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transform coding OF AUDIO SIGNALS USING PERCEPTUAL NOISE CRITERIA

IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS 1988年第2期6卷 314-323页

作者： JOHNSTON, JD AT and T Bell Laboratories Inc. Murray Hill NJ USA

A 4-b/sample transform coder is designed using a psychoacoustically derived noise-making threshold that is based on the short-term spectrum of the signal. The coder has been tested in a formal subjective test involving a wide selection of monophonic audio inputs. The signals used in the test were of 15-kHz bandwidth, sampled at 32 kHz. The bit rate of the resulting coder was 128 kb/s. The subjective test shows that the coded signal could not be distinguished from the original at that bit rate. Subsequent informal work suggests that a bit rate of 96 kb/s may maintain transparency for the set of inputs used in the test.< >

关键词： transform coding Bandwidth Bit rate Testing Phase change materials Satellite broadcasting Delay Dynamic range Digital audio broadcasting Error analysis

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transform coding with backward adaptive updates

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY 2000年第4期46卷 1623-1633页

作者： Goyal, VK Zhuang, J Vetterli, M Lucent Technol Bell Labs Math Commun Res Dept Murray Hill NJ 07974 USA SBC Technol Resources Inc Pleasanton CA 94588 USA Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne Lab Commun Audiovisuelles CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Berkeley CA 94720 USA

The Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT) is optimal for transform coding of a Gaussian source. This is established for all stale-invariant quantizers, generalizing previous results. A backward adaptive technique for combating the data dependence of the KLT is proposed and analyzed, When the adapted transform converges to a KLT, the scheme is universal among transform coders. A variety of convergence results are proven.

关键词： dithered quantization lossy data compression transform coding universal source coding

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transform coding for hardware-accelerated volume rendering

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2007年第6期13卷 1600-1607页

作者： Fout, Nathaniel Ma, Kwan-Liu Univ Calif Davis Dept Comp Sci Davis CA 95616 USA

Hardware-accelerated volume rendering using the GPU is now the standard approach for real-time volume rendering, although limited graphics memory can present a problem when rendering large volume data sets. Volumetric compression in which the decompression is coupled to rendering has been shown to be an effective solution to this problem;however, most existing techniques were developed in the context of software volume rendering, and all but the simplest approaches are prohibitive in a real-time hardware-accelerated volume rendering context. In this paper we present a novel block-based transform coding scheme designed specifically with real-time volume rendering in mind, such that the decompression is fast without sacrificing compression quality. This is made possible by consolidating the inverse transform with dequantization in such a way as to allow most of the reprojection to be precomputed. Furthermore, we take advantage of the freedom afforded by offline compression in order to optimize the encoding as much as possible while hiding this complexity from the decoder. In this context we develop a new block classification scheme which allows us to preserve perceptually important features in the compression. The result of this work is an asymmetric transform coding scheme that allows very large volumes to be compressed and then decompressed in real-time while rendering on the GPU.

关键词： volume compression compressed volume rendering transform coding hardware-accelerated volume rendering

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transform coding in the VVC Standard

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2021年第10期31卷 3878-3890页

作者： Zhao, Xin Kim, Seung-Hwan Zhao, Yin Egilmez, Hilmi E. Koo, Moonmo Liu, Shan Lainema, Jani Karczewicz, Marta Tencent Media Lab Multimedia Stand Palo Alto CA 94306 USA Tencent Media Lab Palo Alto CA 94306 USA LG Elect San Diego CA 92131 USA Huawei Technol Hangzhou 310057 Peoples R China Qualcomm Technol Inc San Diego CA 92121 USA LG Elect Seoul 06772 South Korea Nokia Technol Tampere 33101 Finland

In the past decade, the development of transform coding techniques has achieved significant progress and several advanced transform tools have been adopted in the new generation Versatile Video coding (VVC) standard. In this paper, a brief history of transform coding development during VVC standardization is presented, and the transform coding tools in the VVC standard are described in detail together with their initial design, incremental improvements and implementation aspects. To improve coding efficiency, four new transform coding techniques are introduced in VVC, which are namely Multiple transform Selection (MTS), Low-Frequency Non-separable Secondary transform (LFNST) and Sub-Block transform (SBT), as well as a large (64-point) type-2 DCT. The experimental results on VVC reference software (VTM-9.0) show that average 4.5% and 3.6% overall coding gain can be achieved by the VVC transform coding tools for All Intra and Random Access configurations, respectively.

