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The development of vision between nature and nurture: clinical implications from visual neuroscience

CHILDS NERVOUS SYSTEM 2020年第5期36卷 911-917页

作者： Purpura, Giulia Tinelli, Francesca IRCCS Fdn Stella Maris Dept Dev Neurosci Viale Tirreno 331 Pisa Italy

Background Vision is an adaptive function and should be considered a prerequisite for neurodevelopment because it permits the organization and the comprehension of the sensory data collected by the visual system during daily life. For this reason, the influence of visual functions on neuromotor, cognitive, and emotional development has been investigated by several studies that have highlighted how visual functions can drive the organization and maturation of human behavior. Recent studies on animals and human models have indicated that visual functions mature gradually during post-natal life, and its development is closely linked to environment and experience. Discussion The role of vision in early brain development and some of the neuroplasticity mechanisms that have been described in the presence of cerebral damage during childhood are analyzed in this review, according to a neurorehabilitation prospective.

关键词： Neurodevelopment visual functions Cerebral visual impairment visual behavior

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Changes in the spatial distribution of visual attention after early deafness

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JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE 2002年第5期14卷 687-701页

作者： Proksch, J Bavelier, D Univ Rochester Dept Brain & Cognit Sci Rochester NY 14627 USA

There is much anecdotal suggestion of improved visual skills in congenitally deaf individuals. Ho ever, this claim has only been met by mixed results from careful investigations of visual skills in deaf individuals. Psychophysical assessments of visual functions have failed, for the must part, to validate the view of enhanced visual skills after deafness. Only a few studies have shown an advantage for deaf individuals in visual tasks. Interestingly, all of these studies share the requirement that participants process visual information in their peripheral visual field under demanding conditions of attention. This work has led us to propose that congenital auditory deprivation alters the gradient of visual attention from central to peripheral field by enhancing peripheral processing. This hypothesis was tested by adapting a search task from Lavie and colleagues in which the interference from distracting information on the search task provides a measure of attentional resources. These authors have established that during an easy central search for a target, any surplus attention remaining will involuntarily process a peripheral distractor that the subject has been instructed to ignore. Attentional resources can be measured by adjusting the difficulty of the search task to the point at which no surplus resources are available for the distractor. Through modification of this paradigm, central and peripheral attentional resources were compared in deaf and hearing individuals. Deaf individuals possessed greater attentional resources in the periphery but less in the center when compared to hearing individuals. Furthermore, based on results from native hearing signers, it was shown that sign language alone could not be responsible for these changes. We conclude that auditory deprivation from birth leads to compensatory changes within the visual system that enhance attentional processing of the peripheral visual Field.

关键词： .Difficulty visual attention spatial distribution attentional distracting peripheral field Congenitally deaf Central and peripheral deaf and hearing early deafness visual functions visual skills auditory deprivation Lavie and colleagues peripheral distractor hearing signers

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Magnetization transfer saturation reveals subclinical optic nerve injury in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis

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MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL 2023年第2期29卷 212-220页

作者： Longoni, Giulia Chavez, Edgar Martinez Young, Kimberly Brown, Robert A. Bells, Sonya Fetco, Dumitru Kim, Laura Grover, Stephanie A. Costello, Fiona Reginald, Arun Bar-Or, Amit Marrie, Ruth Ann Arnold, Douglas L. Narayanan, Sridar Branson, Helen M. Banwell, Brenda L. Sled, John G. Mabbott, Donald J. Yeh, E. Ann Hosp Sick Children Dept Neurosci & Mental Hlth 555 Univ Ave Toronto ON M5G 1X8 Canada Univ Toronto Div Neurol Dept Pediat Toronto ON Canada ShadowLab Res Inc Toronto ON Canada McGill Univ Montreal Neurol Inst & Hosp McConnell Brain Imaging Ctr Montreal PQ Canada Univ Calgary Cumming Sch Med Dept Clin Neurosci & Surg Calgary AB Canada Univ Toronto Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci Toronto ON Canada Univ Penn Dept Neurol Perelman Sch Med Philadelphia PA 19104 USA Univ Manitoba Max Rady Coll Med Rady Fac Hlth Sci Dept Internal Med Winnipeg MB Canada Univ Manitoba Max Rady Coll Med Rady Fac Hlth Sci Dept Community Hlth Sci Winnipeg MB Canada McGill Univ Montreal Neurol Inst & Hosp Dept Neurol & Neurosurg Montreal PQ Canada Univ Toronto Dept Diagnost Imaging Toronto ON Canada Univ Penn Childrens Hosp Philadelphia Perelman Sch Med Div Neurol Philadelphia PA USA Univ Toronto Dept Med Biophys Toronto ON Canada

