake sediment records from eastern equatorial Africa. In particular, our results suggest regional variability of East African climate during the main phase of the 'Little Ice Age' (AD similar to 1500 to 1800), with westernmost East Africa experiencing drought while areas farther east were wet. This spatial pattern highlights the strongly regional nature of century-scale climate changes over the African continent, and holds implications for the mechanisms governing African rainfall during the 'Little Ice Age'.

关键词： 'Little Ice Age' magadiite palaeoclimate sedimentology thenardite spatial complexity crater lakes climate variability Uganda East Africa

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Indoor navigation map design based on spatial complexity

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The American Cartographer 2025年第1期52卷

作者： Jingyi Zhou Haoyu Yang Jie Shen Litao Zhu a Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University) Ministry of Education Chinab Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application Nanjing Chinac School of Geography Nanjing Normal University China d College of Information Engineering Nanjing University of Finance and Economics China

ABSTRACTIn the face of the complex interior structure of a building, indoor navigation is an important tool for people to arrive at their destination in large public buildings. In this research, we first analyze the complexity of indoor space, which mainly includes spatial entities with rich semantics, but corridors lacking in semantics, poor visibility, and multi-dimensional floors. Then, we designed various indoor navigation maps based on spatial complexity and conducted a comparative analysis between the existing maps and the ones we designed. Participants were recruited to perform three navigation tasks in the study area on-site. The results demonstrate the advantages of using a hierarchical landmark representation for improved spatial knowledge acquisition and the effectiveness of scene-enhanced directional guidance in areas with poor visibility. It is worth noting that the introduction of three-dimensional maps was found to have a positive impact on users’ spatial perception and their ability to sketch routes accurately. In summary, this evidence confirms that maps based on spatial complexity not only enhance navigation efficiency but also have the potential to improve the overall indoor navigation experience.

关键词： spatial complexity indoor navigation map indoor landmark indoor visibility indoor navigation route

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spatial complexity Measure for Characterising Cellular Automata Generated 2D Patterns 17th

Spatial Complexity Measure for Characterising Cellular Autom...

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17th Portuguese Conference on Artificial Intelligence (EPIA)

作者： Javid, Mohammad Ali Javaheri Blackwell, Tim Zimmer, Robert Al-Rifaie, Mohammad Majid Univ London Dept Comp Goldsmiths London SE14 6NW England

ISBN: (纸本)9783319234854;9783319234847

Cellular automata (CA) are known for their capacity to generate complex patterns through the local interaction of rules. Often the generated patterns, especially with multi-state two-dimensional CA, can exhibit interesting emergent behaviour. This paper addresses quantitative evaluation of spatial characteristics of CA generated patterns. It is suggested that the structural characteristics of two-dimensional (2D) CA patterns can be measured using mean information gain. This information-theoretic quantity, also known as conditional entropy, takes into account conditional and joint probabilities of cell states in a 2D plane. The effectiveness of the measure is shown in a series of experiments for multi-state 2D patterns generated by CA. The results of the experiments show that the measure is capable of distinguishing the structural characteristics including symmetry and randomness of 2D CA patterns.

关键词： Cellular automata spatial complexity 2D patterns

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spatial complexity of recognition of context-free languages

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Cybernetics 1975年第5期11卷 736-741页

作者： Nepomnyashchii, V.A.

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spatial complexity of Brain Waves during Mental Rotation

Spatial Complexity of Brain Waves during Mental Rotation

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International Conference on Information, Communication and Engineering (ICICE 2012)

作者： Liu, Chia-Ju Huang, Chin-Fei Chou, Chia-Yi Lu, Ming-Chi Hsieh, Chen Tsai, Chih-Chung Ho, Ming-Chung Natl Kaohsiung Normal Univ Dept Phys Kaohsiung 824 Taiwan Natl Kaohsiung Normal Univ Grad Inst Sci Educ Kaohsiung 824 Taiwan Tajen Univ Grad Inst Environm Management Dept Environm & Occupat Safety & Hygiene Pingtung 907 Taiwan Natl Kaohsiung Normal Univ Grad Inst Environm Educ Kaohsiung 824 Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9783037856727

Mental rotation is an important psychological process for identifying rotated or misoriented objects. In this study, ERPs were recorded while 18 participants responded to two types of two-dimensional (2D) pictures. The participants matched the pictures of a blank Task without using mental rotation, but used mental rotation to match the pictures of Task A. The ERPs data were analyzed using spatial complexity analysis. The results showed: a) the rotation-related negativity of the ERPs data was shown when mental rotation was performed;b) the EEG data showed a significantly greater synchronization in the fast frequency bands (>20 Hz) when the participants used their mental rotation ability.

关键词： event-related brain potentials (ERPs) mental rotation spatial complexity

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Measurement of object-oriented software spatial complexity

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2004年第10期46卷 689-699页

作者： Chhabra, JK Aggarwal, KK Singh, Y Natl Inst Technol Dept Comp Engn Kurukshetra 136119 Haryana India GGS Indraprastha Univ Delhi 110006 India GGS Indraprastha Univ Sch Informat Technol Delhi 110006 India

One of the important activities of the maintenance phase is to understand the source-code first, and then change it. Understandability of the software gets affected by psychological complexity of the source-code and cognitive abilities are needed to understand it. The correlation between the orientation and location of various entities with their processing needs to be established by the programmers, which requires spatial abilities. These spatial abilities play an important role in object-oriented software, in which the use of data as well as the methods of the class needs to be understood in a combined way. This paper presents two measures of spatial complexity of object-oriented software, which are based on definition and usage of classes and objects. The values of proposed measures get affected suitably because of inheritance and polymorphism as well, due to change in the distances. The significance of object-oriented spatial complexity has been demonstrated with the help of 15 object-oriented projects of varied length and results have been validated with the help of reverse engineering data and perfective maintenance data. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： object-oriented software software metrics understandability spatial complexity psychological complexity

