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A combined method for binning coupling angles to define coordination patterns

JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS 2020年 103卷 109598-000页

作者： Beitter, John Kwon, Young-Hoo Tulchin-Francis, Kirsten Scottish Rite Children Movement Sci Lab Dallas TX USA Texas Womans Univ Dept Kinesiol Biomech Lab Denton TX 76204 USA

The vector coding technique has been used to quantify coordination of two joints, segments, and/or planes during cyclic activities, such as walking. Coordination patterns can be identified by categorizing the tangent lines of an angle-angle plot by their direction, termed "coupling angle binning" or "phase binning". In the literature the ranges of directions, or "bins", originally divided by Chang et al. and more recently by Needham et al. have different strengths. Chang's method identifies general patterns with large bins while Needham's method identifies a dominant joint or segment in the pattern. This study created a novel method that incorporates bin categories from both methods, and therefore recognizes both general patterns and a dominant contributor when appropriate. This new method, the SRC method, as well as the two existing methods, were used to quantify knee-ankle coordination in the sagittal plane for healthy individuals and an individual with clubfoot during gait. Similarities and differences in classification between methods were compared and further investigated by interpreting the uncoupled angular data. Each method was then used to evaluate sagittal-coronal coordination of the forefoot in an individual with clubfoot during gait. This was done to demonstrate across-plane coordination analysis, to confirm that the advantages of the combined method extend to coupling pairs with like ranges of motion, and to present a clinical application. It was found that the TSRH binning methods provides a more complete description of coordination by including coordination categories defined by both the Chang and Needham method. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Coordination vector coding Coupling Clubfoot

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Bilateral differences in coordination variability among injured and uninjured runners: A prospective study

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JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS 2022年 132卷 110938-110938页

作者： Desai, Gauri A. Gruber, Allison H. Indiana Univ Dept Kinesiol Sch Publ Hlth Bloomington Bloomington IN 47405 USA

This prospective cohort study aimed to identify bilateral differences in coordination variability (CAV) to determine if limb-specific CAV or CAV asymmetry is associated with running-related overuse injury (RRI) development in recreational runners. Lower limb kinematics were collected at enrollment. Runners were classified as injured (n = 14) or controls (n = 17) based on RRI incidence during a >= 6-month follow-up. Pelvis-thigh, knee-shank, knee-ankle, and shank-ankle CAV was quantified bilaterally within thirds of stance using modified vector coding. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests compared CAV between limbs within each group, and Wilcoxon RankSum tests compared CAV asymmetry between groups (alpha = 0.05). Injured runners displayed elevated injured versus uninjured limb CAV during initial-stance for all couplings (p < 0.010,d(effect size) = 0.51-1.31) except pelvis-thigh (p = 0.060,d = 0.36). During mid-stance, the injured limb exhibited restricted knee-ankle CAV (p < 0.010,d = 0.413) and elevated pelvis-thigh CAV (p < 0.010,d = 0.23). Controls also displayed bilateral differences specifically in pelvis-thigh CAV across stance, shank-ankle CAV during initial-stance, in all couplings during mid-stance, and shank-ankle CAV during late-stance (p < 0.010-0.025,d = 0.09-0.63). Comparing CAV asymmetry between groups revealed lower asymmetry among injured runners compared with controls for kneeankle coupling in mid-stance and all couplings except pelvis-thigh during late-stance (p < 0.010,d = 0.85-1.87). Injured runners also displayed greater knee-shank CAV asymmetry in mid-stance versus controls (p < 0.010,d = 0.85). Logistic regression (alpha <= 0.05) revealed that between-limb CAV asymmetry did not predict RRI (p = 0.161), however, the odds of RRI were > 20% in the limb with either elevated shank-ankle CAV in initial-stance (p = 0.020) or elevated knee-ankle CAV in mid-stance (p = 0.043) than the contralateral limb. Therefore, limbspecific CAV rather than degree of CAV asym

关键词： Coordination variability Running injury vector coding Asymmetry Lower extremity

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Influence of back muscle fatigue on dynamic lumbar spine stability and coordination variability of the thorax-pelvis during repetitive flexion-extension movements

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JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS 2022年 133卷 110959-110959页

作者： Larson, Dennis J. Brown, Stephen H. M. Univ Guelph Dept Human Hlth & Nutr Sci Guelph ON Canada

