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New Security Mechanisms for Network time synchronization protocols 11

New Security Mechanisms for Network Time Synchronization Pro...

11th IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock synchronization for Measurement, Control, and Communication (ISPCS)

作者： O'Donoghue, Karen Sibold, Dieter Fries, Steffen Internet Soc Reston VA 20190 USA PTB Braunschweig Germany Siemens AG CT RDA ITS Munich Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781509057184

As evolving security concerns have prevailed, the network time synchronization protocol community has been actively engaged in the development of improved security mechanisms for both the IEEE 1588 Precision time Protocol (PTP) and the IETF Network time Protocol (NTP). These activities have matured to the point where this year should see the finalization of the first new security mechanisms for time protocols in ten years. This paper provides an overview of the two solutions being developed, compares and contrasts those solutions, and discusses relevant use cases and deployment scenarios.

关键词： time synchronization protocols PTP IEEE 1588 NTP NTS security authentication integrity

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New Security Mechanisms for Network time synchronization protocols

New Security Mechanisms for Network Time Synchronization Pro...

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IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication

作者： Karen O'Donoghue Dieter Sibold Steffen Fries Internet Society Reston Virgina USA PTB Braunschweig Germany Siemens AG CT RDA ITS Munich Germany

关键词： time synchronization protocols PTP IEEE 1588 NTP NTS Security Authentication Integrity

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An Attack Possibility on time synchronization protocols Secured with TESLA-Like Mechanisms 12th

An Attack Possibility on Time Synchronization Protocols Secu...

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12th International Conference on Information Systems Security (ICISS)

作者： Teichel, Kristof Sibold, Dieter Milius, Stefan Phys Tech Bundesanstalt Bundesallee 100 D-38116 Braunschweig Germany Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg Chair Theoret Comp Sci Martensstr 3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783319498065;9783319498058

In network-based broadcast time synchronization, an important security goal is integrity protection linked with source authentication. One technique frequently used to achieve this goal is to secure the communication by means of the TESLA protocol or one of its variants. This paper presents an attack vector usable for time synchronization protocols that protect their broadcast or multicast messages in this manner. The underlying vulnerability results from interactions between timing and security that occur specifically for such protocols. We propose possible countermeasures and evaluate their respective advantages. Furthermore, we discuss our use of the UPPAAL model checker for security analysis and quantification with regard to the attack and countermeasures described, and report on the results obtained. Lastly, we review the susceptibility of three existing cryptographically protected time synchronization protocols to the attack vector discovered.

关键词： Security protocols Broadcast time synchronization protocols TESLA Security analysis UPPAAL

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Overview of time synchronization for IoT Deployments: Clock Discipline Algorithms and protocols

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SENSORS 2020年第20期20卷 5928.-5928.页

作者： Yigitler, Huseyin Badihi, Behnam Jantti, Riku Aalto Univ Dept Commun & Networking Espoo 02150 Finland

Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to change the everyday life of its users by enabling data exchanges among pervasive things through the Internet. Such a broad aim, however, puts prohibitive constraints on applications demanding time-synchronized operation for the chronological ordering of information or synchronous execution of some tasks, since in general the networks are formed by entities of widely varying resources. On one hand, the existing contemporary solutions for time synchronization, such as Network time Protocol, do not easily tailor to resource-constrained devices, and on the other, the available solutions for constrained systems do not extend well to heterogeneous deployments. In this article, the time synchronization problems for IoT deployments for applications requiring a coherent notion of time are studied. Detailed derivations of the clock model and various clock relation models are provided. The clock synchronization methods are also presented for different models, and their expected performance are derived and illustrated. A survey of time synchronization protocols is provided to aid the IoT practitioners to select appropriate components for a deployment. The clock discipline algorithms are presented in a tutorial format, while the time synchronization methods are summarized as a survey. Therefore, this paper is a holistic overview of the available time synchronization methods for IoT deployments.

关键词： internet of things capillary networks wireless sensor networks clock synchronization clock discipline algorithms time synchronization protocols

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Precision time protocol attack strategies and their resistance to existing security extensions

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Cybersecurity 2021年第1期4卷 160-176页

作者： Waleed Alghamdi Michael Schukat School of Computer Science National University of Ireland Galway Ireland

The IEEE 1588 precision time protocol(PTP)is very important for many industrial sectors and applications that require time synchronization accuracy between computers down to microsecond and even nanosecond ***,PTP and its underlying network infrastructure are vulnerable to cyber-attacks,which can stealthily reduce the time synchronization accuracy to unacceptable and even damage-causing levels for individual clocks or an entire network,leading to financial loss or even physical *** security protocol extensions only partially address this *** paper provides a comprehensive analysis of strategies for advanced persistent threats to PTP infrastructure,possible attacker locations,and the impact on clock and network synchronization in the presence of security protocol extensions,infrastructure redundancy,and protocol *** distinguishes between attack strategies and attacker types as described in RFC7384,but further distinguishes between the spoofing and time source attack,the simple internal attack,and the advanced internal *** experiments were conducted to demonstrate the impact of PTP *** analysis shows that a sophisticated attacker has a range of methodologies to compromise a PTP ***,all PTP infrastructure components can host an attacker,making the comprehensive protection of a PTP network against a malware infiltration,as for example exercised by Stuxnet,a very tedious task.