Background: The presence of subclinical optic nerve (ON) injury in youth living with pediatric-onset MS has not been fully elucidated. Magnetization transfer saturation (MTsat) is an advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameter sensitive to myelin density and microstructural integrity, which can be applied to the study of the ON. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of subclinical ON abnormalities in pediatric-onset MS by means of magnetization transfer saturation and evaluate their association with other structural and functional parameters of visual pathway integrity. Methods: Eleven youth living with pediatric-onset MS (ylPOMS) and no previous history of optic neuritis and 18 controls underwent standardized brain MRI, optical coherence tomography (OCT), Magnetoencephalography (MEG)-visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs), and visual battery. Data were analyzed with mixed effect models. Results: While ON volume, OCT parameters, occipital MEG-VEPs outcomes, and visual function did not differ significantly between ylPOMS and controls, ylPOMS had lower MTsat in the supratentorial normal appearing white matter (-0.26 nU, p = 0.0023), and in both in the ON (-0.62 nU, p < 0.001) and in the normal appearing white matter of the optic radiation (-0.56 nU, p = 0.00071), with these being positively correlated (+0.57 nU, p = 0.00037). Conclusions: Subclinical microstructural injury affects the ON of ylPOMS. This may appear as MTsat changes before being detectable by other currently available testing.

关键词： Pediatric MS magnetization transfer optic nerve optical coherence tomography visual functions quantitative MRI

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Early life stress induces visual dysfunction and retinal structural alterations in adult mice

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JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY 2023年第3期165卷 362-378页

作者： Calanni, Juan S. Dieguez, Hernan H. Gonzalez Fleitas, Maria F. Canepa, Eduardo Berardino, Bruno Repetto, Esteban M. Villarreal, Alejandro Dorfman, Damian Rosenstein, Ruth E. Univ Buenos Aires Sch Med CEFyBO Dept Human Biochem Lab Retinal Neurochem & Expt OphthalmolCONICET Buenos Aires DF Argentina Univ Buenos Aires Sch Sci Dept Biol Chem Neuroepigenet LabCONICET Buenos Aires DF Argentina Univ Buenos Aires Inst Biol Chem Sch Sci CONICET Buenos Aires DF Argentina Univ Buenos Aires Sch Med CEFyBO Dept Human Biochem CONICET Buenos Aires DF Argentina Univ Buenos Aires Sch Med Cellular Biol & Neurosci Inst Prof E De Robertis Mol Neuropathol LabCONICET Buenos Aires DF Argentina

Early life stress (ELS) is defined as a period of severe and/or chronic trauma, as well as environmental/social deprivation or neglect in the prenatal/early postnatal stage. Presently, the impact of ELS on the retina in the adult stage is unknown. The long-term consequences of ELS at retinal level were analyzed in an animal model of maternal separation with early weaning (MSEW), which mimics early life maternal neglect. For this purpose, mice were separated from the dams for 2 h at postnatal days (PNDs) 4-6, for 3 h at PNDs 7-9, for 4 h at PNDs 10-12, for 6 h at PNDs 13-16, and weaned at PND17. At the end of each separation period, mothers were subjected to movement restriction for 10 min. Control pups were left undisturbed from PND0, and weaned at PND21. Electroretinograms, visual evoked potentials, vision-guided behavioral tests, retinal anterograde transport, and retinal histopathology were examined at PNDs 60-80. MSEW induced long-lasting functional and histological effects at retinal level, including decreased retinal ganglion cell function and alterations in vision-guided behaviors, likely associated to decreased synaptophysin content, retina-superior colliculus communication deficit, increased microglial phagocytic activity, and retinal ganglion cell loss through a corticoid-dependent mechanism. A treatment with mifepristone, injected every 3 days between PNDs 4 and16, prevented functional and structural alterations induced by MSEW. These results suggest that retinal alterations might be included among the childhood adversity-induced threats to life quality, and that an early intervention with mifepristone avoided ELS-induced retinal disturbances.

