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three-dimensional structure of interannual-to-decadal variations in water temperature in the Yellow sea during 1998-2021

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CLIMATE DYNAMICS 2025年第1期63卷 1-24页

作者： Zhai, Fangguo Yu, Bing Dong, Yujie Gu, Yanzhen Liu, Zizhou Li, Peiliang Ocean Univ China Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci Qingdao 266100 Peoples R China Ocean Univ China Marine Big Data Ctr Inst Adv Ocean Study Qingdao Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Inst Phys Oceanog & Remote Sensing Ocean Coll Zhoushan 316021 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Hainan Inst Sanya Peoples R China

Up to now, three-dimensional temperature responses in mid-latitude shallow shelf seas to large-scale climate variabilities are still poorly understood. Combining observations and high-resolution numerical simulations, this study investigated the three-dimensional structure of interannual-to-decadal variations in water temperature in the Yellow Sea and underlying mechanisms during 1998-2021. Both sea surface temperature (SST) and bottom layer temperature (BLT) in the majority of the Yellow Sea experienced decadal trends, which were negative during 1998-2010 but were more significantly positive during 2011-2021. Magnitudes of decadal SST trends had seasonal variations, being much larger in winter than in summer, but those of decadal BLT trends had no significant seasonal variations. Temperatures below the thermocline experienced more significant decadal trends than SST in spring-summer seasons. This caused increasing trends during 1998-2010 but decreasing trends during 2011-2021 in summer stratification. Changes in decadal temperature trends were linked to activities of the Siberia High and Western Pacific pattern in winter. During 1998-2010, strengthening Siberia High and weakening Western Pacific pattern enhanced surface heat loss and thus induced cooling trend throughout the water column in the Yellow Sea in winter. However, increasing surface heat gain in subsequent spring-summer reduced the surface layer cooling trend and resulted in upper layer experiencing weaker cooling trend than lower layer. Seasonally reversing surface heat flux trends generated increasing summer stratification. During 2011-2021, opposite but more intense situations occurred, with weakening Siberia High and strengthening Western Pacific pattern causing warming temperature and decreasing summer stratification in the Yellow Sea.

关键词： Water temperature three-dimensional structure Stratification Shelf sea Decadal trend

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three-dimensional structure and Dynamics of Coastal Eddy Dipoles in the Southeastern Baltic Sea: Results of Remote Sensing and Oceanographic Experiments in Summer 2021

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COSMIC RESEARCH 2023年第SUPPL 1期61卷 S130-S140页

作者： Krayushkin, E. V. Lavrova, O. Yu. Nazirova, K. R. Elizarov, D. A. Russian Acad Sci Space Res Inst Moscow 117997 Russia

The results of quasi-synchronous satellite and experimental field observations of two submesoscale eddy dipoles in the coastal zone of the southeastern Baltic Sea near the coast of Kaliningrad Region are presented. The parameters of eddy dipole dynamics, namely, the duration of the process in the sea water and its propagation velocity and direction, as well as atmospheric conditions favorable for the occurrence of eddy dipoles, are determined from consecutive satellite images of high resolution. The characteristics of the three-dimensional structure of eddy dipoles are determined using the data of an acoustic current profiler and a hydrological probe obtained concurrently with satellite survey. The depth of vortical motion penetration into the water column is discussed and it is shown that such processes are not purely surface phenomena but have their influence down to a depth of 20 m and more. Direct measurements of current velocities and directions within particular parts of an eddy dipole demonstrate significantly greater dynamics of waters inside such formations compared to their displacement velocity. The differences in the anticyclonic and cyclonic parts of the dipoles are evaluated. Hydrological observations show the influence of the active cyclonic part of a dipole on surrounding waters manifested in both capture (rise) of deeper water and accumulation of surfactants within it.

