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specification-based testing for GUI-based applications

SOFTWARE QUALITY JOURNAL 2002年第3期10卷 205-224页

作者： Chen, J Subramaniam, S Univ Windsor Sch Comp Sci Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada

The development of GUI-based applications has raised a lot of new issues, one of them being how to automate effective testing for applications with complicated graphical user interactions. In this paper, we discuss the architectural issues and the implementation concerns of our approach to an automated specification-based testing technique for GUI-based applications. This approach is carried out by enriching existing architecture for automated specification-based testing. An essential part of our work is a visual environment to obtain test specifications. This environment pre-runs the Application Under Test ( AUT) under its own control, with two prominent characteristics: First, testers can edit test specifications within the true GUI environment of the AUT. Second, the recorded input and output contain the same references as those in the AUT, so that the test cases generated from the edited specification can be used directly by test oracles during the automated testing procedure. We present our running prototype of a visual specification editor that allows users to graphically manipulate test specifications when these specifications are given in term of Finite State Machines (FSM) and the implementations of the AUT are GUI-based Java applications.

关键词： Finite State Machines specification-based testing capture/replay Java AWT and swing

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specification-based testing with linear temporal logic

Specification-based testing with linear temporal logic

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IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration

作者： Tan, L Sokolsky, O Lee, I Univ Penn Dept Comp & Informat Sci Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780388194

This paper considers the specification-based testing in which the requirement is given in the linear temporal logic (LTL). The required LTL property must hold on all the executions of the system, which are often infinite in size and/or in length. The central piece of our framework is a property-coverage metric. based on requirement mutation, the metric measures how well a property has been tested by a test suite. We define a coverage criterion based on the metric that selects a finite set of tests from all the possible executions of the system. We also discuss the technique of generating a test suite for specification testing by using the counter-example mechanism of a model checker. By exploiting the special structure of a generated test, we are able to reduce a test with infinite length to an equivalent one of finite length. Our framework provides a model-checking-assisted approach that generates a test suite that is finite in size and in length for testing linear temporal properties on an implementation.

关键词： temporal logic formal specification formal verification software metrics specification-based testing linear temporal logic property-coverage metric requirement mutation specification testing model-checking-assisted approach

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specification-based testing for CoCASL'S modal specifications

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2nd International Conference on Algebra and Coalgebra in Computer Science

作者： Longuet, Delphine Aiguier, Marc Univ Evry Val Essonne CNRS IBISC FRE 2873 F-91000 Evry France

ISBN: (纸本)9783540738572

specification- based testing is a particular case of black-box testing, which consists in deriving test cases from an analysis of a formal specification. We present in this paper an extension of the most popular and most efficient selection method widely used in the algebraic framework, called axiom unfolding, to coalgebraic specifications, using the modal logic provided by the COCASL specification language.

关键词： specification-based testing axiom unfolding coalgebraic specifications modal logic CoCASL

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specification-based testing of reactive software: Tools and experiments - Experience report 97

Specification-based testing of reactive software: Tools and ...

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19th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 97) - Pulling Together

作者： Jagadeesan, LJ Porter, A Puchol, C Ramming, JC Votta, LG Software Production Research Department Bell Laboratories 1000 E. Warrenville Rd. Naperville IL Department of Computer Science University of Maryland at College Park Department of Computer Sciences The University of Texas at Austin Innovative Services Research Department AT&T Laboratories

ISBN: (纸本)0897919149

testing commercial software is expensive and time consuming. Automated testing methods promise to save a great deal of time and money throughout the software industry. One approach that is well-suited for the reactive systems found in telephone switching systems is specification-based testing. We have built a set of tools to automatically test software applications for violations of safety properties expressed in temporal logic. Our testing system automatically constructs finite state machine oracles corresponding to safety properties, builds test harnesses, and integrates them with the application. The test harness then generates inputs automatically to test the application. We describe a study examining the feasibility of this approach for testing industrial applications. To conduct this study we formally modeled an Automatic Protection Switching system (APS), which is an application common to many telephony systems. We then asked a number of computer science graduate students to develop several versions of the APS and use our tools to test them. We found that the tools are very effective, save significant amounts of human effort (at the expense of machine resources), and are easy to use. We also discuss improvements that are needed before we can use the tools with professional developers building commercial products.

关键词： specification-based testing reactive systems temporal logic empirical studies

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Comparison of fault classes in specification-based testing

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2004年第8期46卷 525-533页

作者： Okun, V Black, PE Yesha, Y Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty Dept Comp Sci & Elect Engn Baltimore MD 21250 USA Natl Inst Stand & Technol Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA

Our results extending Kuhn's fault class hierarchy provide a justification for the focus of fault-based testing strategies on detecting particular faults and ignoring others. We develop a novel analytical technique which allows us to elegantly prove that the hierarchy applies to arbitrary expressions, not just those in disjunctive normal form. We also use the technique to extend the hierarchy to a wider range of fault classes. To demonstrate broad applicability, we compare faults in practical situations and analyze previous results. In particular, using our technique, we show that the basic meaningful impact strategy of Weyuker et al. tests for stuck-at faults, not just variable negation faults. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： fault-based testing specification-based testing Kuhn's hierarchy fault classes

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Parallel specification-based testing for Concurrent Programs

