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21st IFIP International Conference on Testing of Communicating Systems/9th International Workshop on Formal Approaches to Testing of Software (TESTCOM/FATES 2009)

作者： Guo, Qiang Derrick, John Walkinshaw, Neil Univ Sheffield Dept Comp Sci Portobello S1 4DP England

ISBN: (纸本)9783642050305

This paper studies the structural testing of Erlang applications. A program transformation is proposed that represents the program under test as a binary tree. The challenge of achieving structural coverage can thus be interpreted as a tree-search procedure. We have developed a testing-technique that takes advantage of this tree-structure, which we demonstrate with respect to a small case study of an Erlang telephony system.

关键词： Erlang Testing Transformation FBT structural coverage

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Test case selection using structural coverage in software product lines for time-budget constrained scenarios 19

Test case selection using structural coverage in software pr...

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34th ACM/SIGAPP Annual International Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC)

作者： Markiegi, Urtzi Arrieta, Aitor Etxeberria, Leire Sagardui, Goiuria Mondragon Unibertsitatea Arrasate Mondragon Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9781450359337

Testing product lines is a challenging activity due to the large number of products to be tested. Many approaches focus on reducing the time for testing a product line by reducing the number of products to be tested, by employing, for instance, combinatorial approaches. However, even if the number of derived products by a combinatorial approach is limited, testing can still be time consuming. In this paper, we propose three different test case selection methods that consider a given time budget to test product lines in an efficient manner using structural coverage information. We analyze the three methods with three white-box coverage criteria (i.e., Decision coverage, Condition coverage and Modified Condition/Decision coverage). We evaluate the different approaches with a case study from the automotive domain and mutation testing. The results suggest that considering coverage information at the domain engineering level helps on detecting more faults, particularly when time budgets are low.

关键词： Product Line Testing Test Case Selection structural coverage

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structural coverage of the human interactome

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BRIEFINGS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2024年第1期25卷 bbad496页

作者： Kosoglu, Kayra Aydin, Zeynep Tuncbag, Nurcan Gursoy, Attila Keskin, Ozlem Koc Univ Coll Engn Dept Chem & Biol Engn Rumelifeneri Yolu TR-34450 Istanbul Turkiye Koc Univ Computat Sci & Engn Dept Istanbul Turkiye Koc Univ Chem & Biol Engn Dept Istanbul Turkiye Koc Univ Sch Med Istanbul Turkiye Koc Univ Network Modeling Res Grp Istanbul Turkiye Koc Univ Comp Engn Dept Istanbul Turkiye Koc Univ Computat & Syst Biol Grp Istanbul Turkiye

Complex biological processes in cells are embedded in the interactome, representing the complete set of protein-protein interactions. Mapping and analyzing the protein structures are essential to fully comprehending these processes' molecular details. Therefore, knowing the structural coverage of the interactome is important to show the current limitations. structural modeling of protein-protein interactions requires accurate protein structures. In this study, we mapped all experimental structures to the reference human proteome. Later, we found the enrichment in structural coverage when complementary methods such as homology modeling and deep learning (AlphaFold) were included. We then collected the interactions from the literature and databases to form the reference human interactome, resulting in 117 897 non-redundant interactions. When we analyzed the structural coverage of the interactome, we found that the number of experimentally determined protein complex structures is scarce, corresponding to 3.95% of all binary interactions. We also analyzed known and modeled structures to potentially construct the structural interactome with a docking method. Our analysis showed that 12.97% of the interactions from HuRI and 73.62% and 32.94% from the filtered versions of STRING and HIPPIE could potentially be modeled with high structural coverage or accuracy, respectively. Overall, this paper provides an overview of the current state of structural coverage of the human proteome and interactome.

关键词： human proteome human interactome protein complexes structural coverage PDB homology modeling databases AlphaFold2

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Towards a comprehensive structural coverage of completed genomes: a structural genomics viewpoint

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BMC BIOINFORMATICS 2007年第1期8卷 86-86页

作者： Marsden, Russell L. Lewis, Tony A. Orengo, Christine A. UCL Dept Biochem & Mol Biol London WC1E 6BT England

Background: structural genomics initiatives were established with the aim of solving protein structures on a large-scale. For many initiatives, such as the Protein Structure Initiative ( PSI), the primary aim of target selection is focussed towards structurally characterising protein families which, so far, lack a structural representative. It is therefore of considerable interest to gain insights into the number and distribution of these families, and what efforts may be required to achieve a comprehensive structural coverage across all protein families. Results: In this analysis we have derived a comprehensive domain annotation of the genomes using CATH, Pfam-A and Newfam domain families. We consider what proportions of structurally uncharacterised families are accessible to high-throughput structural genomics pipelines, specifically those targeting families containing multiple prokaryotic orthologues. In measuring the domain coverage of the genomes, we show the benefits of selecting targets from both structurally uncharacterised domain families, whilst in addition, pursuing additional targets from large structurally characterised protein superfamilies. Conclusion: This work suggests that such a combined approach to target selection is essential if structural genomics is to achieve a comprehensive structural coverage of the genomes, leading to greater insights into structure and the mechanisms that underlie protein evolution.