关键词： Baltic Sea eddy dipole three-dimensional structure satellite monitoring concurrent field and satellite measurements

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three-dimensional structure of Fab Fragment of Monoclonal Antibody LNKB-2 Complexed with Antigenic Nonaptide from Human Interleukin-2

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RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2023年第1期49卷 81-85页

作者： Goryacheva, E. A. Artemyev, I. V. Pletneva, N. V. Pletnev, V. Z. Russian Acad Sci Shemyakin Ovchinnikov Inst Bioorgan Chem Moscow 117997 Russia

The three-dimensional structure of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of the monoclonal antibody LNKB-2 in complex with the synthetic antigenic nonapeptide of human interleukin-2 (IL-2;Lys-Pro-Leu-Glu-Glu-Val-Leu-Asn-Leu-O) was determined by X-ray diffraction at a resolution of 2.6 angstrom in the crystal space group P2(1)2(1)2(1). The peptide adopts a somewhat distorted alpha-helical conformation, close to that of fragment 64-72 of the IL-2 antigen. Four out of the six hypervariable loops in the antigen-binding site of the Fab fragment are involved in nonapeptide association through hydrogen bonding, salt bridge formation, and hydrophobic interactions. Moreover, Tyr residues of an antibody play an important role in antigen-antibody recognition.

关键词： monoclonal antibody Fab fragment interleukin-2 antigen three-dimensional structure X-ray analysis

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Daily Evolution of three-dimensional structure of a Subsurface Anticyclonic Eddy and Eddy-Induced Swirl Transport in the Canada Basin

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JOURNAL OF OCEAN UNIVERSITY OF CHINA 2025年第3期24卷 545-556页

作者： Xu, Fan Li, Haiyan Wang, Ru Wen, Zhiqiang Yang, Kun Zhang, Menghao Univ Chinese Acad Sci Coll Earth & Planetary Sci Beijing 100049 Peoples R China Xiamen Univ Coll Ocean & Earth Sci State Key Lab Marine Environm Sci Xiamen 361102 Peoples R China

In recent years, research investigations have focused on the substantial freshwater storage in the Beaufort Gyre (BG) region due to climate change. Despite active mesoscale eddies in the area, a notable gap in understanding the three-dimensional structure and induced transport has been observed. This study concentrates on the Canada Basin in the western Arctic Ocean, specifically examining a subsurface anticyclonic eddy (SAE) sampled by a Mooring A in the BG region. Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) analysis data reveal its lifecycle from February 15 to March 15, 2017, marked by initiation, development, maturity, decay, and termination stages. This work extends the finding of SAE passing through Mooring A by examining its overall effects, spatiotemporal variations, and swirl transport. SAE generation through baroclinic instability, which contributes to the westward tilt of the vertical axis, is also confirmed in this study. Swirl transport induced by SAE is predominantly eastward and downward due to its trajectory and background flow. SAE temporarily weakens stratification and extends the subsurface depth but demonstrates transient effects. Moreover, SAE transports upper-layer freshwater, Pacific Winter Water, and Atlantic Water downward, emphasizing its potential influence on freshwater redistribution in the Canadian Basin. This research provides valuable insights into mesoscale eddy dynamics, revealing their role in modulating the upper water mass in the BG region.

关键词： Beaufort Gyre mesoscale eddy three-dimensional structure swirl transport baroclinic instability

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Ocean Eddies in the Drake Passage: Decoding Their three-dimensional structure and Evolution

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REMOTE SENSING 2023年第9期15卷 2462-2462页

作者： Lin, Xiayan Zhao, Hui Liu, Yu Han, Guoqing Zhang, Han Liao, Xiaomei Zhejiang Ocean Univ Sch Marine Sci & Technol Zhoushan 316022 Peoples R China Minist Nat Resources Inst Oceanog 2 State Key Lab Satellite Ocean Environm Dynam Hangzhou 310012 Peoples R China Southern Marine Sci & Engn Guangdong Lab Zhuhai Zhuhai 519082 Peoples R China Shenzhen Univ Coll Life Sci & Oceanog Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China