关键词： APT Cyber-attacks IEEE 1588 PTP Security time synchronization protocols

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A Security Enhancement of the Precision time Protocol Using a Trusted Supervisor Node

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SENSORS 2022年第10期22卷 3671-3671页

作者： Alghamdi, Waleed Schukat, Michael Natl Univ Ireland Sch Comp Sci Galway H91 TK33 Ireland

The Precision time Protocol (PTP) as described in IEEE 1588-2019 provides a sophisticated mechanism to achieve microsecond or even sub-microsecond synchronization of computer clocks in a well-designed and managed network, therefore meeting the needs of even the most time-sensitive industrial and financial applications. However, PTP is prone to many security threats that impact on a correct clock synchronization, leading to potentially devastating consequences. Here, the most vicious attacks are internal attacks, where a threat actor has full access to the infrastructure including any cryptographic keys used. This paper builds on existing research on the impact of internal attack strategies on PTP networks. It shows limitations of existing security approaches to tackle internal attacks and proposes a new security approach using a trusted supervisor node (TSN), in line with prong D as specified in IEEE 1588-2019. A TSN collects and analyzes delay and offset outputs of monitored slaves, as well as timestamps embedded in PTP synchronization messages, allowing it to detect abnormal patterns that point to an attack. The paper distinguishes between two types of TSN with different capabilities and proposes two different detection algorithms. Experiments show the ability of the proposed method to detect all internal PTP attacks, while outlining its limitations.

关键词： cyberattacks IEEE 1588 PTP security time synchronization protocols

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Avoiding Year 2038 Problem on 32-bit Linux by Rewinding time on Clock synchronization 25

Avoiding Year 2038 Problem on 32-bit Linux by Rewinding Time...

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25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)

作者： Okabe, Ryo Yabuki, Jun Toyama, Masakatsu Mitsubishi Electr Corp Informat Technol R&D Ctr Kamakura Kanagawa Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781728189567

Embedded systems with 32-bit Linux can encounter the year 2038 problem, which is caused by an overflow of the system clock. To prevent this overflow, we propose a scheme that rewinds time in time-synchronization software such that the system clock is delayed from the actual time by a certain number of years. Our method rewinds time received by time-synchronization software immediately after it becomes available as a UTC-based timestamp. We confirmed that our method enabled a 32-bit Linux system to operate correctly based on its delayed system clock while it was synchronizing with a Network time Protocol server and a Precision time Protocol master. This was achieved with only 3 lines of modification for ntpd and 2 lines for linuxptp. By adopting our scheme and modifying applications to exchange correct time values with external nodes, a system can avoid the year 2038 problem. This approach saves development costs as it requires no modification to the operating system.

关键词： Y2038 Y2K38 UNIX time time_t time synchronization protocols NTP PTP IEEE 1588 embedded systems

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Analysis of delay attacks based on game theory in time synchronization protocols

Analysis of delay attacks based on game theory in time synch...

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2013 International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT 2013)

作者： Mengzhou Gao Dongqin Feng Jian Chu Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology Zhejiang University

time synchronization protocols are widely used in Industrial Control Systems. As the development of network technology, various types of attacks have occurred. Among them, delay attacks are less studied. In this paper, we described an effective way for delay attacks which were achieved by a Man-In-The-Middle attack of asymmetric delays. To find inherent relationships between attackers and defenders, we proposed a two-person noncooperative game theoretic model. Based on Expected Utility Maximization, the mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium(NE) was resolved. The expression of probability distribution under NE indicates potential relationships between mixed-strategy probability distributions, attack costs, defence costs, and provides evidence for security and risk management professionals.

关键词： time synchronization protocols delay attacks game theory noncooperative mixed-strategy

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Emerging Solutions for time Protocol Security 10

Emerging Solutions for Time Protocol Security

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10th IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication (ISPCS)

作者： O'Donoghue, Karen Internet Soc Reston VA 20190 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781467396141

Security has historically not been a top consideration for the developers of time synchronization protocols. However, in recent years rising awareness of the overall importance of security in general along with increasing examples of targeted vulnerability analysis and incidents exploiting the underlying weaknesses of existing solutions has increased the demand for standards based security mechanisms for network time synchronization protocols. This paper provides an overview of the general approach and discusses some key components being standardized as part of both the IEEE 1588 Precision time Protocol (PTP) and the IETF Network time Security (NTS) efforts. It also discusses the underlying motivation and requirements driving these efforts and identifies some next steps and possible avenues of further investigation.

关键词： time synchronization protocols PTP IEEE 1588 NTP NTS security authentication integrity

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Long term and large scale time synchronization in wireless sensor networks

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COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS 2014年第Jan.1期37卷 77-91页

作者： Huang, Ge Zomaya, Albert Y. Delicato, Flavia C. Pires, Paulo F. Univ Sydney Sch Informat Technol Ctr Distributed & High Performance Comp Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro UFRJ BR-21941 Rio De Janeiro Brazil

time synchronization is very important in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Many applications, for example natural disaster monitoring and structural health monitoring of huge buildings, require a highly accurate, long-term and large-scale time synchronization among the sensor nodes that compose the network. In this paper, we propose a new time synchronization protocol, named 2LTSP (long term and large scale time synchronization protocol), which aims at addressing such requirements. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that when the synchronization period is less than 100 s, the error of 2LTSP is within 0.6 ms, no matter how large the size of the network is. Besides, when the required synchronization error limit is 9 ms, the communication cost of 2LTSP is less than 3 packets per hour in networks of any size. Therefore, 2LTSP is highly accurate and energy-efficient even for large-scale and long-term running networks. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Quadratic Taylor synchronization time synchronization protocols Wireless sensor networks

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