Previous work has identified that individuals adopt different dynamic lumbar spine stability responses when experiencing back muscle fatigue, and that the neuromuscular system adjusts multi-joint coordination in response to fatigue. Therefore, this study was designed to determine whether distinct differences in coordination and coordination variability would be observed for those who stabilize, destabilize, or demonstrate no change in dynamic stability when their back muscles are fatigued. Thirty participants completed two repetitive trunk flexion-extension trials (Rested, Fatigued) during which lumbar flexion-extension dynamic stability, thoraxpelvis movement coordination, and coupling angle variability (CAV) were assessed. Dynamic stability was evaluated using maximum Lyapunov exponents (lambda max) with participants being allotted to stabilizer, destabilizer, or no change groups based on their stability response to fatigue. Each flexion-extension repetition was further segregated into two phases (flexion, extension) and vector coding analyses were implemented to determine thorax-pelvis coordination and CAV during each movement phase. Results demonstrated that when fatigued, -30% of individuals adopted more stable (lower lambda max) flexion-extension movements and greater CAV during the extension phase, -17% of individuals became less stable (higher lambda max) and exhibited decreased CAV during the extension phase, and the remaining -53% of individuals expressed no change in dynamic stability or CAV. Additionally, more in-phase coordination patterns were generally observed across all individuals when fatigued. Altogether, this study highlights the heterogeneous nature of lumbar spine movement behaviours within a healthy population in response to fatigue.

关键词： vector coding Trunk -pelvis coordination Local dynamic stability Lumbar spine Muscle Fatigue

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Trunk-pelvic coordination during unstable sitting with varying task demand: A methodological study

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JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS 2021年 118卷 110299-110299页

作者： Acasio, Julian C. Nussbaum, Maury A. Hendershot, Brad D. Walter Reed Natl Mil Med Ctr Dept Rehabil Res & Dev Sect Bethesda MD USA Henry M Jackson Fdn Adv Mil Med Inc Bethesda MD USA Virginia Tech Dept Ind & Syst Engn Blacksburg VA USA DoD VA Extrem Trauma & Amputat Ctr Excellence USA Res & Surveillance Div Ft Sam Houston TX USA Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci Dept Rehabil Med Bethesda MD 20814 USA

Unstable sitting is used commonly to evaluate trunk postural control (TPC), typically via measures based on center-of-pressure (CoP) time series. However, these measures do not directly reflect underlying control/movement strategies. We quantified trunk-pelvis coordination during unstable sitting using vector coding (VC) and correlated such coordination with CoP-based outcomes across varying task demands. Thirteen uninjured individuals (11 male/2 female) sat on an unstable chair at four instability levels, in a random order, defined relative to the individual gravitational gradient (del G): 100, 75, 60, and 45%del G. VC assessed trunk-pelvic coordination, and coupling angles classified movements as: 1) anti-phase, 2) in-phase, 3) trunk-phase, or 4) pelvic-phase. With decreasing %del G (i.e., increasing instability), we found: increased anti-phase movement in the sagittal and frontal planes;decreased in-phase movement in the sagittal and frontal planes;and increased in-phase and pelvic-phase movement in the transverse plane. In the sagittal and frontal planes, we observed significant weak-to-moderate correlations between anti-phase and in-phase movements (0.288 < vertical bar rho vertical bar < 0.549). Correlations between CoP-based measures and pelvic-phase and trunk-phase movements were typically weak and/or non-significant (vertical bar rho vertical bar < 0.318). VC techniques discriminated between levels of instability during unstable sitting, identifying in-phase coordination (stiffening strategy) at lower instability levels and anti-phase coordination at higher instability levels. Compared to CoP-based measures, trunk coordination outcomes during unstable sitting provide measures of TPC that more directly quantify underlying movement strategies. These results can also serve as a baseline for future work investigating populations with impaired TPC (e.g., individuals with low back pain or limb loss). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： Postural control Low back pain vector coding Inter-segmental coordination Biomechanics

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Lower extremity inter-joint coupling angles and variability during gait in pediatric hypermobility spectrum disorder

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JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS 2024年 170卷 112151-112151页

