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Medication Management System Using Dual-Band In-/Out-body wireless communication

sensorS AND MATERIALS 2025年第2期37卷 661-670页

作者： Motoyoshi, Mizuki Shizuoka Inst Sci & Technol Dept Elect & Elect Engn 2200-2 Toyosawa Fukuroi Shizuoka 4378555 Japan

Recently, the body area network (BAN) has been studied and widely developed. The system generally uses the 400 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands. Therefore, the antenna of the in-body sensor is large, and the miniaturization of an in-body sensor is difficult. When a high-frequency band such as a millimeter wave can be adopted, the sizes of the antenna and in-body sensor can be reduced by using an on-chip antenna. In this paper, a millimeter-size wireless device for the administration of medication is described, including the antenna for in-/out-body communication, wireless power transfer for small sensor chips, and wireless communication device.

关键词： millimeter wave in-body/out-body communication IoT antenna wireless power transfer low power consumption

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Adaptive Clustering and Trust Aware Routing (ACTAR) for wireless sensor networks in IoT Environments

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF communication SYSTEMS 2025年第2期38卷

作者： Nagamani, Vadala Annapurna, K. Vignans Fdn Sci Technol & Res Dept ECE Guntur Andhra Pradesh India Santhiram Engn Coll Dept ECE Nandyal Andhra Pradesh India

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a revolutionary technology, connecting a vast number of people to the internet through various devices such as smartphones, laptops, sensors, and more. An essential component of IoT, the wireless sensor network (WSN), enables automation in processes like sensing, node monitoring, and data transmission. However, the full potential of IoT is hindered by cyber threats and unreliable communication. Although several security algorithms exist, they are not suitable for energy-constrained sensor nodes. To address this issue, this paper proposes an energy-efficient security mechanism called adaptive clustering and trust aware routing (ACTAR) for IoT-WSNs. ACTAR operates in three phases: adaptive and hybrid clustering (AHC), multiobjective function-based cluster head selection (MOCH), and trust aware routing (TAR). First, AHC utilizes a nonuniform clustering mechanism to categorize the network into nearby and distant clusters. Next, the selection of cluster heads is based on four metrics: coverage, communication cost, residual energy, and node proximity. Finally, TAR calculates the trust degree of sensor nodes by evaluating their direct and indirect behavior in terms of communication interactions and energy consumption. The node with the highest trust degree is selected as the next-hop forwarding node, followed by the route with the highest trust degree. Extensive simulations of ACTAR demonstrate its performance in terms of malicious detection rate, false-positive rate, residual energy, and packet delivery ratio. Comparative analysis shows that ACTAR outperforms existing methods, proving its superiority.

关键词： direct trust dissimilarity check degree hybrid clustering indirect trust internet of things trust degree wireless sensor network

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Improving energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using two-level fuzzy clustering and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS 2025年

作者： Rui, Kunkun Anhui Business Coll Sch Informat & Artificial Intelligence Wuhu 241002 Anhui Peoples R China Technol Univ Philippines Coll Ind Educ Manila Philippines

Improving network lifetime and energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a challenging but crucial issue. The ability to transport data over the network via a better route is a technology because of limitations on network lifetime and energy consumption. This paper presents a two-level fuzzy approach for optimising cluster formation and data routing in wireless networks. The approach focuses on determining cluster head nodes based on their unique properties, ensuring efficient cluster formation. The second level uses social traits to communicate among cluster nodes, calculating the cluster radius for better communication and data routing. The optimisation process also involves identifying optimal cluster head nodes and their corresponding radius for each cluster. Furthermore, we improved data routing by using the artificial bee colony technique, which included carefully selecting the best data transmission channels between the base station and the cluster head nodes. Thus, simulation results demonstrate that our technique outperforms other similar approaches in terms of energy usage, latency, packet transmissions, and average network lifespan. We tested the network performance from two perspectives: scalability and energy efficiency, in two stages. The experiments' results demonstrated the superiority of the suggested approach over the methods that were compared.

