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22nd Meeting of Graphics Interface

作者： Chamberlain, B DeRose, T Lischinski, D Salesin, D Snyder, J UNIV WASHINGTON SEATTLEWA 98195

ISBN: (纸本)0969533853

We present a new method for accelerating the rendering of complex static scenes. The technique is applicable to unstructured scenes containing arbitrary geometric primitives and has sublinear asymptotic complexity. Our approach is to construct a spatial hierarchy of cells over the scene and to associate with each cell a simplified representation of its contents. The scene is then rendered using a traversal of the hierarchy in which a cell's approximation is drawn instead of its contents if the approximation is sufficiently accurate. We apply the method to several different scenes and demonstrate significant speedups with little image degradation. We also exhibit and discuss some of the artifacts that our approximation may cause.

关键词： level-of-detail (LOD) multiresolution octree rendering spatial hierarchy walkthrough

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Relationship between urban landscape structure and land surface temperature: spatial hierarchy and interaction effects

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SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2022年 80卷

作者： Zhou, Liang Hu, Fengning Wang, Bo Wei, Chunzhu Sun, Dongqi Wang, Shaohua Minist Nat Resources Key Lab Urban Land Resources Monitoring & Simulat Shenzhen 518034 Peoples R China Lanzhou Jiaotong Univ Fac Geomat Lanzhou 730070 Peoples R China Sun Yat Sen Univ Sch Geog & Planning Guangzhou 510275 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res Beijing 100101 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Aerosp Informat Res Inst Beijing 100101 Peoples R China

Urban landscape structure has profound impacts on the urban thermal environment (UTE), however, the spatial hierarchy and interaction effects of the relationship between them are limitedly explored. Taking Xi'an Metro-politan area as the case, this study applies satellite imageries, local contour tree algorithm, and XGBoost model to identify the spatial hierarchy of UTE represented by nested heat centers, and then elaborate the relationship between landscape structure (landscape metrics) and land surface temperature (LST) across the spatial levels of UTE. We identify 21 main urban heat island (UHI) areas and their UTE's hierarchy, among which the Xi'an main urban district has the most complex structure (six levels) and is the core area. Then, in the core area, we found that the discussed relationship varies across the levels of UTE. Specifically, the importance of impervious surface increases from the local heat center with the lowest level (40.7%) to the entire UHI area with the highest level (62.0%), whereas that of urban green space has opposite trend (from 41.4% to 25.6%). Besides, landscape metrics within specific range of values show significant interaction effects on LST. Our results imply that dif-ferential landscape optimisation criteria should be considered in the different spatial levels of UTE.

关键词： Urban thermal environment Landscape structure Urban heat center spatial hierarchy Interaction effects

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The spatial hierarchy of business organizations and its implications for the British urban system

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Regional Studies 1974年第2期8卷 145-155页

作者： J. Westaway Department of Geography London School of Economics

Westaway J. (1974) The spatial hierarchy of business organizations and its implications for the British urban system, Reg. Studies 8, 145–155. The paper discusses the rationale behind the spatial concentration of control functions of business organizations and its implications for the British urban system. This concentration is one dimension of the development of the corporate hierarchy. The development of business organizations is examined and the mechanism by which such developments are translated into a spatial context is seen largely in terms of access to specialized information. The increasing spatial concentration of control functions of organizations has important implications, both economic, in terms of the future behaviour of firms, and social, in terms of the loss of community control of local industries and spatial variations in social class structure. The key policy question is seen as a decision between allowing continued centralization or to encourage the decentralization of control functions of business organizations. Westaway J. (1974) Die räumliche Hierarchie von Geschäftsorganisationen und ihre Bedeutung für das britische Städtesystem, Reg. Studies 8, 145–155. Die Arbeit bespricht das Grundprinzip der räumlichen Konzentration der Kontrollfunktionen von Geschäftsorganisationen und ihre Bedeutung für das britische Städtesystem. Diese Konzentration ist eine Dimension der Entwicklung der körperschaftlichen Hierarchie. Die Entwicklung von Geschäftsorganisationen wird geprüft und der Mechanismus, mit dem solche Entwicklungen in einen räumlichen Kontext übersetzt werden, wird hauptsächlich als Zugang zu spezialisierter Information gesehen. Die zunehmende räumliche Konzentration der Kontrollfunktionen von Organisationen hat wichtige Auswirkungen, sowohl ökonomischer Art, als zukünftiges Verhalten von Firmen, wie auch sozialer Art, als Verlust der gemeinschaftlichen Kontrolle lokaler Industrien und räumlicher Variationen in der gesellschaftlichen Klassenstr