关键词： early life stress glucocorticoids microglia retina retinal ganglion cells visual functions

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Toxic risks and nutritional benefits of traditional diet on near visual contrast sensitivity and color vision in the Brazilian Amazon

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NEUROTOXICOLOGY 2013年 37卷 173-181页

作者： Fillion, Myriam Lemire, Melanie Philibert, Aline Frenette, Benoit Weiler, Hope Alberta Deguire, Jason Robert Davee Guimaraes, Jean Remy Larribe, Fabrice Barbosa, Fernando, Jr. Mergler, Donna Univ Quebec Ctr Rech Interdisciplinaire Biol Sante Soc & Envi Montreal PQ H3C 3P8 Canada CHUQ Ctr Rech Axe Sante Populat & Environm Quebec City PQ Canada Univ Montreal Ecole Optometrie Montreal PQ H3C 3J7 Canada McGill Univ Sch Dietet & Human Nutr Ste Anne De Bellevue PQ Canada Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro Inst Biofis Lab Tracadores Rio De Janeiro Brazil Univ Quebec Dept Math Montreal PQ H3C 3P8 Canada Univ Sao Paulo Fac Ciencias Farmaceut Ribeirao Preto Dept Anal Clin Toxicol & Bromatol Lab Toxicol & Essencialidade Met BR-14049 Ribeirao Preto Brazil

Background: visual functions are known to be sensitive to toxins such as mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb), while omega-3 fatty acids (FA) and selenium (Se) may be protective. In the Tapajos region of the Brazilian Amazon, all of these elements are present in the local diet. Objective: Examine how near visual contrast sensitivity and acquired color vision loss vary with biomarkers of toxic exposures (Hg and Pb) and the nutrients Se and omega-3 FA in riverside communities of the Tapajos. Methods: Complete visuo-ocular examinations were performed. Near visual contrast sensitivity and color vision were assessed in 228 participants (>= 15 years) without diagnosed age-related cataracts or ocular pathologies and with near visual acuity refracted to at least 20/40. Biomarkers of Hg (hair), Pb (blood), Se (plasma), and the omega-3 FAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in plasma phospholipids were measured. Multiple linear regressions were used to examine the relations between visual outcomes and biomarkers, taking into account age, sex, drinking and smoking. Results: Reduced contrast sensitivity at all spatial frequencies was associated with hair Hg, while %EPA, and to a lesser extent %EPA + DHA, were associated with better visual function. The intermediate spatial frequency of contrast sensitivity (12 cycles/degree) was negatively related to blood Pb and positively associated with plasma Se. Acquired color vision loss increased with hair Hg and decreased with plasma Se and %EPA. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the local diet of riverside communities of the Amazon contain toxic substances that can have deleterious effects on vision as well as nutrients that are beneficial for visual function. Since remediation at the source is a long process, a better knowledge of the nutrient content and health effects of traditional foods would be useful to minimize harmful effects of Hg and Pb exposure. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mercury Lead Omega-3 fatty acids Selenium visual functions Fish consumption

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WHEN IS VISION ASKED TOO MUCH

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DOCUMENTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA 1995年第1期90卷 99-105页

作者： VANDERWILDT, GJ DENBRINKER, BPLM WERTHEIM, AH TNO HUMAN FACTORS RES INSTSOESTERBERGNETHERLANDS

The last two decades a shift took place from substitutional/compensatory training to utilisation of residual vision regarding rehabilitation of the visually impaired. Some of the visually impaired are able to use their visual perception nearly as complete as normal seeing people in spite of a severe visual disability. On the other hand, people with nearly normal functions can be severely visually handicapped. To illustrate this, two cases are presented. The first case is a man, aged 47 years, with a juvenile macular degeneration on both eyes. In spite of a very low visual acuity of less then 0.05, he finished an university education and he is able to maintain himself very well in a leading position in a scientific environment, by using adequate low vision devices. Also for his leisure activities, as photography and speed skating, he relies upon visual perception. The second case is a woman, aged 30 years, with nearly normal visual functions, who is not able to read for longer periods caused by conflicting information from the body- and eye movements, and the visual input. This causes sickness during reading. She is unable to use books for her study and is working with recordings on tape. The results of a comprehensive visual assessment will be related to the specific low vision devices and its use.

关键词： visual IMPAIRMENT REHABILITATION visual PERFORMANCE visual ASSESSMENT visual functions

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visual functional defects in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a questionnaire based cross-sectional study

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INTERNATIONAL OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022年第7期42卷 2205-2218页

作者： Chai, Sanbao Ge, Yimeng Wan, Yu Xia, Huaqin Dong, Ruilan Ren, Xiaotong Yuan, Hao Hou, Qingyi Yang, Jiarui Li, Xuemin Peking Univ Int Hosp Dept Endocrinol & Metab Beijing 102206 Peoples R China Peking Univ Third Hosp Beijing Key Lab Restorat Damaged Ocular Nerve Peking Univ Third Hosp Haidian Dist Dept Opthalmol 49 North Garden Rd Beijing 100191 Peoples R China

