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temporal Envelope coding by Inferior Colliculus Neurons with Cochlear Implant Stimulation

JARO-JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH IN OTOLARYNGOLOGY 2017年第6期18卷 771-788页

作者： Hancock, Kenneth E. Chung, Yoojin McKinney, Martin F. Delgutte, Bertrand Massachusetts Eye & Ear Eaton Peabody Labs Boston MA 02114 USA Harvard Med Sch Dept Otolaryngol Boston MA 02115 USA Starkey Hearing Technol Eden Prairie MN 55344 USA

Modulations in temporal envelopes are a ubiquitous property of natural sounds and are especially important for hearing with cochlear implants (CIs) because these devices typically discard temporal fine structure information. With few exceptions, neural temporal envelope processing has been studied in both normal hearing (NH) and CI animals using only pure sinusoidal amplitude modulation (SAM) which poorly represents the diversity of envelope shapes contained in natural sounds because it confounds repetition rate and the width of each modulation cycle. Here, we used stimuli that allow independent manipulation of the two parameters to characterize envelope processing by inferior colliculus (IC) neurons in barbiturate-anesthetized cats with CIs. Specifically, the stimuli were amplitude modulated, high rate pulse trains, where the envelope waveform interleaved single cycles ("bursts") of a sinusoid with silent intervals. We found that IC neurons vary widely with respect to the envelope parameters that maximize their firing rates. In general, pure SAM was a relatively ineffective stimulus. The majority of neurons (60 %) preferred a combination of short bursts and low repetition rates (long silent intervals). Others preferred low repetition rates with minimal dependence on envelope width (17 %), while the remainder responded most strongly to brief bursts with lesser sensitivity to repetition rate (23 %). A simple phenomenological model suggests that a combination of inhibitory and intrinsic cellular mechanisms suffices to account for the wide variation in optimal envelope shapes. In contrast to the strong dependence of firing rate on envelope shape, neurons tended to phase lock precisely to the envelope regardless of shape. Most neurons tended to fire specifically near the peak of the modulation cycle, with little phase dispersion within or across neurons. Such consistently precise timing degrades envelope coding compared to NH processing of real-world sounds, because it

关键词： inferior colliculus cochlear implants temporal coding temporal envelope

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Associative memory model with temporal spike coding and active dendrite

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BIOSYSTEMS 2000年第1-3期58卷 259-263页

作者： Watanabe, M Takahashi, Y Aihara, K Univ Tokyo Grad Sch Engn Dept Quantum Engn & Syst Sci Bunkyo Ku Tokyo 113 Japan Japan Sci & Technol Corp CREST Kawaguchi Saitama Japan Univ Tokyo Grad Sch Engn Dept Math Engn & Informat Phys Bunkyo Ku Tokyo 113 Japan

We propose a neuron model whose internal state is integrated on a two dimensional phase space composed of time and dendritic space. Here, the postsynaptic potential is given as a curved surface on the phase space. Using the proposed neuron model, we introduce a continuous-time associative memory model with spike propagation delay and multiple synaptic sites on the dendrite. We show by numerical simulation that the memory capacity is doubled due to the effects of temporal spike coding and active dendrite compared to the sparse coding associative memory model. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： temporal coding active dendrite storage capacity associative memory

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A 100 x 100 pixel silicon retina for gradient extraction with steering filter capabilities and temporal output coding

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS 2002年第2期37卷 160-172页

作者： Barbaro, M Burgi, PY Mortara, A Nussbaum, P Heitger, F Univ Cagliari Dept Elect & Elect Engn I-09123 Cagliari Italy Swiss Ctr Elect & Microtechnol Adv Microelect Div CH-2007 Neuchatel Switzerland

A 100 x 100 pixel analog very large scale integration retina is proposed to extract the magnitude and direction of spatial gradients contained in sensed images. The retina implements in a massively parallel fashion, at pixel level, an algorithm based on the concept of steerable filters to compute the gradients. An output rate of up to 1000 frames per second is achieved in a standard CMOS 0.5 pm process. The retina provides address-event coded output on two asynchronous buses, one dedicated to the the gradient's direction and another to the gradient's magnitude. The gradient information is temporally ordered from largest to smallest gradient's magnitude. Rationales for such an order are borrowed from information theory. Precise timing of the address events is controlled by a decreasing threshold function, whose slope can be dynamically modified to regulate the data flow on the communication bus so as to reduce the number of collisions. Quantitative experimental results from a fully functional silicon demonstrator are presented.

