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GenProg: A Generic Method for Automatic Software Repair

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2012年第1期38卷 54-72页

作者： Le Goues, Claire ThanhVu Nguyen Forrest, Stephanie Weimer, Westley Univ Virginia Dept Comp Sci Charlottesville VA 22904 USA Univ New Mexico Dept Comp Sci Albuquerque NM 87131 USA

This paper describes GenProg, an automated method for repairing defects in off-the-shelf, legacy programs without formal specifications, program annotations, or special coding practices. GenProg uses an extended form of genetic programming to evolve a program variant that retains required functionality but is not susceptible to a given defect, using existing test suites to encode both the defect and required functionality. Structural differencing algorithms and delta debugging reduce the difference between this variant and the original program to a minimal repair. We describe the algorithm and report experimental results of its success on 16 programs totaling 1.25 M lines of C code and 120K lines of module code, spanning eight classes of defects, in 357 seconds, on average. We analyze the generated repairs qualitatively and quantitatively to demonstrate that the process efficiently produces evolved programs that repair the defect, are not fragile input memorizations, and do not lead to serious degradation in functionality.

关键词： Automatic programming corrections testing and debugging

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Finding Atomicity-Violation Bugs through Unserializable Interleaving testing

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2012年第4期38卷 844-860页

作者： Lu, Shan Park, Soyeon Zhou, Yuanyuan Univ Wisconsin Dept Comp Sci Madison WI 53706 USA Univ Calif San Diego Dept Comp Sci & Engn La Jolla CA 92093 USA

Multicore hardware is making concurrent programs pervasive. Unfortunately, concurrent programs are prone to bugs. Among different types of concurrency bugs, atomicity violations are common and important. How to test the interleaving space and expose atomicity-violation bugs is an open problem. This paper makes three contributions. First, it designs and evaluates a hierarchy of four interleaving coverage criteria using 105 real-world concurrency bugs. This study finds a coverage criterion (Unserializable Interleaving Coverage) that balances the complexity and the capability of exposing atomicity-violation bugs well. Second, it studies stress testing to understand why this common practice cannot effectively expose atomicity-violation bugs from the perspective of unserializable interleaving coverage. Third, it designs CTrigger following the unserializable interleaving coverage criterion. CTrigger uses trace analysis to identify feasible unserializable interleavings, and then exercises low-probability interleavings to expose atomicity-violation bugs. We evaluate CTrigger with real-world atomicity-violation bugs from seven applications. CTrigger efficiently exposes these bugs within 1-235 seconds, two to four orders of magnitude faster than stress testing. Without CTrigger, some of these bugs do not manifest even after seven days of stress testing. Furthermore, once a bug is exposed, CTrigger can reliably reproduce it, usually within 5 seconds, for diagnosis.

关键词： testing and debugging debugging aids diagnostics testing strategies test coverage of code concurrent programming bug characteristics

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Prioritizing test cases with string distances

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AUTOMATED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2012年第1期19卷 65-95页

作者： Ledru, Yves Petrenko, Alexandre Boroday, Sergiy Mandran, Nadine UJF Grenoble 1 LIG UMR 5217 Grenoble INPCNRSUPMF Grenoble 2 F-38041 Grenoble France Ctr Rech Informat Montreal Montreal PQ H3N 1M3 Canada

Test case prioritisation aims at finding an ordering which enhances a certain property of an ordered test suite. Traditional techniques rely on the availability of code or a specification of the program under test. We propose to use string distances on the text of test cases for their comparison and elaborate a prioritisation algorithm. Such a prioritisation does not require code or a specification and can be useful for initial testing and in cases when code is difficult to instrument. In this paper, we also report on experiments performed on the "Siemens Test Suite", where the proposed prioritisation technique was compared with random permutations and four classical string distance metrics were evaluated. The obtained results, confirmed by a statistical analysis, indicate that prioritisation based on string distances is more efficient in finding defects than random ordering of the test suite: the test suites prioritized using string distances are more efficient in detecting the strongest mutants, and, on average, have a better APFD than randomly ordered test suites. The results suggest that string distances can be used for prioritisation purposes, and Manhattan distance could be the best choice.

关键词： Software engineering testing and debugging testing tools Test case prioritisation String distance

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kb^e-Anonymity: Test Data Anonymization for Evolving Programs 12

<i>kb<SUP>e</SUP></i>-Anonymity: Test Data Anonymization for...

