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A Survey on Transit Map Layout from design, Machine, and Human Perspectives

COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2020年第3期39卷 618-646页

作者： Wu, Hsiang-Yun Niedermann, Benjamin Takahashi, Shigeo Roberts, Maxwell J. Noellenburg, Martin TU Wien Vienna Austria Univ Bonn Bonn Germany Univ Aizu Aizu Wakamatsu Fukushima Japan Univ Essex Colchester Essex England

Transit maps are designed to present information for using public transportation systems, such as urban railways. Creating a transit map is a time-consuming process, which requires iterative information selection, layout design, and usability validation, and thus maps cannot easily be customised or updated frequently. To improve this, scientists investigate fully- or semi-automatic techniques in order to produce high quality transit maps using computers and further examine their corresponding usability. Nonetheless, the quality gap between manually-drawn maps and machine-generated maps is still large. To elaborate the current research status, this state-of-the-art report provides an overview of the transit map generation process, primarily from design, Machine, and Human perspectives. A systematic categorisation is introduced to describe the design pipeline, and an extensive analysis of perspectives is conducted to support the proposed taxonomy. We conclude this survey with a discussion on the current research status, open challenges, and future directions.

关键词： CCS Concepts • Human-centered computing → visualization techniques visualization design and evaluation methods

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Towards Efficient Visual Guidance in Limited Field-of-View Head-Mounted Displays

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON visualization AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2018年第11期24卷 2983-2992页

作者： Bork, Felix Schnelzer, Christian Eck, Ulrich Navab, Nassir Tech Univ Munich Munich Germany

Understanding, navigating, and performing goal-oriented actions in Mixed Reality (MR) environments is a challenging task and requires adequate information conveyance about the location of all virtual objects in a scene. Current Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) have a limited field-of-view where augmented objects may be displayed. Furthermore, complex MR environments may be comprised of a large number of objects which can be distributed in the extended surrounding space of the user. This paper presents two novel techniques for visually guiding the attention of users towards out-of-view objects in HMD-based MR: the 3D Radar and the Mirror Ball. We evaluate our approaches against existing techniques during three different object collection scenarios, which simulate real-world exploratory and goal-oriented visual search tasks. To better understand how the different visualizations guide the attention of users, we analyzed the head rotation data for all techniques and introduce a novel method to evaluate and classify head rotation trajectories. Our findings provide supporting evidence that the type of visual guidance technique impacts the way users search for virtual objects in MR.

关键词： Mixed / Augmented reality visualization design and evaluation methods

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Mood-Driven Colorization of Virtual Indoor Scenes

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON visualization AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2022年第5期28卷 2058-2068页

作者： Solah, Michael Huang, Haikun Sheng, Jiachuan Feng, Tian Pomplun, Marc Yu, Lap-Fai George Mason Univ Fairfax VA 22030 USA Tianjin Univ Finance & Econ Tianjin Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Hangzhou Peoples R China Univ Massachusetts Boston Boston MA USA

One of the challenging tasks in virtual scene design for Virtual Reality (VR) is causing it to invoke a particular mood in viewers. The subjective nature of moods brings uncertainty to the purpose. We propose a novel approach to automatic adjustment of the colors of textures for objects in a virtual indoor scene, enabling it to match a target mood. A dataset of 25,000 images, including building/home interiors, was used to train a classifier with the features extracted via deep learning. It contributes to an optimization process that colorizes virtual scenes automatically according to the target mood. Our approach was tested on four different indoor scenes, and we conducted a user study demonstrating its efficacy through statistical analysis with the focus on the impact of the scenes experienced with a VR headset.

关键词： Mood Image color analysis Feature extraction Three-dimensional displays Optimization Task analysis Electronic mail Virtual reality Perception visualization design and evaluation methods

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SNIPPET: A Framework for Subjective evaluation of Visual Explanations Applied to DeepFake Detection

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA COMPUTING COMMUNICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 2024年第8期20卷 1-29页

作者： Yang, Yuqing Joukovsky, Boris Mogrovejo, Jose Oramas Tuytelaars, Tinne Deligiannis, Nikos VUB Dept Elect & Informat ETRO Brussels Belgium Imec Leuven Belgium Univ Antwerp Antwerp Belgium Imec IDLab Antwerp Belgium Katholieke Univ Leuven Leuven Belgium