关键词： analog VLSI design artificial retina early vision image processing spatial gradient extraction steerable filters temporal coding

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Review of the roles of temporal and place coding of frequency in speech discrimination

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ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA 1999年第4期119卷 424-430页

作者： Moller, AR Univ Texas Callier Ctr Commun Disorders Sch Human Dev Dallas TX 75235 USA

Numerous studies have demonstrated that the frequency spectrum of sounds is represented in the neural code of single auditory nerve fibres both spatially and temporally, but few experiments have been designed to test which of these two representations of frequency is used in the discrimination of complex sounds such as speech and music. This paper reviews the roles of place and temporal coding of frequency in the nervous system as a basis for Frequency discrimination of complex sounds such as those in speech. Animal studies based on frequency analysis in the cochlea have shown that the place code changes systematically as a function of sound intensity and therefore lacks the robustness required to explain pitch perception tin humans), which is nearly independent of sound intensity. Further indication that the place principle plays a minor role in discrimination of speech comes from observations that signs of impairment of the spectral analysis in the cochlea in some individuals are not associated with impairments in speech discrimination. The importance of temporal coding is supported by the observation that injuries to the auditory nerve, assumed to impair temporal coherence of the discharges of auditory nerve fibres, are associated with grave impairments in speech discrimination. These observations indicate that temporal coding of sounds is more important for discrimination of speech than place coding. The implications of these findings for the design of prostheses such as cochlear implants are discussed.

关键词： frequency discrimination place coding speech discrimination temporal coding

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AN INVESTIGATION OF SOME temporal ASPECTS OF OLFACTORY coding WITH THE MODEL OF MULTI-SITE ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION OF THE OLFACTORY-BULB IN THE RAT

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BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1989年第1期33卷 51-63页

作者： MONOD, B MOULY, AM VIGOUROUX, M HOLLEY, A UNIV LYON 1 CNRS PHYSIOL NEUROSENSORIELLE LAB F-69622 VILLEURBANNE FRANCE

Electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb was used to investigate some temporal aspects of olfactory coding, with reference to respiration. Food-deprived rats implanted with permanent electrodes were trained to use bulbar multi-site stimulation patterns as discriminative stimuli for predicting the nature of an incoming reinforcement. Electrical pulse trains (100 Hz) were periodically delivered in phase iwth precisely defined moments of the respiratory cycle (during inspiration or expiration). temporal aspects of olfactory coding were first considered through the measurement of the minimum duration of a stimulus necessary to identify this stimulus. The results showed that a bulbar stimulation lasting for 30 ms (3 pulses), and delivered during inspiration, was clearly identified by the rats. Stimulus identification induced a discriminative respiratory response which could manifest itself as early as the first cycle concomitant with the beginning of stimulation. It was then shown that a bulbar electrical stimulation pattern was identified with the same latency whether it occurred during expiration or during inspiration. Moreover, the perceptive events induced in those two condistions of stimulation were not different enought to be discriminated by the animals. The findings are discussed within the framework of olfactory information processing.

