How do children learn the meanings of simple spatial prepositions like in and on? In this paper, I argue that children come to spatial term learning with an a priori conceptual distinction between core versus non-core...
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How do children learn the meanings of simple spatial prepositions like in and on? In this paper, I argue that children come to spatial term learning with an a priori conceptual distinction between core versus non-core concepts of containment and support, and that they learn how language maps onto this distinction by considering both the simple prepositions and the company they keep-that is, the distributions of their co-occurrences with particular verbs. Core types of containment and support are largely expressed by in/on together with the light verb BE;non-core types are expressed by lexical verbs such as insert, hang, stick, and so on, which represent the specific mechanical means by which containment or support is achieved. These latter types arguably depend on extensive learning about the particular mechanisms of containment and support, many of which are invented by humans, as well as learning the specific lexical verbs that encode these mechanisms. The core versus non-core distinction is reflected in young children's and adults' linguistic descriptions of different spatial configurations, via different distributions of expression types across different configurations. Differences between children and adults are not likely to be rooted in either conceptual or semantic differences, but rather, in the probabilistic nature of available expressions, along with early limits on children's vocabulary of lexical verbs that express complex mechanical relationships between objects.
The development of practical query languages for graph databases runs well ahead of the underlying theory. The ISO committee in charge of database query languages is currently developing a new standard called Graph Qu...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9798400701276
The development of practical query languages for graph databases runs well ahead of the underlying theory. The ISO committee in charge of database query languages is currently developing a new standard called Graph Query Language (GQL) aswell as an extension of the SQL Standard for querying property graphs represented by a relational schema, called SQL/PGQ. The main component of both is the pattern matching facility, which is shared by the two standards. In many aspects, it goes well beyond RPQs, CRPQs, and similar queries on which the research community has focused for years. Our main contribution is to distill the lengthy standard specification into a simple Graph Pattern Calculus (GPC) that reflects all the key pattern matching features of GQL and SQL/PGQ, and at the same time lends itself to rigorous theoretical investigation. We describe the syntax and semantics of GPC, along with the typing rules that ensure its expressions are well-defined, and state some basic properties of the language. With this paper we provide the community a tool to embark on a study of query languages that will soon be widely adopted by industry.
Studies in theoretical linguistics argue that subject-verb agreement is more sensitive to grammatical number, while pronoun-antecedent agreement is more sensitive to conceptual number. This claim is robustly supported...
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Studies in theoretical linguistics argue that subject-verb agreement is more sensitive to grammatical number, while pronoun-antecedent agreement is more sensitive to conceptual number. This claim is robustly supported by speech production research, but few studies have examined this issue in comprehension. We investigated this dissociation between conceptual and grammatical number agreement in three eye-tracking reading experiments, using collective nouns like group, which can be notionally interpreted as either singular or plural. Experiment 1 indicated that pronoun-antecedent agreement is conceptually driven;Experiment 2 indicated that subject-verb agreement is morpho-syntactically driven. Experiment 3 indicated that the morpho-grammatical processes that control the initial processing of subject-verb agreement do not bias later semantic processing of pronoun-antecedent number agreement, even when the anaphor and the verb occur in the same sentence, and the same collective noun is both the subject of the verb and antecedent of the pronoun. In view of these findings we propose that the processes that control number agreement in comprehension show a dissociation between semantic and morpho-syntactic processing that is similar to the dissociation demonstrated in speech-production. We discuss various theoretical frameworks that can account for this similarity.
The Emotion Recognition in the Wild challenge poses significant problems to state of the art auditory and visual affect quantification systems. To overcome the challenges, we investigate supplementary meta features ba...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781450339124
The Emotion Recognition in the Wild challenge poses significant problems to state of the art auditory and visual affect quantification systems. To overcome the challenges, we investigate supplementary meta features based on film semiotics. Movie scenes are often presented and arranged in such a way as to amplify the emotion interpreted by the viewing audience. This technique is referred to as mise en scene in the film industry and involves strict and intentional control of color palette, light source color, and arrangement of actors and objects in the scene. To this end, two algorithms for extracting mise en scene information are proposed. Rule of thirds based motion history histograms detect motion along rule of thirds guidelines. Rule of thirds color layout descriptors compactly describe a scene at rule of thirds intersections. A comprehensive system is proposed that measures expression, emotion, vocalics, syntax, semantics, and film-based meta information. The proposed mise en scene features have a higher classification rate and ROC area than LBP-TOP features on the validation set of the EmotiW 2015 challenge. The complete system improves classification performance over the baseline algorithm by 3.17% on the testing set.
Based on seal calculus, we represent an extend seal calculus language, ExtSealL, in this paper. The syntax, static semantics, and dynamic semantics of ExtSealL are introduced. In order to describe the semantics formal...
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Based on seal calculus, we represent an extend seal calculus language, ExtSealL, in this paper. The syntax, static semantics, and dynamic semantics of ExtSealL are introduced. In order to describe the semantics formally, the concept of Seal frame is proposed. The definition and the construction theory are introduced. An effective constructing method for Seal frame is given. Our work lays foundation for developing a practical language based on seal for supporting concurrency and code mobile. Introducing frame structure for ExtSealL is an attempt to provide languages support for asynchronous, distribute, and mobile programming. The ideas and method in this paper can also be applied to other calculi with currency and mobility.
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