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Investigating the appropriate model structure for simulation of a karst catchment from the aspect of spatial complexity

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ENVIRONMENTAL EARTH SCIENCES 2019年第1期78卷 13页

作者： Chang, Yong Wu, Jichun Jiang, Guanghui Zhao, Xiaoer Zhang, Qiang Nanjing Univ Minist Educ Sch Earth Sci & Engn Key Lab Surficial GeochemDept Hydrosci Nanjing 210093 Jiangsu Peoples R China Minist Land & Resources & Guangxi Inst Karst Geol Key Lab Karst Dynam Guilin 541004 Peoples R China Int Karst Res Ctr Guilin 541004 Peoples R China

Multi-model frameworks are widely used to identify the appropriate model structure for the study catchment. However, most frameworks mainly consider the process complexity of the model, and few of them consider the spatial complexity. In this paper, we investigated the appropriate model structure for a karst catchment from the aspect of spatial complexity. The purpose is twofold: (1) to investigate whether the spatial complexity is needed to simulate the spring discharge of this karst catchment and (2) to investigate whether the increase of model's spatial complexity can make up its deficiency on the process complexity. Three simple lumped models with different process complexities were chosen to gradually increase the spatial heterogeneity of their parameters to investigate the appropriate model structure for simulating the discharge of a karst spring. The results show that the performances of three lumped models highly improve when adding the routing function to them. However, further considering the spatial parameter heterogeneity, only one model shows obvious performance improvement and other two models show limited improvement. Moreover, this model with relatively complex spatial parameter heterogeneity still shows worse performance than another lumped model. This indicates an increase of models' spatial complexity cannot always make up their process deficiencies. The final comparison results indicated that the lumped model or their semi-lumped version with flexible process complexity is enough to simulate the discharge of this karst spring and no extra spatial complexity is needed. Our studies also indicated that the increase in spatial complexity of the model cannot always fully compensate its deficiency in process complexity.

关键词： Lumped model Semi-distributed model Process complexity spatial complexity Karst catchment

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The relationship between ERP components and EEG spatial complexity in a visual Go/Nogo task

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2017年第1期117卷 275-283页

作者： Jia, Huibin Li, Huayun Yu, Dongchuan Southeast Univ Res Ctr Learning Sci Key Lab Child Dev & Learning Sci Minist Educ Nanjing Jiangsu Peoples R China York Univ Ctr Vis Res Dept Psychol Toronto ON Canada

The ERP components and variations of spatial complexity or functional connectivity are two distinct dimensions of neurophysiological events in the visual Go/Nogo task. Extensive studies have been conducted on these two distinct dimensions;however, no study has investigated whether these two neurophysiological events are linked to each other in the visual Go/Nogo task. The relationship between spatial complexity of electroencephalographic (EEG) data, quantified by the measure omega complexity, and event-related potential (ERP) components in a visual Go/Nogo task was studied. We found that with the increase of spatial complexity level, the latencies of N1 and N2 component were shortened and the amplitudes of N1, N2, and P3 components were decreased. The anterior Go/Nogo N2 effect and the Go/Nogo P3 effect were also found to be decreased with the increase of EEG spatial complexity. In addition, the reaction times in high spatial complexity trials were significantly shorter than those of medium and low spatial complexity trials when the time interval used to estimate the EEG spatial complexity was extended to 0 similar to 1,000 ms after stimulus onset. These results suggest that high spatial complexity may be associated with faster cognitive processing and smaller postsynaptic potentials that occur simultaneously in large numbers of cortical pyramidal cells of certain brain regions. The EEG spatial complexity is closely related with demands of certain cognitive processes and the neural processing efficiency of human brain. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The reaction times, the latencies/amplitudes of event-related potential (ERP) components, the Go/Nogo N2 effect, and the Go/Nogo P3 effect are linked to the electroencephalographic (EEG) spatial complexity level. The EEG spatial complexity is closely related to demands of certain cognitive processes and could reflect the neural processing efficiency of human brain. Obtaining the single-trial ERP features through single-trial spatial c

关键词： spatial complexity visual Go/Nogo task event-related potentials

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Tortuosity entropy: A measure of spatial complexity of behavioral changes in animal movement

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JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY 2015年 364卷 197-205页

作者： Liu, Xiaofeng Xu, Ning Jiang, Aimin Hohai Univ Coll IoT Engn Changzhou 213022 Peoples R China Changzhou Key Lab Robot & Intelligent Technol Changzhou 213022 Peoples R China

The goal of animal movement analysis is to understand how organisms explore and exploit complex and varying environments. Animals usually exhibit varied and complicated movements, from apparently deterministic behaviours to highly random behaviours. It has been a common method to assess movement efficiency and foraging strategies by means of quantifying and analyzing movement trajectories. Here we introduce a tortuosity entropy (TorEn), a simple measure for quantifying the behavioral change in animal movement data. In our approach, the differences between pairwise successive track points are transformed into symbolic sequences, then we map these symbols into a group of pattern vectors and calculate the information entropy of pattern vectors. We test the algorithm on both simulated trajectories and real trajectories to show that it can accurately identify not only the mixed segments in simulated data, but also the different phases in real movement data. Tortuosity entropy can be easily applied to arbitrary real-world data, whether deterministic or stochastic, stationary or non-stationary. It could be a promising tool to reveal behavioral mechanism in movement data. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Animal movement Entropy spatial complexity Trajectory

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