关键词： Corporations Communications Concentration Circular and cumulative causation Corporate hierarchy Control spatial hierarchy Class structure Information Decentralization Körperschaften Konzentration Körperschaftliche Hierarchie Räumliche Hierarchie Information Kommunikation Kreisförmiges und haufenförmiges Kausalprinzip Kontrolle Klassenstruktur Dezentralisierung Corporations Communications Concentration Causation circulaire et cumulative Hiérarchie corporative Contrôle Hiérarchie spatiale Structure de classe Données Décentralisation Коммерческие корпорации Средства связи Концентрация контроля Круговая и кумулятивная причинность Корпоративная иерархия Контроль Пространственная иерархия Классовая структура Информация Децентрализация

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spatial Heterogeneity and hierarchy of Metropolitan Area Expansion and Land Surface Temperature Evolution: A Twin City Perspective

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING 2024年 17卷 929-940页

作者： Cui, Mengqiu Zhou, Liang Wang, Wenda Sun, Dongqi Yuan, Bo Wei, Wei Lanzhou Jiaotong Univ Fac Geomat Lanzhou 730070 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res Beijing 100101 Peoples R China Univ Calif Santa Barbara Dept Geog Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA Northwest Normal Univ Coll Geog & Environm Sci Lanzhou 730070 Peoples R China

Understanding the response of land surface temperature (LST) to urbanization is important for coping with urban warming. However, few studies have discussed the impact of twin-city integration on LST. Here, we explored the relationship between the twin-city integration and LST over the Xi'an-Xianyang Metropolitan Area (XXMA) using the local contour tree algorithm during 2000-2020. Results indicate that: 1) The urban integration of XXMA is obvious, and the spatial scope of XXMA converges toward the Weihe River between the two cities. Besides, its structure tends to be more complex, which develops from 3 levels and 8 centers to 10 levels and 33 centers from 2000 to 2020. 2) The heat islands of XXMA tend to connect and reach the maximum area of 547.43 km(2) in 2015, while the LST evolution in two cities is not synchronized. The LST contour tree of Xi'an increased to 6 levels and 26 centers in 2000-2015 and simplified to 5 levels and 17 centers in 2020, while it increased from 1 to 4 levels in Xianyang in 2000-2020. 3) Synergistic effects exist between urban expansion and LST evolution. The correlation coefficient and bivariate Moran's I between nighttime light (NTL) and LST are greater than 0.35, indicating NTL and LST are correlated and have pleasurable spatial consistency. The high-high agglomeration of NTL and LST increases by 132% in area over the 20-year period, showing a trend toward integration. The study results can provide a scientific basis for thermal environment management and urban climate improvement in XXMA.

关键词： Urban areas Land surface temperature Thermal pollution Landsat Land surface Soil Heating systems Bivariate spatial autocorrelation spatial hierarchy urban expansion urban thermal environment Xi'an- Xianyang metropolitan area (XXMA)

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An independent FPGA implementation of graphical spatial hierarchy

An independent FPGA implementation of graphical spatial hier...