作者： Jeong, Hyo-Jung Tarima, Sergey Nguyen, Anthony Qashqai, Anahita Muriello, Michael Basel, Donald Slavens, Brooke A. Marquette Univ Orthopaed & Rehabil Engn Ctr Milwaukee WI 53233 USA Univ Wisconsin Milwaukee Dept Rehabil Sci & Technol Milwaukee WI 53211 USA Washington Univ Sch Med St Louis Program Phys Therapy St Louis MO 63130 USA Med Coll Wisconsin Inst Hlth & Equ Div Biostat Milwaukee WI USA Univ Wisconsin Milwaukee Dept Mech Engn Milwaukee WI USA Med Coll Wisconsin Div Genet Dept Pediat Milwaukee WI USA

Complex musculoskeletal complications in children with hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD) include pain, proprioception deficits, and joint instability, which may result in movement dysfunction during walking. However, no studies have explored the inter-joint coordination deficits in children with HSD. The purpose of this study was to determine the lower extremity inter-joint coupling angles, patterns, and variability during walking in children with HSD compared to children without HSD (non-HSD). Ankle, knee, and hip kinematics during the stance phase of walking in 18 children with HSD and 18 children without HSD were measured using threedimensional motion analysis. Coupling angles, patterns, and variability of hip-knee, hip-ankle, and knee-ankle were quantified in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes using vector coding techniques. Statistical modeling of coupling angles on sine and cosine scales and bootstrapped standard errors were used to compare coupling angles between HSD and non-HSD groups. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance and statistical non-parametric mapping two-sample t-tests were used to compare the coupling patterns and variability between HSD and non-HSD groups, respectively. Our results indicated that coupling angles, patterns, and variability were not significantly different between the groups. These findings suggest that lower extremity inter- joint coordination and its variability during walking might not be a promising area for further research or intervention in children with HSD. Further research could use other biomechanical methods to investigate coordination deficits in pediatric patients with HSD, and how aging and disease progression are associated with coordination deficits in individuals with HSD.

关键词： Hypermobility Gait vector coding Kinematics Coordination

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Lower limb inter-joint coordination in individuals with osteoarthritis before and after a total knee arthroplasty

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CLINICAL BIOMECHANICS 2022年 100卷 105806-105806页

作者： Pelegrinelli, Alexandre R. M. Kowalski, Erik Ryan, Nicholas S. Moura, Felipe A. Lamontagne, Mario Univ Estadual Londrina Lab Appl Biomech Londrina Brazil Univ Ottawa Human Movement Biomech Lab Ottawa ON Canada Univ Ottawa Human Movement Biomech Lab Lab Biomecan Mouvement Humain 200 Lees Ave E 020 Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada

Background: Total knee arthroplasty is the most common treatment for severe knee osteoarthritis. Coordination and variability analyses are effective measures of the injury stage or rehabilitation process. This study compared the inter-joint coordination before and after arthroplasty, compared to ***: Twenty-seven patients were evaluated before and 12 months after surgery, compared to 27 controls. Coordination and variability in the sagittal plane between the hip-knee and knee-ankle were calculated using vector coding and circular statistics. Coordination was categorized as in-phase, anti-phase, or distal or proximal joint-phase. The gait cycle was divided into sub-phases for the coordination, variability, and range of motion ***: Coordination and range of motion differed significantly between the patient groups and controls, while small differences between pre-and post-operative groups were also detected. The hip-knee showed a reduced in phase frequency in the patient group compared to control during stance, particularly mid-stance: pre-operative 24.3% +/- 33.9, post-operative 29.5 +/- 29.7, and controls 70.7 +/- 17.0. This difference was compensated for by increasing proximal-phase (hip) frequency in the patient groups. For knee-ankle coordination, the patient groups showed higher distal-phase (ankle) frequency during the early and mid-stance. Coordination variability was higher post-operatively during swing and terminal swing phases, compared to ***: The results indicated reduced degrees of freedom for the knee during stance phase with a reduced capacity to move the knee and hip in opposing directions before and one year after surgery. The patient group after the surgery increased knee range of motion and coordination compared to pre-operative during swing phase.

