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visual programming-based Geospatial Cyberinfrastructure for open-source GIS education 3.0

CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SCIENCE 2025年

作者： Liu, Lingbo Guan, Weihe Wendy Wang, Fahui Bao, Shuming Harvard Univ Ctr Geog Anal Cambridge MA USA Louisiana State Univ Dept Geog & Anthropol Baton Rouge LA 70802 USA China Data Inst Ann Arbor MI USA

Open-ource GIS plays a pivotal role in advancing GIS education, fostering research collaboration, and supporting global sustainability by enabling the sharing of data, models, and knowledge. However, the integration of big data, deep learning methods, and artificial intelligence deep learning in geospatial research presents significant challenges for GIS education. These include increasing software learning costs, higher computational power demand, and the management of fragmented information in the Web 2.0 context. Addressing these challenges while integrating emerging GIS innovations and restructuring GIS knowledge systems is crucial for the evolution of GIS Education 3.0. This study introduces a visual programming-based Geospatial Cyberinfrastructure (V-GCI) framework, integrated with the replicable and reproducible (R&R) framework, to enhance GIS function compatibility, learning scalability, and web GIS application interoperability. Through a case study on spatial accessibility using the generalized two-step floating catchment area method (G2SFCA), this paper demonstrates how V-GCI can reshape the GIS knowledge tree and its potential to enhance replicability and reproducibility within open-source GIS Education 3.0.

关键词： Geospatial Cyberinfrastructure (GCI) open source GIS education visual programming replicability and reproducibility (R&R) KNIME

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PWCT2: A Self-Hosting visual programming Language Based on Ring with Interactive Textual-to-visual Code Conversion

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APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2025年第3期15卷 1521-1521页

作者： Fayed, Mahmoud Samir Alohali, Yousef A. King Saud Univ Coll Comp & Informat Sci Comp Sci Dept Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia

visual programming languages (VPLs) play a significant role in simplifying the process of learning to program and reducing development time. Most VPLs are developed for use in education or specific domains. Recently, some projects have aimed to provide general-purpose VPLs. Among these projects is the programming Without Coding Technology (PWCT) project, which has been used for several years to develop and maintain the compiler and virtual machine for the Ring programming language. However, PWCT faces several issues related to code generation performance and the operating systems it supports. Additionally, its visual editor lacks many features, such as rich comments, auto-run, and the ability to import textual code, which are highly important in the era of using large language models for generating textual code. In this research, we present the PWCT2 visual programming language, which is distributed on the Steam platform. On Steam, 1772 users have launched the software, and the total usage time recorded exceeds 17,000 h. This generation provides approximately 36 times faster code generation and 20 times lower storage requirements for visual source files. It also allows for the conversion of Ring code into visual code, enabling the creation of a self-hosting VPL. It consists of approximately 92,000 lines of Ring code and comes with 394 visual components. Moreover, using Ring in this project demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing the language for projects of this scale. Ring compiles PWCT2 in less than one second, and the generated bytecode consists of approximately 724,000 instructions.

关键词： self-hosting visual programming ring language source-to-source translation

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Reliability-Constrained Structural Design Optimization Using visual programming in Building Information Modeling (BIM) Projects

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APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2025年第3期15卷 1025-1025页

作者： Yavan, Feyzullah Maalek, Reza Inst Technol & Management Construct TMB Dept Digital Engn & Construct DEC Gotthard Franz Str 3 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany

Featured Application Artificial intelligence (AI)-based structural design optimization based on reliability in building information modeling (BIM) *** Providing safe, environmentally conscious, and cost-effective designs is the primary duty of civil engineers. To this end, many different algorithms and methods have been developed in parallel with the progress of digital technologies over the past decades. Techniques such as AI-based Metaheuristic Algorithms (MAs), Reliability Analysis, and Building Information Modelling (BIM) are some of those methods that serve this purpose. The present study focuses on establishing a design optimization methodology by implementing the techniques in the open literature on one software environment to create a robust engineering and architectural workflow. The methodology involves multiple stages such as (i) creating parametric trusses employing visual programming (VP) software Dynamo (Version: 3.0.4);(ii) performing a First-order Reliability Method (FORM) analysis which includes a Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis as a Limit State Function (LSF);(iii) employing MAs to achieve optimum design variables under uncertain design constraints;(iv) testing the methodology with various real-word examples and scenarios;(v) creating an optimized model on Robot Structural Analysis 2024 (RSA) software in real time in the purpose of further adjustments. The results demonstrated that creating a design optimization workflow by utilizing a BIM environment can enhance the design process by easing the storing, sharing, and utilizing of design data by different branches capable of performing different complicated tasks successfully.

关键词： structural optimization reliability-based optimization AI in design generative modelling parametric design visual programming

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Understanding comment practices in Scratch: A study of comments in a block-based visual programming language☆

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 2025年 222卷

作者： Akanda, Wahiduzzaman Clause, James Univ Delaware Dept Comp & Informat Sci 101 Smith Hall18 Amstel Ave Newark DE 19716 USA

Comments are vital for software documentation. They provide necessary insights and assist developers in understanding and maintaining the software. Due to their importance, comments have been extensively studied, and much has been learned about them. These existing studies have predominantly focused on textbased languages. Conversely, block-based visual programming languages, particularly Scratch, are becoming increasingly popular. Some studies regarding comments related to the Scratch online community focus on topics such as fostering online community and engagement, sentiment analysis, etc. However, they overlook the visual aspects and the qualitative analysis of comments within code in Scratch projects. This is a meaningful limitation, and this research project studies comments and their pattern in Scratch projects from both textual and visual perspectives. We examined comments collected from different Scratch projects. Each comment was manually annotated based on textual and visual attributes, producing a taxonomy model of comments fora visual programming language. The classification results were analyzed to understand better the practice of commenting in Scratch. Our result revealed that Scratch projects produced noisier(i.e., less understandable) comments than text-based programming languages like Java. In addition, the study also revealed several limitations and shortcomings that could be addressed to improve the commenting experience in Scratch.

关键词： Comment Text-based programming visual programming Scratch Taxonomy

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Experiencing enjoyment in visual programming tasks promotes self-efficacy and reduces the gender gap

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BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY 2025年第3期56卷 1231-1247页

作者： Smit, Robbert Schmid, Rahel Robin, Nicolas St Gallen Univ Teacher Educ St Gallen Switzerland

econdary school students (N = 269) participated in a daylong visual programming course held in a stimulating environment for start-up enterprises. The tasks were application-oriented and partly creative. For example, a wearable device with light-emitting diodes, (ie, LEDs) could be applied to a T-shirt and used for optical messages. Our research questions related to the control-value model of achievement emotions. We measured experienced enjoyment four times and examined the dependence of enjoyment on the individual tasks. Experience of enjoyment was also tested for the prediction of students' self-efficacy for programming. The results showed that momentary enjoyment was not significantly dependent on the task situation, but it was dependent on the general enjoyment of programming. However, students with lower enjoyment scores showed higher increases in enjoyment during the final tasks than those with higher initial scores. The emotion score of the girls increased more than those of the boys but the girls' overall enjoyment scores were lower than those of the boys. Students' self-efficacy beliefs of both genders increased over the course, and some of the differences in beliefs can be explained by the enjoyment of the course. In conclusion, our teaching approach seemed beneficial for the motivation to learn programming, particularly among *** notes What is already known about this topic Lower secondary students often report a lack of self-efficacy beliefs for visual programming, especially girls whose confidence in their abilities seems to be missing. Activities that show how programming can be used in everyday life or at work promote interest and enjoyment, especially among girls. What this paper adds Experiencing enjoyment did not depend on individual task types (more structured vs. more open), but proved to be stable across all tasks. The experience of positive emotions in our computer science course had an impact on the secondary school students' s