关键词： Protein Data Bank structural coverage structural Genomic Domain Family Domain Sequence

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Flexible Combinatorial Interaction Testing

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2022年第3期48卷 1030-1066页

作者： Mercan, Hanefi Javeed, Arsalan Yilmaz, Cemal Sabanci Univ Fac Engn & Nat Sci TR-34956 Istanbul Turkey

We present Flexible Combinatorial Interaction Testing (F-CIT), which aims to improve the flexibility of combinatorial interaction testing (CIT) by eliminating the necessity of developing specialized constructors for CIT problems that cannot be efficiently and effectively addressed by the existing CIT constructors. F-CIT expresses the entities to be covered and the space of valid test cases, from which the samples are drawn to obtain full coverage, as constraints. Computing an F-CIT object (i.e., a set of test cases obtaining full coverage under a given coverage criterion) then turns into an interesting constraint solving problem, which we call cov-CSP. cov-CSP aims to divide the constraints, each representing an entity to be covered, into a minimum number of satisfiable clusters, such that a solution for a cluster represents a test case and the collection of all the test cases generated (one per cluster) constitutes an F-CIT object, covering each required entity at least once. To solve the cov-CSP problem, thus to compute F-CIT objects, we first present two constructors. One of these constructors attempts to cover as many entities as possible in a cluster before generating a test case, whereas the other constructor generates a test case first and then marks all the entities accommodated by this test case as covered. We then use these constructors to evaluate F-CIT in three studies, each of which addresses a different CIT problem. In the first study, we develop structure-based F-CIT objects to obtain decision coverage-adequate test suites. In the second study, we develop order-based F-CIT objects, which enhance a number of existing order-based coverage criteria by taking the reachability constraints imposed by graph-based models directly into account when computing interaction test suites. In the third study, we develop usage-based F-CIT objects to address the scenarios, in which standard covering arrays are not desirable due to their sizes, by choosing the entities

关键词： Testing Standards Software Computational modeling Computers Electronic mail Tools Combinatorial interaction testing covering arrays sequence covering arrays constraint solving structural coverage coverage criteria

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Complementary test selection criteria for model-based testing of security components

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 2019年第4期21卷 425-448页

作者： Botella, Julien Capuron, Jean-Francois Dadeau, Frederic Fourneret, Elizabeta Legeard, Bruno Schadle, Florence Smartesting Solut & Serv 18 Rue Alain Savary F-25000 Besancon France DGA Informat Super Bruz France Univ Bourgogne Franche Comte FEMTO ST Inst CNRS UMR 6174 Besancon France

This article presents a successful industrial application of a model-based testing approach to the validation of security components. We present a smart combination of three test selection criteria applied to testing security requirements of components such as Hardware Security Modules. This combination relies on the use of static test selection criteria, namely structural model coverage, complemented by dynamic test selection criteria, based on abstract test scenarios or temporal properties, designed to target corner cases of security functional requirements. Our approach is implemented in an industrial and scalable MBT tool. We evaluated and successfully applied it on three real-world security components. The outcome of these experiences showed that the three test selection criteria target distinct kinds of errors in the software and are able to reveal inconsistencies in the specification. Moreover, a 5-year experience of working with both manufacturers and evaluators of security components, along with other industrial collaborations, showed that the approach is easy to adopt in the industry and the time spent to learn the methodology is negligible with respect to its benefits. Finally, the approach can be completely applied in a more general context on systems that underlay thorough validation of compliance to specifications or audits.

关键词： Model-based testing structural coverage Test scenarios Temporal properties Security components

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Systematic structural Testing of Firewall Policies

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2012年第1期9卷 1-11页

作者： Hwang, JeeHyun Xie, Tao Chen, Fei Liu, Alex X. North Carolina State Univ Dept Comp Sci Raleigh NC 27695 USA Michigan State Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn E Lansing MI 48824 USA

Firewalls are the mainstay of enterprise security and the most widely adopted technology for protecting private networks. As the quality of protection provided by a firewall directly depends on the quality of its policy (i.e., configuration), ensuring the correctness of firewall policies is important and yet difficult. To help ensure the correctness, we propose a systematic structural testing approach for firewall policies. We define structural coverage (based on coverage criteria of rules, predicates, and clauses) on the firewall policy under test. To achieve high structural coverage effectively, we have developed four automated packet generation techniques: the random packet generation, the one based on local constraint solving (considering individual rules locally in a policy), the one based on global constraint solving (considering multiple rules globally in a policy), and the one based on boundary values. We have conducted an experiment on a set of real policies and a set of faulty policies to detect faults with generated packet sets. Generally, our experimental results show that a packet set with higher structural coverage has higher fault-detection capability (i.e., detecting more injected faults). Our experimental results show that a reduced packet set (maintaining the same level of structural coverage with the corresponding original packet set) maintains similar fault-detection capability with the original set.