关键词： Kinematics Gait Coordination vector coding Variability Total Knee Arthroplasty Osteoarthritis

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Quantifying the hip-ankle synergy in short-term maximal cycling

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JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS 2022年 142卷 111268-111268页

作者： Burnie, Louise Barratt, Paul Davids, Keith Worsfold, Paul Wheat, Jon Northumbria Univ Fac Hlth & Life Sci Dept Sport Exercise & Rehabil Newcastle Upon Tyne England Sheffield Hallam Univ Sport & Phys Act Res Ctr Sheffield England English Inst Sport Biomech Manchester England BAE Syst Digital Manchester England Univ Chester Sport & Exercise Sci Chester England Sheffield Hallam Univ Coll Hlth Wellbeing & Life Sci Sheffield England

Simulation studies have demonstrated that the hip and ankle joints form a task-specific synergy during the downstroke in maximal cycling to enable the power produced by the hip extensor muscles to be transferred to the crank. The existence of the hip-ankle synergy has not been investigated experimentally. Therefore, we sought to apply a modified vector coding technique to quantify the strength of the hip-ankle moment synergy in the downstroke during short-term maximal cycling at a pedalling rate of 135 rpm. Twelve track sprint cyclists performed 3 x 4 s seated sprints at 135 rpm, interspersed with 2 x 4 s seated sprints at 60 rpm on an isokinetic ergometer. Data from the 60 rpm sprints were not analysed in this study. Joint moments were calculated via inverse dynamics, using pedal forces and limb kinematics. The hip-ankle moment synergy was quantified using a modified vector coding method. Results showed, for 28.8% of the downstroke the hip and ankle moments were in-phase, demonstrating the hip and ankle joints tend to work in synergy in the downstroke, providing some support findings from simulation studies of cycling. At a pedalling rate of 135 rpm the hip-phase was most frequent (42.5%) significantly differing from the in-(P = 0.044), anti-(P < 0.001), and ankle-phases (P = 0.004), demonstrating hip-dominant action. We believe this method shows promise to answer research questions on the relative strength of the hip-ankle synergy between different cycling conditions (e.g., power output and pedalling rates).

关键词： Joint moments Movement coordination Sprint cycling vector coding

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Comparison of two coupling methods regarding coupling patterns, sensitivity to footwear and potential future injury applications

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JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS 2021年 125卷 110591-110591页

作者： Behling, Anja-Verena Kloock, Lena Nigg, Benno M. Univ Calgary Schulich Sch Engn Biomed Engn Calgary AB Canada Univ Calgary Fac Kinesiol Human Performance Lab Calgary AB Canada Univ Queensland Sch Human Movement & Nutr Sci Brisbane Qld Australia Justus Liebig Univ Fac Psychol & Sports Sci Inst Sports Sci Giessen Germany

Researchers have quantified the effect of footwear conditions on movement patterns and injury risk for runners using discrete kinematic variables and/or relative coupling variables. Coupling is typically assessed using the transfer coefficient (TC) or the vector coding (VC) approach. However, a thorough comparison of both methods regarding their interpretation, sensitivity to testing conditions and information regarding coupling strength as one overall coupling score is missing. This study aimed to compare both methods regarding a) their coupling patterns, b) their sensitivity to foot-wear conditions and c) to discuss both coupling approaches regarding an overall coupling score. 3D motion capture data was collected of 10 males running on a treadmill with and without shoes. Rearfoot frontal and tibia transverse plane motion was analyzed. Discrete kinematic variables and relative coupling variables were calculated via the TC and VC approach for the landing and push-off phase. A novel variable, the coupling score, was developed and calculated using both coupling methods. Coupling variables calculated with both methods showed differences in coupling patterns, especially for the landing phase (TC approximate to 0.5/in-phase towards rearfoot-phase, VC approximate to 300 degrees/anti-phase). VC offers further details, such as coupling frequencies, compared to the TC. Moreover, both methods were unable to distinguish between footwear conditions regarding their coupling patterns or coupling scores. Strong correlations (r <= 0.7, p < 0.0125) between coupling scores assessed with either method suggest that both methods contain similar information regarding coupling strength. The coupling score represents a first attempt to quantify a weighted coupling pattern quantitatively. Future studies have to validate whether the coupling score might be linked to injury risks.