The Drake Passage is known for its abundant mesoscale eddies, but little is known about their three-dimensional characteristics, which hinders our understanding of their impact on eddy-induced transport and deep-sea circulation. A 10-year study was conducted using GLORYS12 Mercator Ocean reanalysis data from 2009 to 2018. The study analyzed the statistical characteristics of eddies in the Drake Passage, spanning from the surface down to a depth of 2000 m in three dimensions. The findings indicate that the mean radius of the eddies is 35.5 km, with a mean lifespan of 12.3 weeks and mean vorticity of 2.2 x 10(-5) s(-1). The eddies are most active and energetic near the three main fronts and propagate north-eastward at an average distance of 97.8 km. The eddy parameters vary with water depth, with more anticyclones detected from the surface to 400 m, displaying a larger radius and longer propagation distance. Cyclones have longer lifespans and greater vorticity. However, beyond 400 m, there is not much difference between anticyclones and cyclones. Approximately 23.3% of the eddies reach a depth of 2000 m, with larger eddies tending to penetrate deeper. The eddies come in three different shapes, bowl-shaped (52.7%), lens-shaped (27.1%) and cone-shaped (20.2%). They exhibit annual and monthly distribution patterns. Due to its high latitude location, the Drake Passage has strong rotation and weak stratification, resulting in the generation of small and deep-reaching eddies. These eddies contribute to the formation of Antarctic intermediate water and lead to modulation of turbulent dissipation.

关键词： mesoscale eddies drake passage three-dimensional structure GLORYS12

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three-dimensional structure and transport flux of springtime smoke aerosols over the Indochina Peninsula

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ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH 2024年 301卷

作者： Liu, Yurun Gui, Ke Chen, Quanliang Feng, Liangliang Cai, Hongke Zhang, Xutao Yao, Wenrui Zhao, Hengheng Shang, Nanxuan Li, Lei Zheng, Yu Che, Huizheng Chengdu Univ Informat Technol Coll Atmosphere Sci Plateau Atmospher & Environm Key Lab Sichuan Prov Chengdu 610225 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci State Key Lab Severe Weather Beijing 100081 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci Key Lab Atmospher Chem CMA Beijing 100081 Peoples R China Kunming Meteorol Bur Yunnan Kunming 650501 Peoples R China

Springtime smoke aerosols attributable to biomass burning on the Indochina Peninsula (ICP) are a major source of absorbing aerosols globally, and play a nonnegligible perturbing role in climate change. Using smoke extinction profiles provided by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument, and aerosol and meteorological reanalyses for the period 2007-2021, this study investigated the three-dimensional structure and transport flux of springtime smoke aerosols over the ICP. Stratified analysis revealed that CALIOP-derived peaks of smoke aerosol optical depth (SAOD) and smoke mass flux (SMF) at altitudes of 0-2 km occur over the central ICP, which is the main source region. Driven by a southwesterly jet stream and updrafts, massive amounts of smoke aerosols are transported toward the northeast of the ICP, resulting in the largest stratified SAOD and SMF observed at altitudes of 2-4 km. Over the main smoke source regions, the estimated springtime SMF was approximately 0.4 Tg accumulated through a distance of 2 latitude at altitudes of 2-4 km. Meteorological analyses indicated a path for the transport of smoke aerosols to the mid-troposphere. Smoke aerosols in the source region are first lifted thermally to the 600-hPa level. Lifting then continues to the 500-hPa level via the combined effects of topography and frequent, deep, and dry convective updrafts over the mountainous areas of the northern ICP. The smoke aerosols are subsequently transported to South China and the western Pacific owing to strong westerly winds and weak vertical motion. Further analyses demonstrated that differences in meteorological conditions between daytime and nighttime have substantial impact on the vertical structure of smoke aerosols, particularly over the northeast of ICP. Compared to daytime, enhanced updrafts and moisture transport at night favor further lifting of smoke aerosols and greater extinction intensity owing to increased hygroscopic growth.