关键词： transforms transform coding Kernel Encoding Tools Discrete cosine transforms Standards Versatile video coding (VVC) joint video exploration team (JVET) transform coding MTS LFNST SBT VVC test model (VTM) joint exploration model (JEM)

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transform coding of Monochrome and Color Images Using Trellis Coded Quantization

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 1993年第4期3卷 270-+页

作者： Marcellin, Michael W. Sriram, Parthasarathy Tong, Kai-Loong Univ Arizona Dept Elect & Comp Engn Tucson AZ 85721 USA

The application of transform coding using trellis coded quantization (TCQ) to encode monochrome and color images is investigated. Specifically, TCQ is used to encode transform coefficients resulting from applying a 16 X 16 discrete cosine transform (DCT) to 8-b gray level and 24-b color images. For the color images, the red, green, and blue (RGB) planes are transformed into the NTSC transmission primaries (Y, I, and Q) before the DCT is applied. Rate allocation schemes for encoding the transform coefficients and side information are presented and discussed. The generalized Lloyd algorithm and the entropy-constrained vector quantizer design algorithm are used to design fixed-rate and entropy-constrained codebooks. The entropy-constrained designs result in a low-complexity system with objective performance rivaling that of many coding schemes from the literature.

关键词： transform coding Color Quantization Discrete cosine transforms Encoding Algorithm design and analysis Image coding Iterative algorithms Modulation coding Viterbi algorithm

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transform coding with integer-to-integer transforms

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY 2000年第2期46卷 465-473页

作者： Goyal, VK Lucent Technol Bell Labs Math Commun Res Dept Murray Hill NJ 07974 USA

A new interpretation of transform coding is developed that downplays quantization and emphasizes entropy coding, allowing a comparison of entropy coding methods with different memory requirements. With conventional transform coding, based on computing Karhunen-Loeve transform coefficients acid then quantizing them, vector entropy coding can be replaced by scalar entropy coding without an increase in rate, Thus the transform coding advantage is a reduction in memory requirements for entropy coding. This paper develops a transform coding technique where the source samples are first scalar-quantized and then transformed with an integer-to-integer approximation to a nonorthogonal linear transform. Among the possible advantages is to reduce the memory requirement further than conventional transform coding by using a single common scalar entropy codebook for all components. The analysis shows that for high-rate coding of a Gaussian source, this reduction in memory requirements comes without any degradation of rate-distortion performance.

关键词： entropy coding Gaussian sources memory reduction transform coding

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transform coding on programmable stream processors

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JOURNAL OF SUPERCOMPUTING 2008年第1期45卷 66-87页

作者： Li, Haiyan Zhang, Chunyuan Li, Li Ren, Ju Natl Univ Def Technol Sch Comp Chang Sha 410073 Hu Nan Peoples R China

Stream processors can achieve high performance in stream applications that share stream characteristics of large parallelism, intensive computation and little data reuse. transform coding, as a core component in video compression, is widely used in video storage and video transmission. This paper summarizes stream execution mechanism and explores design approaches of programmable stream processors including the Imagine stream processor and graphics processing unit (GPU). Based on the stream processing model, stream algorithms for block-based and frame-based (nonblock-based) transform coding are presented and mapped onto stream processors. Especially, an Interleaved Streaming transform (IST) algorithm on Imagine and a Row-wise Zonal transform (RZT) algorithm on GPU for 4 x 4 integer transform in H.264 are proposed to exploit great potential of stream processing for block-based transform. Our experiments of transform coding suite on Imagine and GPU show that the coding efficiency of stream processors is far beyond the real-time requirements of current video applications, dealing with a variety of different video resolutions ranging from QCIF to high definition (HD). The performance evaluation of stream implementations discusses the architectural supports for transform coding, and presents the significant improvements over other programmable platforms. transform coding may take advantage of the flexibility of programmable stream processors with high performance to play an important role in the future.