Purpose To determine the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on visual functions, identify different modifiers as risk or protective factors, and find out how these factors affect patients' visual symptoms and visual functions as a whole. Methods We performed an online survey among 1030 participants (400 patients, 630 non-patients). Demographic features and severity of disease were documented, while visual functions were evaluated using National Eye Institute visual Functioning questionnaire-25 (NEI VFQ-25). Independent t-test, analysis of variance, linear and nonlinear regression models were used to assess all data. Results Scores other than color vision among T2DM patients were significantly lower compared with non-T2DM participants. There was significant difference after stratification of age and education, but no significant difference between different genders was observed. Parameters including duration of T2DM, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) negatively impacted on the scores, with 20 years' of diabetic duration, 10 mmol/L of FPG, 7.5% of HbA1c being potential cut-off points. Poorer best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy were risk factors, while they simultaneously produced mediation effect, contributing 5%-78% of effect in the deterioration of visual functions caused by longer diabetic duration and higher blood glucose. Conclusion Significant visual impairments and faster deterioration in visual functions were seen in T2DM patients, with older age, lower educational level, longer diabetic duration, poorer blood glucose administration, limited BCVA, and the presence of diabetic retinopathy identified as risk factors. Average BCVA and diabetic retinopathy also yielded mediation effect as diabetic duration lengthened and blood glucose elevated.

关键词： Type 2 diabetes visual functions Retinopathy Quality of life

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visual stimulations' critical period in infants with perinatal brain damage

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NEUROREHABILITATION 2013年第2期33卷 251-255页

作者： Alimovic, Sonja Katusic, Ana Mejaski-Bosnjak, Vlatka Mali Dom Day Care Ctr Rehabil Children Visual Impairment & Zagreb 10000 Croatia Univ Zagreb Sch Med Childrens Hosp Zagreb Dept Child Neurol Zagreb 41001 Croatia

BACKGROUND: Children with perinatal brain damage have a high prevalence of visual impairment. Stimulation of vision at a critical period can encourage brain plasticity and the recovery of impaired function. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to investigate when is the critical period for visual stimulation in children with perinatal brain damage. METHODS: We compared 35 children within the first eight months of life (median age = 4 months) to 35 children aged between eight and thirty months (median age = 15 months), all with perinatal brain damage. All the children were attending an early intervention program at Mali dom, Zagreb, a rehabilitation centre for children with visual impairment. We compared the results from baseline and follow-up assessments of visual functions (grating acuity and contrast sensitivity). We also compared differences in change scores between the two groups. RESULTS: Our results have shown that children who commence a visual stimulation program within the first eight months of life had more improvement in both visual functions. This improvement is statistically significant in visual acuity (p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate the importance of starting a visual stimulation program within the first eight months after birth.

关键词： visual stimulation critical period early infancy perinatal brain damage visual functions visual impairment

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PARTIAL visual RECOVERY IN 2 FULL-TERM INFANTS AFTER PERINATAL HYPOXIA

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NEUROPEDIATRICS 1990年第2期21卷 76-78页

作者： GROENENDAAL, F VANHOFVANDUIN, J ERASMUS UNIV DEPT PHYSIOL 3000 DR ROTTERDAM NETHERLANDS

Behavioural methods were used to assess the visual development of two infants with a history of severe perinatal hypoxia. Both infants were born fullterm and showed hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy and subsequent cerebral palsy. Low visual acuity, small and asymmetrical visual fields, asymmetrical binocular and monocular OKN, and absent visual threat response were demonstrated initially. Ophthalmological examination revealed strabismus, but no further abnormalities. Longitudinal assessments up to the age of two years showed impressive (partial) improvements of visual functions. The mechanism for these improvements is unknown. The present study emphasizes the necessity of repeated testing of visual functions in infants with cerebral damage after perinatal hypoxia.

关键词： Perinatal hypoxia visual functions Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy Delayed development visual impairments

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THE HORSE AND ZEBRAS TEST IN visual-ACUITY AND CONTRAST SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT

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OPHTHALMIC PAEDIATRICS AND GENETICS 1983年第3期2卷 149-152页

作者： MAIONE, M BERARDI, D CERIMELE, D Italy

When horse outlines are filled in with square-wave gratings, they look like zebras when the grating is resolved by the eye. If, in front of the gratings, a progressively increasing number of veiling papers are put unt... 详细信息

关键词： visual acuity contrast sensitivity veiling resistance visual functions infant

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