关键词： CALIOP Smoke aerosols three-dimensional structure Transport flux Indochina Peninsula

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three-dimensional structure of an observed cyclonic mesoscale eddy in the Northwest Pacific and its assimilation experiment

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2021年第5期40卷 1-19页

作者： Jun Dai Huizan Wang Weimin Zhang Pinqiang Wang Tengling Luo College of Meteorology and Oceanography National University of Defense TechnologyChangsha 410073China

Mesoscale eddies play an important role in modulating the ocean *** previous studies on the threedimensional structure of mesoscale eddies were mainly based on composite analysis,and there are few targeted observations for individual eddies.A cyclonic eddy surveyed during an oceanographic cruise in the Northwest Pacific Ocean is investigated in this *** three-dimensional structure of this cyclonic eddy is revealed by observations and simulated by the four-dimensional variational data assimilation(4 DVAR)system combined with the Regional Ocean Modeling *** observation and assimilation results together present the characteristics of the cyclonic *** cold eddy has an obvious dual-core structure of temperature *** core is at 50–150 m and another is at 300–550 m,which both have the average temperature anomaly of approximately-3.5℃.The salinity anomaly core is between 250 m and 500 m,which is *** horizontal velocity structure is axis-asymmetric and it is enhanced on the eastern side of the cold *** the assimilation experiment,sea level anomaly,sea surface temperature,and in situ measurements are assimilated into the system,and the results of assimilation are close to the *** on the high-resolution assimilation output results,the study also diagnoses the vertical velocity in the mesoscale eddy,which reaches the maximum of approximately 10 m/*** larger vertical velocity is found to be distributed in the range of 0.5 to 1 time of the normalized radius of the *** validation of the simulation result shows that the 4 DVAR method is effective to reconstruct the three-dimensional structure of mesoscale eddy and the research is an application to study the mesoscale eddy in the Northwest Pacific by combining observation and assimilation methods.

关键词： mesoscale eddy three-dimensional structure 4DVAR assimilation vertical velocity

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three-dimensional structure of Mesoscale Eddies and Their Impact on Diapycnal Mixing in a Standing Meander of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

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REMOTE SENSING 2024年第11期16卷 1863页

作者： Bao, Yanan Ma, Chao Luo, Yiyong Phillips, Helen Elizabeth Cyriac, Ajitha Ocean Univ China Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci Qingdao 266100 Peoples R China Laoshan Lab Lab Ocean & Climate Dynam Qingdao 266237 Peoples R China Australian Antarctic Partnership Program Hobart 7001 Australia Univ Tasmania Inst Marine & Antarctic Studies Hobart Tas 7001 Australia Australian Ctr Excellence Antarctic Sci Hobart Tas 7001 Australia CSIRO Environm Perth 6000 Australia

Mesoscale eddies are known to enhance diapycnal mixing in the ocean, yet direct observation of this effect remains a significant challenge, especially in the robust Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). To quantify the diapycnal mixing induced by mesoscale eddies in the standing meander of the ACC, satellite altimeter and Argo profile data were combined to composite eddies, where the 1.6 m dynamic height contour was used for the first time instead of the climatological Northern Sub-Antarctic Front (SAFN) to define the northern boundary of the ACC to eliminate the influence of frontal shift. The 3D structures of the composite anticyclonic/cyclonic eddy (CAE/CCE) were obtained. Both the CAE and CCE were similar in shape to Taylor columns, from sea surface to the neutral surface of 28.085 kgm-3 (1689 +/- 66 dbar) for the CAE, and from sea surface to 28.01 kgm-3 (1491 +/- 202 dbar) for the CCE. On the same neutral surface, the diffusivity (kappa) inside the CCE was one to two orders of magnitude higher than that inside the CAE. Vertically, the maximum influence depth of the CCE on kappa reached 1200 dbar, while for the CAE, it reached 800 dbar, where kappa exceeded O(10-4) m2s-1, and kappa gradually decreased from these depths downwards.