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IET International Conference on Smart and Sustainable City (ICSSC 2011)

作者： Huang Wei Wan Wang Gen School of Communication and Information Engineering Shanghai University Shanghai China

ISBN: (纸本)9781618394620

The customized hardware platform for spatial hierarchy construction are validly obtained Mutual channels oriented to outward manipulations are established in FPGA speedup architecture for spatial hierarchical index structures Instance parameter adjusting mechanism are scheduled and constructed in the main stem of system. Multiple facilities for process and storage are built for the presorting operations. Specialized process structures and storage structures are constructed to ensure the reutilization of presorting results on each level. The objective functions for division evaluation oriented to specific applications are scheduled. Through evaluation and concatenation for the memory accessing sequences, optimized executing strategies are generated reliably to broaden the bandwidths of accessing channels. After optimizations for algorithm and architecture, such achievement provides the starting points for future development.

关键词： FPGA ray tracing spatial hierarchy Ray tracing Hardware Platform Memory architecture Social hierarchy Bandwidth

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The geographical aspect of place branding: Interactions between place brands in the spatial hierarchy

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APPLIED GEOGRAPHY 2022年 139卷

作者： Aharon, Keren Michaelis Alfasi, Nurit Ben Gurion Univ Negev Dept Geog & Environm Dev Beer Sheva Israel

Despite increasing experience with the practice of place branding, researchers find it challenging to produce a broad, multi-disciplinary framework that encompasses the full complexity of a place brand. This paper applies a geographical approach to brand analysis, acknowledging the multifaceted relationship between place brands and the network of socio-cultural dependence and collaboration. This study examines how interactions between place brands affect small, peripheral place brands by identifying interactions between brands, estimating their importance, and explaining them geographically. The research focuses on the interactions between four city brands in the Negev region in Israel and between them and the Negev regional super-brand to which they belong. The sample includes Beersheba, the central city, and three medium and small towns in the northeastern Negev. Four hundred questionnaires were completed by residents of the Central District, representing the target audience that might visit or move to the Negev. Various brand components were measured, including brand associations, familiarity, recognition, and perceived quality, to determine the value and positioning of the brands in the eyes of the respondents. The analysis reveals the network of associations and images, showing similarities and differences between the place brands, their strengths and weaknesses, and the impact of spatial relations.

关键词： Place branding Geographical analysis spatial hierarchy spatial interactions Peripheral place brands

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The spatial-temporal hierarchy of regional inequality of China

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APPLIED GEOGRAPHY 2010年第3期30卷 303-316页

作者： Li, Yingru Wei, Y. H. Dennis Univ Utah Dept Geog Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA Univ Utah Inst Publ & Int Affairs Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA

This paper advances the multi-scale and multi-mechanism framework of regional inequality in China by using the most recent statistical data. We analyze the multi-scalar patterns of China's regional inequality with GIS and statistical techniques, and demonstrate the significance of the municipality effect. The authors also apply multilevel modeling to identify the spatial structure and time dimension of the underlying forces driving regional development. This study illustrates that China's regional inequality is sensitive to the spatial-temporal hierarchy of multi-mechanisms, and reveals the relative influence of globalization, marketization, and decentralization. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Regional inequality spatial hierarchy Multilevel modeling GIS China

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Common power laws for cities and spatial fractal structures

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2020年第12期117卷 6469-6475页

作者： Mori, Tomoya Smith, Tony E. Hsu, Wen-Tai Kyoto Univ Inst Econ Res Sakyo Ku Yoshida Honmachi Kyoto 6068501 Japan Minist Econ Trade & Ind Res Inst Econ Trade & Ind Kasumigaseki Chiyoda Ku Tokyo 1008901 Japan Univ Penn Dept Elect & Syst Engn Philadelphia PA 19104 USA Singapore Management Univ Sch Econ Singapore 178903 Singapore Acad Sinica Inst Econ Taipei 115 Taiwan

City-size distributions are known to be well approximated by power laws across a wide range of countries. But such distributions are also meaningful at other spatial scales, such as within certain regions of a country. Using data from China, France, Germany, India, Japan, and the United States, we first document that large cities are significantly more spaced out than would be expected by chance alone. We next construct spatial hierarchies for countries by first partitioning geographic space using a given number of their largest cities as cell centers and then continuing this partitioning procedure within each cell recursively. We find that city-size distributions in different parts of these spatial hierarchies exhibit power laws that are, again, far more similar than would be expected by chance alone-suggesting the existence of a spatial fractal structure.