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) attempts to help humans understand machine learning decisions better and has been identified as a critical component toward increasing the trustworthiness of complex black-box systems, such as deep neural networks. In this article, we propose a generic and comprehensive framework named SNIPPET and create a user interface for the subjective evaluation of visual explanations, focusing on finding human-friendly explanations. SNIPPET considers human-centered evaluation tasks and incorporates the collection of human annotations. These annotations can serve as valuable feedback to validate the qualitative results obtained from the subjective assessment tasks. Moreover, we consider different user background categories during the evaluation process to ensure diverse perspectives and comprehensive evaluation. We demonstrate SNIPPET on a DeepFake face dataset. Distinguishing real from fake faces is a non-trivial task even for humans that depends on rather subtle features, making it a challenging use case. Using SNIPPET, we evaluate four popular XAI methods which provide visual explanations: Gradient-weighted Based on our experimental results, we observe preference variations among different user categories. We find that most people are more favorable to the explanations of rollout. Moreover, when it comes to XAI-assisted understanding, those who have no or lack relevant background knowledge often consider that visual explanations are insufficient to help them understand. We open-source our framework for continued data collection and annotation at https://***/XAI-Subjevaluation/SNIPPET.

关键词： Human-centered computing- User studies visualization design and evaluation methods Computing methodologies- Computer vision

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Priming Effect of Colour on Aiding the Attentional Reorientation in Sequential Presentations of Temporal Data visualization: Evidence From Eye-Tracking

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INTERACTING WITH COMPUTERS 2021年第2期33卷 188-210页

作者： Peng, Ningyue Xue, Chengqi Wang, Haiyan Niu, Yafeng Wu, Lei Southeast Univ Sch Mech Engn Nanjing 211189 Jiangsu Peoples R China Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Mech Sci & Engn Wuhan 430074 Hubei Peoples R China

In the present study, we focus on the priming effect of colour on mitigating the attentional reorientation cost, which is led by re-constructing the frame of reference for attention shift and visual search in sequential presentations of temporal data visualization. The study involves two experiments using complementary recordings of behavioural performance and eye-tracking events. Two aspects of colour primes are highlighted: the prime validity and the colour perceptual accessibility. A task paradigm integrating the feature search and keeping-track task was adopted in our experiments. In Experiment 1 (with a group of 16 participants), we confirmed the colour priming effect by comparing the priming condition to the neutral baseline. Furthermore, global colours that are with high perceptual accessibility generated more evident priming effects than local colours. However, more interferences in misguiding the attention to task-irrelevant regions were found when the global primes were invalid. In Experiment 2 (with another group of 15 participants), we verify the finding in Experiment 1 that global colours produced more pronounced priming effects in alleviating the attentional reorientation cost by comparing two groups of real-world visualizations with either global or local colours as the prime. Large saccades were initiated much earlier, and the search efficiency got improved when provided with global colours. We conjecture that the facilitatory effect from global colours may stem from its benefit on the pre-attentive processing of the search field. The research findings provide evidence for utilizing colours as the primes in mitigating the attentional reorientation cost and accelerating visual search in sequential presentations.

关键词： visualization design and evaluation methods laboratory experiments eye-tracking technology attentional reorientation priming effect

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Grammar-based procedural animations for motion graphics

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COMPUTERS & GRAPHICS-UK 2019年 78卷 97-107页

作者： Carra, Edoardo Santoni, Christian Pellacini, Fabio Univ Roma La Sapienza Dept Comp Sci Rome Italy

Motion graphics are a form of animation where several sets of shapes are choreographed together using a wide range of effects to produce compelling footage. We present a method to procedurally generate motion graphics. We formally model motion graphics with timeslice grammars, an extension of split and group grammars, that are able to control and manipulate both the temporal and spatial components of an animation. We are able to combine both these aspects by representing animations as sets of affine transformations sampled uniformly in both space and time. These transformations are controlled by the grammar. Shapes in our system are represented as highly tessellated polygons, and are animated by applying the affine transforms to each shape vertex given the vertex position and the animation time. We introduce a small set of operators showing how we can produce convincing animations, combining the expressive power of the grammar model, the composability of the operators with themselves, and the capabilities that derive from our shape representation. Throughout the paper, we show how timeslice grammars can, in few tens of seconds, produce a wide variety of animations that would take artists hours of tedious and time-consuming work. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Human-centered computing visualization visualization techniques visualization design and evaluation methods

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Motivation effect of animated pedagogical agent's personality and feedback strategy types on learning in virtual training environment

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Virtual Reality & Intelligent Hardware 2022年第2期4卷 153-172页

作者： Yulong BIAN Chao ZHOU School of Mechanical Electrical and Information EngineeringShandong UniversityWeihai 264209China Engineering Research Center of Digital Media Technology MOEShandong UniversityJinan 250100China Tsinghua University Beijing 100084China

Background The personality and feedback of an animated pedagogical agent(APA)are vital social-emotional features that render the agent perceptually *** effects on learning during virtual training need to be *** In this paper,an explanation model is proposed to clarify the underlying mechanism of how these two features affect *** studies were conducted to investigate the *** Study 1,the effect of the APA's personality type and feedback strategy on flow experience and performance was reexamined,revealing significant effects of the feedback strategy on flow and performance and a marginally significant effect of the personality type on *** explore the mechanism behind these effects,a theoretical model is proposed by distinguishing between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation *** Study 2,the model was evaluated,and the APA's personality type was found to significantly influence the factors in the path of the extrinsic motivation effect rather than those in the path of the intrinsic motivation *** In contrast,the feedback strategy affected factors in the path of the intrinsic motivation *** These results validated the proposed *** distinguishing the two motivation effects is necessary to understand the respective effects of an APA's personality and feedback features on learning experiences and outcomes.