关键词： Firewall policy validation test packet generation structural coverage fault detection

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Mutation-inspired symbolic execution for software testing

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IET SOFTWARE 2022年第5期16卷 478-492页

作者： Valle-Gomez, Kevin J. Garcia-Dominguez, Antonio Delgado-Perez, Pedro Medina-Bulo, Inmaculada Univ Cadiz Escuela Super Ingn Ave Univ Cadiz 10 Puerto Real 11519 Spain Aston Univ Birmingham W Midlands England

Software testing is a complex and costly stage during the software development lifecycle. Nowadays, there is a wide variety of solutions to reduce testing costs and improve test quality. Focussing on test case generation, Dynamic Symbolic Execution (DSE) is used to generate tests with good structural coverage. Regarding test suite evaluation, Mutation Testing (MT) assesses the detection capability of the test cases by introducing minor localised changes that resemble real faults. DSE is however known to produce tests that do not have good mutation detection capabilities: in this paper, the authors set out to solve this by combining DSE and MT into a new family of approaches that the authors call Mutation-Inspired Symbolic Execution (MISE). First, this known result on a set of open source programs is confirmed: DSE by itself is not good at killing mutants, detecting only 59.9% out of all mutants. The authors show that a direct combination of DSE and MT (naive MISE) can produce better results, detecting up to 16% more mutants depending on the programme, though at a high computational cost. To reduce these costs, the authors set out a roadmap for more efficient versions of MISE, gaining its advantages while avoiding a large part of its additional costs.

关键词： mutation-inspired symbolic execution test quality mutation detection capabilities test suite evaluation test case generation MT software testing program testing testing costs costly stage software development lifecycle complex stage dynamic symbolic execution structural coverage DSE computational cost

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Test Generation and Test Prioritization for Simulink Models with Dynamic Behavior

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2019年第9期45卷 919-944页

作者： Matinnejad, Reza Nejati, Shiva Briand, Lionel C. Bruckmann, Thomas Univ Luxembourg SnT Ctr Secur Reliabil & Trust L-2721 Luxembourg Luxembourg Delphi Automot Syst L-4940 Luxembourg Luxembourg

All engineering disciplines are founded and rely on models, although they may differ on purposes and usages of modeling. Among the different disciplines, the engineering of Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs) particularly relies on models with dynamic behaviors (i.e., models that exhibit time-varying changes). The Simulink modeling platform greatly appeals to CPS engineers since it captures dynamic behavior models. It further provides seamless support for two indispensable engineering activities: (1) automated verification of abstract system models via model simulation, and (2) automated generation of system implementation via code generation. We identify three main challenges in the verification and testing of Simulink models with dynamic behavior, namely incompatibility, oracle and scalability challenges. We propose a Simulink testing approach that attempts to address these challenges. Specifically, we propose a black-box test generation approach, implemented based on meta-heuristic search, that aims to maximize diversity in test output signals generated by Simulink models. We argue that in the CPS domain test oracles are likely to be manual and therefore the main cost driver of testing. In order to lower the cost of manual test oracles, we propose a test prioritization algorithm to automatically rank test cases generated by our test generation algorithm according to their likelihood to reveal a fault. Engineers can then select, according to their test budget, a subset of the most highly ranked test cases. To demonstrate scalability, we evaluate our testing approach using industrial Simulink models. Our evaluation shows that our test generation and test prioritization approaches outperform baseline techniques that rely on random testing and structural coverage.

关键词： Simulink models search-based software testing test generation test prioritization test oracle output diversity signal features structural coverage

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An estimated 5% of new protein structures solved today represent a new Pfam family

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ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-structural BIOLOGY 2013年第11期69卷 2186-2193页

作者： Mistry, Jaina Kloppmann, Edda Rost, Burkhard Punta, Marco EBI EMBL Cambridge CB10 1SA England Tech Univ Munich Fak Informat Dept Bioinformat & Computat Biol Garching Germany New York Struct Biol Ctr New York Consortium Membrane Prot Struct New York NY 10027 USA Sanger Inst Cambridge CB10 1SA England

High-resolution structural knowledge is key to understanding how proteins function at the molecular level. The number of entries in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), the repository of all publicly available protein structures, continues to increase, with more than 8000 structures released in 2012 alone. The authors of this article have studied how structural coverage of the protein-sequence space has changed over time by monitoring the number of Pfam families that acquired their first representative structure each year from 1976 to 2012. Twenty years ago, for every 100 new PDB entries released, an estimated 20 Pfam families acquired their first structure. By 2012, this decreased to only about five families per 100 structures. The reasons behind the slower pace at which previously uncharacterized families are being structurally covered were investigated. It was found that although more than 50% of current Pfam families are still without a structural representative, this set is enriched in families that are small, functionally uncharacterized or rich in problem features such as intrinsically disordered and transmembrane regions. While these are important constraints, the reasons why it may not yet be time to give up the pursuit of a targeted but more comprehensive structural coverage of the protein-sequence space are discussed.

关键词： Pfam families structural coverage protein-sequence space

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