关键词： Movement transfer Coordination Lower extremity injuries Dynamic systems vector coding

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Individuals with recurrent low back pain exhibit further altered frontal plane trunk control in remission than when in pain

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CLINICAL BIOMECHANICS 2021年 87卷 105391-105391页

作者： Shih, Hai-Jung Steffi Van Dillen, Linda R. Kutch, Jason J. Kulig, Kornelia Univ Southern California Div Biokinesiol & Phys Therapy 1540 E Alcazar StCHP 155 Los Angeles CA 90033 USA Washington Univ Sch Med St Louis Program Phys Therapy St Louis MO USA Washington Univ Sch Med St Louis Dept Orthopaed Surg St Louis MO USA

Background: Movement alterations due to low back pain (LBP) could lead to long-term adverse consequences if they do not resolve after symptoms subside. This study aims to determine if altered trunk control associated with recurrent low back pain persists beyond symptom duration. Methods: Twenty young adults with recurrent LBP were tested once during an LBP episode and once in symptom remission, and twenty matched back-healthy participants served as controls. Participants walked on a treadmill with five prescribed step widths (0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.33, 1.67 x preferred step width). Motion capture and surface electromyography were used to record trunk kinematics and muscle activation. Thorax-pelvis coordination was calculated using vector coding, and longissimus activation and co-activation were analyzed. Findings: Young adults with recurrent LBP exhibited a "looser" trunk control strategy in the frontal plane during gait that was persistent regardless of pain status across multiple step widths compared to controls. The looser trunk control was demonstrated by a greater pelvis-only, less thorax-only coordination pattern, and decreased bilateral longissimus co-activation in individuals with recurrent LBP compared to controls. The looser trunk control strategy was further amplified when individuals were in symptom remission and exhibited greater trunk excursion and reduced in-phase coordination in the frontal plane. Interpretation: The amplification of aberrant movement during symptom remission may suggest that movement patterns or anatomical factors existing prior to the tested painful episode underlie altered trunk control in individuals with recurrent LBP. The symptom remission period of recurrent LBP may be a critical window into clinical evaluation and treatment.

关键词： Gait Muscle activity Trunk coordination vector coding Low back pain

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Foot and Shank Coordination During Walking in Copers Compared With Patients With Chronic Ankle Instability and Controls

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ORTHOPAEDIC JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2022年第12期10卷 23259671221139482页

作者： Kweon, Sang Jin Harrison, Kathryn Williams, D. S. Blaise Kwon, Yong Ung Ulsan Natl Inst Sci & Technol Dept Ind Engn Ulsan South Korea BOA Technol Performance Fit Lab Denver CO USA Nike Inc Nike Sports Res Lab Beaverton OR USA Chung Ang Univ Sch Sports Sci Anseong South Korea Chung Ang Univ Biomot Clin Rehabil Lab Anseong South Korea Chung Ang Univ Sch Sports Sci Anseong 17546 South Korea

Background:Chronic ankle instability (CAI) alters sensorimotor function and joint coordination, but ankle coordination during walking in copers (patients with a history of ankle sprain without any residual symptoms of CAI) remains unknown. Purpose:To identify foot and shank coordination patterns that discriminate among individuals with CAI, copers, and healthy controls and to investigate whether copers display a different strategy to overcome altered sensorimotor function after a lateral ankle sprain compared with individuals with CAI and healthy controls. Study Design:Controlled laboratory study. Methods:A total of 51 participants (17 participants with CAI, 17 copers, 17 healthy controls) walked on an instrumented treadmill at a fixed speed of 1.20 m/s for a 10-second trial, from which 8 consecutive gait cycles were extracted for analysis. Heel strike and toe-off were identified for each stance phase, and each stance phase was normalized to 100 time frames. A curve analysis was performed to detect group mean differences in vector coding coupling angles and coordination variabilities for sagittal plane ankle motion/transverse plane tibial plane motion (SAK/TT) and frontal plane ankle motion/transverse plane tibial motion (FAK/TT) with 90% CIs. Results:During the terminal stance, CAI and coper groups demonstrated an inversion-tibial external rotation coupling, while controls displayed a dorsiflexion-tibial internal rotation strategy. During midstance, there were no differences between the coper, CAI, or control groups. At 0% to 20% of stance, the CAI group showed the most variability, while copers showed the least. During midstance, both copers and controls displayed an increase in variability earlier than the CAI group. The CAI group displayed a peak in variability from 39% to 43% of stance, which was greater than copers. During the propulsive phase (from heel-off to toe-off), the CAI group showed greater SAK/TT variability than both copers and controls. Similar to

关键词： coupling angles variability kinematics vector coding gait walking

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