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27th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)

作者： Lucia Lo, David Jiang, Lingxiao Budi, Aditya Singapore Management Univ Sch Informat Syst Singapore Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781450312042

High-quality test data that is useful for effective testing is often available on users' site. However, sharing data owned by users with software vendors may raise privacy concerns. Techniques are needed to enable data sharing among data owners and the vendors without leaking data privacy. Evolving programs bring additional challenges because data may be shared multiple times for every version of a program. When multiple versions of the data are cross-referenced, private information could be inferred. Although there are studies addressing the privacy issue of data sharing for testing and debugging, little work has explicitly addressed the challenges when programs evolve. In this paper, we examine kb-anonymity that is recently proposed for anonymizing data for a single version of a program, and identify a potential privacy risk if it is repeatedly applied for evolving programs. We propose kb(e)-anonymity to address the insufficiencies of kb-anonymity and evaluate our model on three Java programs. We demonstrate that kb(e)-anonymity can successfully address the potential risk of kb-anonymity, maintain sufficient path coverage for testing, and be as efficient as kb-anonymity.

关键词： k-anonymity behavior preservation privacy preservation testing and debugging

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Fault Localization via Behavioral Models

Fault Localization via Behavioral Models

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2012 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science（ICSESS 2012）

作者： Xiaomin Wan,Xiaoguang Mao,Ziying Dai Department of Computer Science National University of Defense Technology Changsha,China

Software errors significantly impact software quality,and improvement of fault localization can reduce the expense of *** is promising approach and have received a lot of attention due to its simplicity and ***,there are still some limits in this *** this paper we address these limits and present a technique to build a novel behavioral model,and propose a corresponding fault localization ***,we performed a study to empirically validate the effectiveness of our *** experimental results indicated that our method outperformed other representative SBFL techniques in locating faults in the *** show that the effectiveness of the technique comes from the guidance of hierarchical behavioral model.

关键词： fault localization behavioral model hierarchical model testing and debugging

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The effectiveness of test-driven development: an industrial case study

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SOFTWARE QUALITY JOURNAL 2011年第4期19卷 643-661页

作者： Dogsa, Tomaz Batic, David Agileon Doo Div 51 SI-2000 Maribor Slovenia Univ Maribor Fac Elect Engn & Comp Sci Ctr Verificat & Validat Syst SI-2000 Maribor Slovenia

Test-driven development (TDD) is a software development practice, where test cases are incrementally written before implementing the production code. This paper presents the results of a multi-case study investigating the effectiveness of TDD within an industrial environment. Three comparable medium-sized projects were observed during their development cycle. Two projects were driven without TDD practice, while the third one introduced TDD into the development process. The effectiveness of TDD was expressed in terms of external code quality, productivity, and maintainability. Our results indicate that the TDD developers produced higher quality code that is easier to maintain, although we did observe a reduction in productivity.

关键词： Test-driven development testing and debugging testing strategies Productivity Maintainability Software quality/SQA Software engineering process

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Software testing and Verification in Climate Model Development

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IEEE SOFTWARE 2011年第6期28卷 49-55页

作者： Clune, Thomas L. Rood, Richard B. NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr Adv Software Technol Grp Div Earth Sci Greenbelt MD 20771 USA Univ Michigan Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Univ Michigan Sch Nat Resources & Environm Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA

Over the past 30 years, most climate models have grown from relatively simple representations of a few atmospheric processes to complex multidisciplinary systems. Computer infrastructure over that period has gone from punchcard mainframes to modern parallel clusters. Model implementations have become complex, brittle, and increasingly difficult to extend and maintain. Verification processes for model implementations rely almost exclusively on some combination of detailed analyses of output from full climate simulations and system-level regression tests. Besides being costly in terms of developer time and computing resources, these testing methodologies are limited in the types of defects they can detect, isolate, and diagnose. Mitigating these weaknesses of coarse-grained testing with finer-grained unit tests has been perceived as cumbersome and counterproductive. Recent advances in commercial software tools and methodologies have led to a renaissance of systematic fine-grained testing. This opens new possibilities for testing climate-modeling-software methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

关键词： Atmospheric modeling Computational modeling Meteorology Numerical models Productivity program verification Software software engineering testing testing and debugging testing strategies

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Caches and Predictors for Real-Time, Unobtrusive, and Cost-Effective Program Tracing in Embedded Systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS 2011年第7期60卷 992-1005页