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IEEE ACCESS 2022年 10卷 24955-24975页

作者： Minh Do, Canh Ogata, Kazuhiro Japan Adv Inst Sci & Technol JAIST Sch Informat Sci Nomi Ishikawa 9231292 Japan

The paper proposes a new testing technique for concurrent programs. The technique is a specification-based testing. For a formal specification S and a concurrent program P, state sequences are generated from P and checked to be accepted by S. We suppose that S is specified in Maude and P is implemented in Java. Java Pathfinder (JPF) and Maude are then used to generate state sequences from P and to check if such state sequences are accepted by S, respectively. Even without checking any property violations with JPF, JPF often encounters the notorious state space explosion while only generating state sequences. Thus, we propose a technique to generate state sequences from P and check if such state sequences are accepted by S in a stratified way. A tool is developed to support the proposed technique that can be processed naturally in parallel. Some experiments demonstrate that the proposed technique mitigates the state space explosion, which cannot be achieved with the straightforward use of JPF.

关键词： Programming testing Concurrent computing Protocols Explosions Java Codes Simulation divide & conquer approach parallel algorithms concurrent programs specification-based testing

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A framework for specification-based testing

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1996年第11期22卷 777-793页

作者： Stocks, P Carrington, D UNIV QUEENSLAND DEPT COMP SCI ST LUCIA QLD 4072 AUSTRALIA

Test templates and a test template framework are introduced as useful concepts in specification-based testing. The framework can be defined using any model-based specification notation and used to derive tests from model-based specifications-in this paper, it is demonstrated using the Z notation. The framework formally defines test data sets and their relation to the operations in a specification and to other test data sets, providing structure to the testing process. Flexibility is preserved, so that many testing strategies can be used. Important application areas of the framework are discussed, including refinement of test data, regression testing, and test oracles.

关键词： specification-based testing testing strategies test data test oracles Z notation

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Fault-based test suite prioritization for specification-based testing

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2012年第2期54卷 179-202页

作者： Yu, Yuen Tak Lau, Man Fai City Univ Hong Kong Dept Comp Sci Kowloon Tong Hong Kong Peoples R China Swinburne Univ Technol Fac Informat & Commun Technol Hawthorn Vic 3122 Australia

Context: Existing test suite prioritization techniques usually rely on code coverage information or historical execution data that serve as indicators for estimating the fault-detecting ability of test cases. Such indicators are primarily empirical in nature and not theoretically driven;hence, they do not necessarily provide sound estimates. Also, these techniques are not applicable when the source code is not available or when the software is tested for the first time. Objective: We propose and develop the novel notion of fault-based prioritization of test cases which directly utilizes the theoretical knowledge of their fault-detecting ability and the relationships among the test cases and the faults in the prescribed fault model, based on which the test cases are generated. Method: We demonstrate our approach of fault-based prioritization by applying it to the testing of the implementation of logical expressions against their specifications. We then validate our proposal by an empirical study that evaluates the effectiveness of prioritization techniques using two different metrics. Results: A theoretically guided fault-based prioritization technique generally outperforms other techniques under study, as assessed by two different metrics. Our empirical results also show that the technique helps to reveal all target faults by executing only about 72% of the prioritized test suite, thereby reducing the effort required in testing. Conclusions: The fault-based prioritization approach is not only applicable to the instance empirically validated in this paper, but should also be adaptable to other fault-based testing strategies. We also envisage new research directions to be opened up by our work. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Fault-based prioritization Fault-based testing Fault class hierarchy Software testing specification-based testing Test suite prioritization

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An extended fault class hierarchy for specification-based testing

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND METHODOLOGY 2005年第3期14卷 247-276页

作者： Lau, MF Yu, YT Swinburne Univ Technol Hawthorn Vic 3122 Australia City Univ Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Peoples R China

Kuhn, followed by Tsuchiya and Kikuno, have developed a hierarchy of relationships among several common types of faults (such as variable and expression faults) for specification-based testing by studying the corresponding fault detection conditions. Their analytical results can help explain the relative effectiveness of various fault-based testing techniques previously proposed in the literature. This article extends and complements their studies by analyzing the relationships between variable and literal faults, and among literal, operator, term, and expression faults. Our analysis is more comprehensive and produces a richer set of findings that interpret previous empirical results, can be applied to the design and evaluation of test methods, and inform the way that test cases should be prioritized for earlier detection of faults. Although this work originated from the detection of faults related to specifications, our results are equally applicable to program-based predicate testing that involves logic expressions.

关键词： theory verification fault class analysis software testing specification-based testing test case generation

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On fault classes and error detection capability of specification-based testing

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND METHODOLOGY 2002年第1期11卷 58-62页

作者： Tsuchiya, T Kikuno, T Osaka Univ Dept Informat & Math Sci Osaka 5608531 Japan

In a previous paper, Kuhn [1999] showed that faults in Boolean specifications constitute a hierarchy with respect to detectability, and drew the conclusion that missing condition faults should be hypothesized to generate tests. However this conclusion was premature, since the relationships between missing condition faults and faults in other classes have not been sufficiently analyzed. In this note, we investigate such relationships, aiming to complement the work of Kuhn. As a result, we obtain an extended hierarchy of fault classes and reach a different conclusion.

关键词： verification specification-based testing fault classes

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