关键词： antarctic circumpolar current composite analysis mesoscale eddies three-dimensional structure diapycnal mixing

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three-dimensional structure analysis of melanocytes and keratinocytes in senile lentigo

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MICROSCOPY 2021年第2期70卷 224-231页

作者： Mizutani, Yuki Yamashita, Mika Hashimoto, Rie Atsugi, Toru Ryu, Akemi Hayashi, Akinobu Rikimaru-Nishi, Yukiko Ohta, Keisuke KOSE Corp Res Labs Kita Ku 48-18 Sakae Cho Tokyo 1140005 Japan Kurume Univ Dept Anat Div Microscop & Dev Anat Sch Med Kurume Fukuoka 8300011 Japan Kurume Univ Dept Plast & Reconstruct Surg & Maxillofacial Sur Sch Med 67 Asahi Machi Kurume Fukuoka 8300011 Japan

Senile lentigo or age spots are hyperpigmented macules of skin that commonly develop following long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation. This condition is caused by accumulation of large numbers of melanosomes (melanin granules) produced by melanocytes within neighboring keratinocytes. However, there is still no consensus regarding the melanosome transfer mechanism in senile lentigo. To date, most pathohistological studies of skin have been two-dimensional and do not provide detailed data on the complex interactions of the melanocyte-keratinocyte network involved in melanosome transfer. We performed a three-dimensional reconstruction of the epidermal microstructure in senile lentigo using three different microscopic modalities to visualize the topological melanocyte-keratinocyte relationship and melanosome distribution. Confocal laser microscopy images showed that melanocyte dendritic processes are more frequently branched and elongated in senile lentigo skin than in normal skin. Serial transmission electron micrographs showed that dendritic processes extend into intercellular spaces between keratinocytes. Focused ion beam-scanning electron micrographs showed that dendritic processes in senile lentigo encircle adjacent keratinocytes and accumulate large numbers of melanosomes. Moreover, melanosomes transferred to keratinocytes are present not only in the supranuclear area but throughout the perinuclear area except on the basal side. The use of these different microscopic methods helped to elucidate the three-dimensional morphology and topology of melanocytes and keratinocytes in senile lentigo. We show that the localization of melanosomes in dendritic processes to the region encircling recipient keratinocytes contributes to efficient melanosome transfer in senile lentigo.

关键词： three-dimensional structure FIB-SEM senile lentigo melanocyte cell-cell interaction melanosome

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Structural design and impact resistance of three-dimensional structure-reinforced flexible polymer composites

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POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES 2023年第2期34卷 506-519页

作者： Li, Xiangmian Zhang, Xingteng Yan, Ruosi Jia, Lixia Hebei Univ Sci & Technol Sch Mat Sci & Engn Hebei Key Lab Flexible Funct Mat Shijiazhuang Hebei Peoples R China Hebei Univ Sci & Technol Hebei Technol Innovat Ctr Text & Garment Sch Text & Garment 26 Yuxiang Rd Shijiazhuang 050018 Hebei Peoples R China

three-dimensional (3D) structure-reinforced flexible polymer composites have great potential as personal protective materials. These composites exhibit excellent mechanical properties and failure mechanisms than typical rigid composites because of the complex dynamic reaction processes caused by the 3D structure in response to impact. This paper comprehensively reviews the impact resistance mechanism of 3D structure-reinforced flexible polymer composites by combining current results with relevant investigations. 3D woven fabric reinforcements and flexible matrix materials of flexible polymer composites systems are presented in this paper. The classification for 3D woven fabric reinforcements is reviewed, as well as the effect of reinforcement structures on the impact resistance of the flexible composites. Furthermore, several flexible matrix are introduced. Several external factors affecting the impact resistance of composites are then discussed. Finally, the impact damage mechanism of 3D structure-reinforced flexible polymer composites is summarized and analyzed.

关键词： flexible composite impact resistance shear thickening three-dimensional structure

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