作者： Milenkovic, Aleksandar Uzelac, Vladimir Milenkovic, Milena Burtscher, Martin Univ Alabama Dept Elect & Comp Engn Huntsville AL 35899 USA IBM Corp Madison AL 35757 USA Univ Texas Austin ICES Austin TX 78712 USA

The increasing complexity of modern embedded computer systems makes software development and system verification the most critical steps in system development. To expedite verification and program debugging, chip manufacturers increasingly consider hardware infrastructure for program debugging and tracing, including logic to capture and filter traces, buffers to store traces, and a trace port through which the trace is read by the debug tools. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to capture and compress program execution traces in hardware. The proposed trace compressor encompasses two cost-effective structures, a stream descriptor cache, and a last stream predictor. Information about the program flow is translated into a sequence of hit and miss events in these structures, thus dramatically reducing the number of bits that need to be sent out of the chip. We evaluate the efficiency of the proposed mechanism by measuring the trace port bandwidth on a set of benchmark programs. Our mechanism requires only 0.15 bits/instruction/CPU on average on the trace port, which is a sixfold improvement over state-of-the-art commercial solutions. The trace compressor requires an on-chip area that is equivalent to one third of a 1 kilobyte cache and it allows for continual and unobtrusive program tracing in real time.

关键词： Compression technologies real time and embedded systems testing and debugging tracing

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An application perspective evaluation of multi-agent system in versatile environments

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EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS 2011年第3期38卷 1405-1416页

作者： Vengattaraman, T. Abiramy, S. Dhavachelvan, P. Baskaran, R. Pondicherry Univ Dept Comp Sci Pondicherry India Saradha Gangadharan Coll Dept Comp Sci Pondicherry India Anna Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Madras 600025 Tamil Nadu India

Multi-agent systems (MAS) based computing is the most appropriate paradigm for the problem domain, where data, control, expertise or resources are distributed and also it is interesting to the user only if the technologies address the issues of interest to the user. The MAS has the hypothesis that the agent based computing offers better approach to manage the complex systems and process. They are large-scale systems and collaborate with one another to achieve their functions in a highly modular and flexible way. In this point of view, the work presented in this paper is an enhanced attempt to validate the MAS based on application perspective. As a test-bed, a distributed MAS for software testing is constructed such that to provide a hybrid testing environment based on variety of agents, which possibly incorporate several testing techniques. The developed framework is validated on two perspectives namely, efficiency of the application domain, i.e. software testing using MAS and efficiency of the proposed framework. The validation of the later case has been carried out on two conditions: regular working environment and exceptional working environment. The second type of validation provided the guidelines for implementing proper exception handling mechanism in the enhanced MAS, which is being developed for software testing Purpose. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： testing and debugging Distributed artificial intelligence Multi-agent systems Exception handling Metrics-performance measures Model validation and analysis

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Vulnerability Discovery with Attack Injection

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2010年第3期36卷 357-370页

作者： Antunes, Joao Neves, Nuno Correia, Miguel Verissimo, Paulo Neves, Rui Univ Lisbon Fac Sci P-1749016 Lisbon Portugal Univ Tecn Lisboa Inst Telecomunicacoes Inst Super Tecn P-1049001 Lisbon Portugal

The increasing reliance put on networked computer systems demands higher levels of dependability. This is even more relevant as new threats and forms of attack are constantly being revealed, compromising the security of systems. This paper addresses this problem by presenting an attack injection methodology for the automatic discovery of vulnerabilities in software components. The proposed methodology, implemented in AJECT, follows an approach similar to hackers and security analysts to discover vulnerabilities in network-connected servers. AJECT uses a specification of the server's communication protocol and predefined test case generation algorithms to automatically create a large number of attacks. Then, while it injects these attacks through the network, it monitors the execution of the server in the target system and the responses returned to the clients. The observation of an unexpected behavior suggests the presence of a vulnerability that was triggered by some particular attack (or group of attacks). This attack can then be used to reproduce the anomaly and to assist the removal of the error. To assess the usefulness of this approach, several attack injection campaigns were performed with 16 publicly available POP and IMAP servers. The results show that AJECT could effectively be used to locate vulnerabilities, even on well-known servers tested throughout the years.

关键词： testing and debugging software engineering test design testing tools experimental evaluation fault injection attack injection

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