关键词： Human-centered computing visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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Supporting Domain Characterization in visualization design Studies With the Critical Decision Method 4

Supporting Domain Characterization in Visualization Design S...

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4th IEEE Workshop on visualization Guidelines in Research, design, and Education (VisGuides)

作者： Cibulski, Lena Dimara, Evanthia Hermawati, Setia Kohlhammer, Joern Fraunhofer IGD Darmstadt Germany Univ Utrecht Utrecht Netherlands Univ Nottingham Nottingham England Tech Univ Darmstadt Fraunhofer IGD Darmstadt Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350397123

ISBN: (纸本)9798350397123

While domain characterization has become an integral part of visualization design studies, methodological prescriptions are rare. An underrepresented aspect in existing approaches is domain expertise. Knowledge elicitation methods from cognitive science might help but have not yet received much attention for domain characterization. We propose the Critical Decision Method (CDM) to the visualization domain to provide descriptive steps that open up a knowledge-based perspective on domain characterization. The CDM uses retrospective interviews to reveal expert judgment involved in a challenging situation. We apply it to study three domain problems, reflect on our practical experience, and discuss its relevance to domain characterization in visualization research. We found the CDM's realism and subjective nature to be well suited for eliciting cognitive aspects of high-level task performance. Our insights might guide other researchers in conducting domain characterization with a focus on domain knowledge and cognition. With our work, we hope to contribute to the portfolio of meaningful methods used to inform visualization design and to stimulate discussions regarding prescriptive steps for domain characterization.

关键词： Human-centered computing visualization visualization application domains Human-centered computing visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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Characterizing Uncertainty in the Visual Text Analysis Pipeline 7

Characterizing Uncertainty in the Visual Text Analysis Pipel...

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IEEE 7th Workshop on visualization for the Digital Humanities (VIS4DH)

作者： Haghighatkhah, Pantea El-Assady, Mennatallah Fekete, Jean-Daniel Mahyar, Narges Paradis, Carita Simaki, Vasiliki Speckmann, Bettina TU Eindhoven Eindhoven Netherlands Swiss Fed Inst Technol AI Ctr Zurich Switzerland INRIA Le Chesnay Rocquencourt France Univ Paris Saclay Gif Sur Yvette France Univ Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA USA Lund Univ Lund Sweden

ISBN: (数字)9781665476683

ISBN: (纸本)9781665476683

Current visual text analysis approaches rely on sophisticated processing pipelines. Each step of such a pipeline potentially amplifies any uncertainties from the previous step. To ensure the comprehensibility and interoperability of the results, it is of paramount importance to clearly communicate the uncertainty not only of the output but also within the pipeline. In this paper, we characterize the sources of uncertainty along the visual text analysis pipeline. Within its three phases of labeling, modeling, and analysis, we identify six sources, discuss the type of uncertainty they create, and how they propagate. The goal of this paper is to bring the attention of the visualization community to additional types and sources of uncertainty in visual text analysis and to call for careful consideration, highlighting opportunities for future research.

关键词： Human-centered computing visualization visualization techniques Treemaps Human-centered computing visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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Using Eye Tracking to Improve Information Retrieval in Virtual Reality 17

Using Eye Tracking to Improve Information Retrieval in Virtu...

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17th IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)

作者： McNamara, Ann Boyd, Katherine Oh, David Sharpe, Ryan Suther, Annie Texas A&M Univ Dept Visualizat College Stn TX 77843 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538675922

Virtual Reality (VR) has the potential to transform the way we work, rest and play. This promise comes with new challenges. One challenge sterns from the interactive nature of iminersive Virtual Environments (VEs). Placement. of contextual information in VEs can he critical to the user experience. This poster describes the use of eve-tracking to alleviate usability issues surrounding information presentation in immersive VEs. Results from our experiments show that integrating eye tracking into a VE to dictate where and when textual information is presented can improve performance when searching for contextual information. In summary, the results show improvement in task performance when the new direct method is employed to reveal information in target regions based on gaze. This seems to hold true independent of the VE or the type of information questioned.

关键词： Human-centered computing Human-centered computing Treemaps visualization visualization visualization design and evaluation methods visualization techniques

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