关键词： city size power law fractal structure spatial hierarchy

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Hydromorphologic Sorting of In-Stream Nitrogen Uptake Across spatial Scales

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ECOSYSTEMS 2021年第5期24卷 1184-1202页

作者： Risse-Buhl, Ute Anlanger, Christine Noss, Christian Lorke, Andreas von Schiller, Daniel Weitere, Markus Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res GmbH UFZ Dept River Ecol Bruckstr 3a D-39114 Magdeburg Germany Univ Koblenz Landau Inst Environm Sci Fortstr 7 D-76829 Landau Germany Fed Waterways Engn & Res Inst Kussmaulstr 17 D-76187 Karlsruhe Germany Univ Barcelona Dept Evolutionary Biol Av Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain

Nitrogen (N) uptake is a key process in stream ecosystems that is mediated mainly by benthic microorganisms (biofilms on different substrata) and has implications for the biogeochemical fluxes at catchment scale and beyond. Here, we focused on the drivers of assimilatory N uptake, especially the effects of hydromorphology and other environmental constraints, across three spatial scales: micro, meso and reach. In two seasons (summer and spring), we performed whole-reach N-15-labelled ammonium injection experiments in two montane, gravel-bed stream reaches with riffle-pool sequences. N uptake was highest in epilithic biofilms, thallophytes and roots (min-max range 0.2-545.2 mg N m(-2) day(-1)) and lowest in leaves, wood and fine benthic organic matter (0.05-209.2 mg N m(-2) day(-1)). At the microscale, N uptake of all primary uptake compartments except wood was higher in riffles than in pools. At the mesoscale, hydromorphology determined the distribution of primary uptake compartments, with fast-flowing riffles being dominated by biologically more active compartments and pools being dominated by biologically less active compartments. Despite a lower biomass of primary uptake compartments, mesoscale N uptake was 1.7-3.0 times higher in riffles than in pools. At reach scale, N uptake ranged from 79.6 to 334.1 mg N m(-2) day(-1). Highest reach-scale N uptake was caused by a bloom of thallopyhtes, mainly filamentous autotrophs, during stable low discharge and high light conditions. Our results reveal the important role of hydromorphologic sorting of primary uptake compartments at mesoscale as a controlling factor for reach-scale N uptake in streams.

关键词： spatial hierarchy ammonium uptake epilithic biofilms filamentous autotrophs hydromorphology environmental constraints collective properties

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From resources to power: The state and spatial change in post-apartheid Durban, South Africa

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STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 2008年第3-4期43卷 290-313页

作者： Schensul, Daniel 599 3rd St BSMT Brooklyn NY 11215 USA

After apartheid, local government in Durban, South Africa, attempted to break down the barriers of the apartheid city through a massive program of public investment, intended to close the economic and infrastructure gaps between race groups. The results of this program varied widely. In core areas, growth coalitions were able to influence state infrastructure development, limiting its transformative impact. In peripheral areas, wide ranging infrastructural needs, coupled with pressure on the state to deliver services quickly, resulted in rushed, substandard construction. In buffer zones, previously undeveloped areas between the core and the periphery that under apartheid had separated race groups, the state was able to construct public housing for poor Africans near both economic activity and white and Indian residential areas, an outcome previously unseen in Durban's history. I argue that the state's infrastructural power, varying in different parts of the city relative to the power of other actors in society, explains these results. Geocoded census and municipal infrastructure data from 1996 and 2001, together with qualitative data from key informant interviews and workshops, form the empirical basis of this article.

关键词： South Africa Durban segregation urban space apartheid integration race spatial hierarchy state power developmental state

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