关键词： Electrical stimulation Olfaction Olfactory bulb Respiration temporal coding

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Neural coding of temporal information and its topography in the auditory cortex

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JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2010年第4期35卷 499-500页

作者： Terleph, Thomas A. Pinaud, Raphael Sacred Heart Univ Dept Biol Fairfield CT 06825 USA Univ Oklahoma Hlth Sci Ctr Dept Physiol Oklahoma City OK 73104 USA Univ Oklahoma Hlth Sci Ctr Dept Geriatr Med Oklahoma City OK 73104 USA Univ Oklahoma Hlth Sci Ctr Reynolds Oklahoma Ctr Aging Oklahoma City OK 73104 USA

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Heterogeneity of intrinsic biophysical properties among cochlear nucleus neurons improves the population coding of temporal information

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2014年第11期111卷 2320-2331页

作者： Ahn, J. Kreeger, L. J. Lubejko, S. T. Butts, D. A. MacLeod, K. M. Univ Maryland Dept Biol College Pk MD 20742 USA Univ Maryland Neurosci & Cognit Sci Program College Pk MD 20742 USA Univ Maryland Ctr Comparat & Evolutionary Biol Hearing College Pk MD 20742 USA

Reliable representation of the spectrotemporal features of an acoustic stimulus is critical for sound recognition. However, if all neurons respond with identical firing to the same stimulus, redundancy in the activity patterns would reduce the information capacity of the population. We thus investigated spike reliability and temporal fluctuation coding in an ensemble of neurons recorded in vitro from the avian auditory brain stem. Sequential patch-clamp recordings were made from neurons of the cochlear nucleus angularis while injecting identical filtered Gaussian white noise currents, simulating synaptic drive. The spiking activity in neurons receiving these identically fluctuating stimuli was highly correlated, measured pairwise across neurons and as a pseudo-population. Two distinct uncorrelated noise stimuli could be discriminated using the temporal patterning, but not firing rate, of the spike trains in the neural ensemble, with best discrimination using information at time scales of 5-20 ms. Despite high cross-correlation values, the spike patterns observed in individual neurons were idiosyncratic, with notable heterogeneity across neurons. To investigate how temporal information is being encoded, we used optimal linear reconstruction to produce an estimate of the original current stimulus from the spike trains. Ensembles of trains sampled across the neural population could be used to predict >50% of the stimulus variation using optimal linear decoding, compared with similar to 20% using the same number of spike trains recorded from single neurons. We conclude that heterogeneity in the intrinsic biophysical properties of cochlear nucleus neurons reduces firing pattern redundancy while enhancing representation of temporal information.

关键词： cochlear nucleus optimal linear decoding reconstruction temporal coding spectrotemporal

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Neural temporal code-driven stimulation in real-time using the Victor-Purpura distance

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EVOLVING SYSTEMS 2025年第2期16卷 1-15页

作者： Ayala, Alberto Lareo, Angel Varona, Pablo Rodriguez, Francisco B. Univ Autonoma Madrid Escuela Politecn Super Dept Ingn Informat Grp Neurocomp Biol C Francisco Tomas & Valiente 11 Madrid 28049 Spain

Numerous neural systems encode information through the generation of specific sequences of action potentials, creating temporal activity patterns that form neural codes. These systems produce functionally equivalent activity patterns, albeit with some variability in their temporal structure. In this work, we have implemented a real-time closed-loop stimulation protocol to study temporal coding in neural systems. The protocol identifies codes in neural signals acquired in real-time and delivers a stimulus when a predefined code is identified allowing a degree of variability in the detection through the use of the Victor-Purpura metric. The goal of the stimulation is to induce a new state in the system and to study the equivalence between codes with intrinsic variability. The real-time performance of the protocol was validated in closed-loop experiments with an electronic neuron by characterizing the latencies. Moreover, its functionality was corroborated through two proof of concept scenarios where we modulated the activity of a neural model to induce a new dynamic state. In the first scenario, when tested in a regular bursting model state with Gaussian stochastic inputs to induce temporal variability, our protocol robustly generated short bursts amidst consecutive bursts produced by the model without stimulation. In the second scenario, tested in an operating chaotic model state, the protocol drove the model to show regular bursting activity. The findings indicated that the dynamic state was consistently induced by closed-loop stimulation in contrast to the less effective open-loop stimulation, i.e., without precise activity-dependent stimulation of the system. The reproducibility of these results in both test scenarios is supported by the statistical analysis carried out. This protocol allows inferring of equivalence between different matching patterns when closed-loop stimulation, driven by these patterns, elicits comparable responses. This new real-time protocol