关键词： programmable stream processor transform coding graphics processing unit (GPU) imagine stream architecture H.264

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transform coding OF SPEECH USING A WEIGHTED VECTOR QUANTIZER

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IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS 1988年第2期6卷 425-431页

作者： MORIYA, T HONDA, M NIPPON TELEGRAPH & TEL PUBL CORP MUSASHINO ELECT COMMUN LAB BASIC RES LABS MUSASHINO TOKYO 180 JAPAN

A medium-band speech coder is proposed that uses a weighted vector quantization scheme in the transformed domain. The linear prediction residue is transformed and vector-quantized. In order to control the quantization errors in the transformed domain, adaptively weighted matching is used instead of conventional adaptive bit allocation. Therefore, the residual signal can be reconstructed by the decoder, even if the spectral envelope parameters are destroyed due to transmission errors. This coder is also capable of maintaining higher SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) performance than time-domain vector quantization coders for a wide range of computation complexities and bit rates. Coded speech is natural and unaffected by background noise. The mean opinion score for this coder at 7.2 kb/s is comparable to that of 5.5-bit log PCM coded speech sampled at 6.4 kHz.< >

关键词： transform coding Speech coding Vector quantization Bit rate Signal to noise ratio Programmable control Adaptive control Decoding Time domain analysis High performance computing

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transform coding Techniques in HEVC

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN SIGNAL PROCESSING 2013年第6期7卷 978-989页

作者： Tung Nguyen Helle, Philipp Winken, Martin Bross, Benjamin Marpe, Detlev Schwarz, Heiko Wiegand, Thomas Heinrich Hertz Inst Nachrichtentech Berlin GmbH Fraunhofer Inst Telecommun Image & Video Coding Grp D-10587 Berlin Germany Heinrich Hertz Inst Nachrichtentech Berlin GmbH Fraunhofer Inst Telecommun Dept Image Proc D-10587 Berlin Germany Tech Univ Berlin D-10587 Berlin Germany

High Efficiency Video coding (HEVC) is the most recent jointly developed video coding standard of ITU-T Visual coding Experts Group (VCEG) and ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). Although its basic architecture is built along the conventional hybrid block-based approach of combining prediction with transform coding, HEVC includes a number of coding tools with greatly enhanced coding-efficiency capabilities relative to those of prior video coding standards. Among these tools are new transform coding techniques that include the support for dyadically increasing transform block sizes ranging from 4 x 4 to 32 x 32, the partitioning of residual blocks into variable block-size transforms by using a quadtree-based partitioning dubbed as residual quadtree (RQT) as well as some properly designed entropy coding techniques for quantized transform coefficients of variable transform block sizes. In this paper, we describe these HEVC techniques for transform coding with a particular focus on the RQT structure and the entropy coding stage and demonstrate their benefit in terms of improved coding efficiency by experimental results.

关键词： Entropy coding H.265 HEVC MPEG-H residual quadtree transform coding video compression

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transform coding Based on Source Filter Model in the MDCT Domain

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ETRI JOURNAL 2013年第3期35卷 542-545页

作者： Sung, Jongmo Ko, Yun-Ho ETRI Broadcasting & Telecommun Media Res Lab Taejon South Korea Chungnam Natl Univ Dept Mechatron Engn Taejon South Korea

State-of-the-art voice codecs have been developed to extend the input bandwidth to enhance quality while maintaining interoperability with a legacy codec. Most of them employ a modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) for coding their extended band We propose a source filter model-based coding algorithm of MDCT spectral coefficients, apply it to the ITU-T G.711.1 super wideband (SWB) extension codec, and subjectively test it to validate the model. A subjective test shows abetter quality over the standardized SWB codec.

关键词： Source filter model transform coding MDCT G.711.1 Annex D

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