关键词： emotion gender differences secondary school self-efficacy visual programming

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A Case Study on Learning visual programming With TutoApp for Composition of Tutorials: An Approach for Learning by Teaching

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES 2024年 17卷 498-513页

作者： Paredes-Velasco, Maximiliano Lozano-Osorio, Isaac Perez-Marin, Diana Santacruz-Valencia, Liliana Patricia Univ Rey Juan Carlos Comp Sci Madrid 28933 Spain Univ Rey Juan Carlos Madrid 28933 Spain Univ Rey Juan Carlos Comp Sci Dept Madrid 28933 Spain

Teaching programming is a topic that has generated a high level of interest among researchers in recent decades. In particular, multiple approaches to teaching visual programming have been explored, from the use of tools such as Scratch, robots, unplugged programming, or activities for the development of computational thinking. Despite the wide range of resources used, students generally tend to perform poorly academically and perceive learning visual programming as a complex and demotivating task. In this article, the TutoApp system is proposed together with a new methodology based on "Learning by Teaching," where students create tutorials on their mobile devices to explain programming concepts to their peers. The hypothesis of this article is that the use of this tool improves learning outcomes and the level of student satisfaction. An experiment with a pre-posttest design has been carried out with 57 university students in an introductory programming course, 30 belonging to a control group (did not use TutoApp) and 27 belonging to the experimental group (used TutoApp). The findings indicate that the creation of tutorials with TutoApp significantly improved students' academic performance over those who did not use it, specifically in learning the loops and conditional control structures. However, it was observed that anxiety increased in all students while learning visual programming. The results of this study open the door to the validation of the use of systems and methodologies for creating tutorials for teaching visual programming to university students.

关键词： Emotions learning by teaching mobile devices visual programming written composition

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Evaluating Usability and Accessibility of visual programming Tools for Novice Programmers-The Case of App Inventor, Scratch, and StarLogo

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APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2024年第21期14卷 9887页

作者： Zyla, Kamil Chwaleba, Kinga Choma, Dominik Lublin Univ Technol Fac Elect Engn & Comp Sci Dept Comp Sci Nadbystrzycka 36B PL-20618 Lublin Poland Lublin Univ Technol Fac Elect Engn & Comp Sci Inst Comp Sci Nadbystrzycka 36B PL-20618 Lublin Poland

The current state of the labor market requires modern engineers to acquire programming skills at different levels of advancement and to apply them in multidisciplinary environments. Not all modern engineers will become fully fledged programmers, but sometimes the possibility to use low-code programming environments like LabView or MIT App Inventor will be sufficient. In order to give good foundations for adulthood, schools use elements of visual programming, e.g., Scratch or StarLogo, to enhance the critical and algorithmic thinking of future engineers. This article attempts to answer the question of whether anyone cares about following general accessibility and usability guidelines in the case of solutions like Scratch, App Inventor, and StarLogo. Another goal is to show a set of tools that is successful in such an assessment. The authors used Nielsen's heuristics, followed by analyzing WAVE output and Web Content Accessibility Guidelines compliance. Especially, the last one provides insights usually omitted when evaluating low-code environments. It was found that Scratch and App Inventor are leading solutions in terms of look and feel, functionality, documentation, interface navigation, and memorization. The StarLogo interface, on the other hand, is less friendly in terms of aesthetics and functionality.