关键词： Closed-loop stimulation temporal coding Pattern matching Hindmarsh-Rose neural model Real-time experiment interface (RTXI) temporal code-driven stimulation (TCDS)

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Timing is everything: The effect of early-life seizures on developing neuronal circuits subserving spatial memory

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EPILEPSIA OPEN 2025年 2025 Mar 20页

作者： Holmes, Gregory L. Univ Vermont Coll Med Dept Neurol Sci 95 Carrigan DrStafford 118 Burlington VT 05405 USA

Spatial memory, the aspect of memory involving encoding and retrieval of information regarding one's environment and spatial orientation, is a complex biological function incorporating multiple neuronal networks. Hippocampus-dependent spatial memory is not innate and emerges during development in both humans and rodents. For spatial memory to occur, the hippocampus forms highly associative networks integrating external inputs conveying multi-sensory, proprioceptive, contextual, and emotional information onto internally generated dynamics. Hippocampal cognitive maps are produced by sequences of transient ordered neuronal activations that represent not only spatial information but also the temporal order of events in a memory episode. This patterned activity fine-tunes synaptic connectivity of the network and drives the emergence of specific firing necessary for spatial memory. In the rodent hippocampus, there is a sequence of spontaneous activities that are precisely timed, starting with early sharp waves progressing to theta and gamma oscillations, place and grid cell firing, and sharp wave-ripples that must occur for spatial memory to develop. Whereas normal activity patterns are required for circuit maturation, aberrant neuronal activity during development can have major adverse consequences, disrupting the development of spatial memory. Seizures during infancy, involving massive bursts of synchronized network activity, result in impaired spatial memory when animals are tested as adolescents or adults. This impaired spatial memory is accompanied by alterations in theta and gamma oscillations and spatial and temporal coding of place cells. Conversely, enhancement of oscillatory activity following early-life seizures can improve cognitive impairment. The plasticity of developing oscillatory activity in the immature brain provides exciting opportunities for therapeutic intervention in childhood *** Language SummaryChildren with epilepsy often struggle with

关键词： circuit cognition development memory network oscillations place cells rate coding temporal coding

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Time-domain brain: temporal mechanisms for brain functions using time-delay nets, holographic processes, radio communications, and emergent oscillatory sequences

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FRONTIERS IN COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2025年 19卷 1540532页

作者： Baker, Janet M. Cariani, Peter MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA Harvard Med Sch Boston MA USA

Time is essential for understanding the brain. A temporal theory for realizing major brain functions (e.g., sensation, cognition, motivation, attention, memory, learning, and motor action) is proposed that uses temporal codes, time-domain neural networks, correlation-based binding processes and signal dynamics. It adopts a signal-centric perspective in which neural assemblies produce circulating and propagating characteristic temporally patterned signals for each attribute (feature). temporal precision is essential for temporal coding and processing. The characteristic spike patterns that constitute the signals enable general-purpose, multimodal, multidimensional vectorial representations of objects, events, situations, and procedures. Signals are broadcast and interact with each other in spreading activation time-delay networks to mutually reinforce, compete, and create new composite patterns. Sequences of events are directly encoded in the relative timings of event onsets. New temporal patterns are created through nonlinear multiplicative and thresholding signal interactions, such as mixing operations found in radio communications systems and wave interference patterns. The newly created patterns then become markers for bindings of specific combinations of signals and attributes (e.g., perceptual symbols, semantic pointers, and tags for cognitive nodes). Correlation operations enable both bottom-up productions of new composite signals and top-down recovery of constituent signals. Memory operates using the same principles: nonlocal, distributed, temporally coded memory traces, signal interactions and amplifications, and content-addressable access and retrieval. A short-term temporary store is based on circulating temporal spike patterns in reverberatory, spike-timing-facilitated circuits. A long-term store is based on synaptic modifications and neural resonances that select specific delay-paths to produce temporally patterned signals. Holographic principles of nonl

关键词： temporal coding time-delay neural networks oscillations multiplexing holography wave interference radio communications time-domain

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