关键词： visual programming accessibility assessment App Inventor Scratch StarLogo

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Elevating the RRE Framework for Geospatial Analysis with visual programming Platforms: An Exploration with Geospatial Analytics Extension for KNIME

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION 2024年 130卷

作者： Liu, Lingbo Wang, Fahui Fu, Xiaokang Kotter, Tobias Sturm, Kevin Guan, Weihe Wendy Bao, Shuming Harvard Univ Ctr Geog Anal Cambridge MA 02138 USA Louisiana State Univ Dept Geog & Anthropol Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA KNIME GmbH Kortestr 10 D-10967 Berlin Germany China Data Inst Ann Arbor MI 48108 USA

Reproducibility, replicability, and expandability (RRE) have emerged as fundamental concerns in the realm of scientific research and development. Wherein, devising effective solutions for RRE within geospatial analysis stands out as a particularly critical challenge that demands immediate attention. Although there has been an evolution from basic reproducibility of code and data to a more comprehensive cyberinfrastructure, this integrated solution is still grappling with issues of limited user accessibility, steep learning curves particularly in coding skills, and difficulties in achieving collaboration with other data science platforms This study proposes a framework that combines open-source GIS with visual programming platforms, grounded in principles of standardization and educationalization, to advance the RRE framework in geographic analysis. Using the Geospatial Analytics Extension for KNIME as an example, we demonstrate the platform's adaptability and utility through case studies in a recent textbook with an in-depth illustration of spatial accessibility analysis, specifically via the Generalized Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (G2SFCA) method. Our findings shed light on the transformative potential of such an integrative strategy, offer fresh perspectives for enhancing the RRE in geospatial analysis and craft a well-structured, intuitive, and extensive GIS knowledge tree.

关键词： Geospatial Analysis Reproducibility replicability and expandability (RRE) visual programming Geospatial Analytics Extension for KNIME Geospatial Knowledge Tree Spatial Accessibility

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Designing accessible visual programming tools for children with autism spectrum condition

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UNIVERSAL ACCESS IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 2023年第2期22卷 277-296页

作者： Zubair, Misbahu S. Brown, David J. Hughes-Roberts, Thomas Bates, Matthew Univ Cent Lancashire Preston Lancs England Nottingham Trent Univ Nottingham England Liverpool John Moores Univ Liverpool Merseyside England

visual programming tools allow users to create interactive media projects such as games and animations using visual representations of programming concepts. Although these tools have been shown to have huge potential for teaching children, research has shown that they may not be accessible for children with cognitive impairments, including those with autism spectrum condition. Therefore, this study proposes a set of recommendations for the design of accessible visual programming tools for children with autism spectrum condition. Semi-structured interviews with experts (n = 7) were conducted and thematically analysed to identify initial recommendations. A second set of semi-structured interviews with a subset of the initial experts (n = 3) were then conducted to validate and produce a final set of recommendations.

关键词： Accessibility Design visual programming Autism Learning disability

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Recursion in Secondary Computer Science Education: A Comparative Study of visual programming Approaches 2024

Recursion in Secondary Computer Science Education: A Compara...

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55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE)

作者： Thorgeirsson, Sverrir Lais, Lennart C. Weidmann, Theo B. Su, Zhendong Swiss Fed Inst Technol Zurich Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9798400704239

While recursion is a fundamental technique in computer programming, it is challenging for novices, for example since it requires tracing non-linear and hierarchical sequences of execution. Though algorithm visualizations and visual programming may be helpful, such tools need to offer sufficiently expressive environments that support active, constructivist learning via exploration and experimentation. In this study, we investigated whether Algot, a visual programming language that relies on a novel programming-by-demonstration paradigm, is effective for teaching recursion to 1417 year old students, and whether it compares favorably to the popular visual programming language Scratch. We conducted an experimental study with 23 participants where they learned recursion in a video tutorial using Algot and Scratch, worked out code exercises in each respective language, and then solved a post-test on recursion. Despite the participants being more familiar with Scratch than Algot, our results indicated that students instructed with Algot demonstrated a significantly better understanding of recursion (Bayes Factor = 14.09, p = 0.005, Cohen's d = 1.30). We also found that students reported a similar level of enjoyment of each language. These findings provide preliminary evidence about the effectiveness of the programming-by-demonstration paradigm, as implemented in Algot, in aiding the comprehension of complex programming concepts like recursion.

关键词： visual programming block-based programming recursion programming by demonstration educational technology secondary education

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