关键词： Artificial bee colony clustering energy efficiency wireless sensor networks

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Past and Future Development of Radio-Over-Fiber

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JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE technology 2025年第4期43卷 1525-1541页

作者： Lim, Christina Ranaweera, Chathurika Tao, Yijie Nirmalathas, Ampalavanapillai Ediringhe, Sampath Wosinska, Lena Song, Tingting Univ Melbourne Dept Elect & Elect Engn Melbourne Vic 3010 Australia Deakin Univ Fac Sci Engn & Built Environm Sch Informat Technol Burwood Vic 3125 Australia Univ Sri Jayewardenepura Fac Engn Dept Comp Engn Nugegoda 10250 Sri Lanka Chalmers Tekn Hogskola Savstigen 23 Hasselby S-41296 Gothenburg Sweden

The radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology which was first introduced in the late eighties has evolved over time and is now considered as a possible solution for future wireless transport. The exponential growth in mobile user applications and their diverse requirements demand the future wireless and its transport network to be more intelligent, software-defined, and ubiquitous to provide immersive, high bandwidth, ultra-low latency, and hyper reliable communication. These evolutions mandate rethinking of the design and development of physical layer and upper layer of RoF technologies. This paper reviews the past and current developments of RoF technologies and summarizes the challenges that the technologies can potentially face in the future to support beyond 5G networks and their requirements.

关键词： Optical fibers wireless communication 6G mobile communication Photonics Optical receivers Bandwidth Ad hoc networks wireless sensor networks Reviews Planning Crosshaul fiber-wireless fronthaul optical-wireless convergence radio-over-fiber (RoF)

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Void hole avoidance using three hop-by-hop forwarding verification in UWSN

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TELEcommunication SYSTEMS 2025年第1期88卷 1-34页

作者： Hussain, Altaf Hussain, Tariq Ali, Farman Attar, Razaz Waheeb Alhomoud, Ahmed Chongqing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Comp Sci & Technol Chongqing 400065 Peoples R China Zhejiang Gongshang Univ Sch Comp Sci & Technol Hangzhou 310018 Peoples R China Sungkyunkwan Univ Coll Comp & Informat Sch Convergence Dept Comp Sci & Engn Seoul 03063 South Korea Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman Univ Coll Business Adm Management Dept POB 84428 Riyadh 11671 Saudi Arabia Northern Border Univ Coll Sci Dept Comp Sci Ar Ar 91431 Saudi Arabia

wireless sensor network (WSN) is the primary class of sensor network in which further implementation has occurred by placing the sensor technology in underwater environments. Such a scheme is termed an Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN). The nodes in UWSN are the sensors that are used for communication underwater. Due to the rigidity and robustness of the water nature, some of the nodes may fail to communicate effectively. Hence, one significant issues is the void hole problem, which sometimes leads the network to idle state without passing the acoustic signal from one node to another. For such an issue, we proposed a movable relay and sink optimization for avoiding void hole problem named Improved Relay Mobility-Adaptive Hop by Hop Vector-Based Forwarding (IM-RM-AHH-VBF) and is evaluated with other existing void hole prevention schemes in UWSN. The three hop-by-hop verification schemes have been introduced in the improved version of the proposed forwarding scheme in terms of lifetime (measured by dead vs. alive nodes), throughput (in bits per second), residual energy (joules), success ratio/PDR (percentage), mean square error (MSE), and normalized routing load (NRL). From experimental analysis and results, it has been observed that the three hop-by-hop verifications with the relay optimization approach have outperformed the existing ones.

关键词： Underwater WSN Movable relay and sink approach Node mobility Distance measurement Hop-by-hop forwarding IM-RM-AHH-VBF Energy consumption

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Effect of Intelligent Reflecting Surface on WSN communication With Access Points Configuration

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IEEE ACCESS 2025年 13卷 13380-13394页

作者： Iskandarani, Mahmoud Z. Al Ahliyya Amman Univ Fac Engn Amman 19328 Jordan

As signal quality and communication channel reliability is critical for wireless communication, and to overcome some of the negative effects affecting the transmitted signals and data, due to environment and line-of-sight problems, and to enable internet based, on-line, and IoT applications, the use of Intelligent Reflecting Surface devices (IRS) become critical. Thus, this work objective is to simulate, model, and analyze parameters that are critical to the quality of transmitted signal over a wireless network and a WSN sensor nodes arrangement. The successful simulation, mathematical modeling, and analysis used Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) as a calibrating parameter to enable design and optimization of a network consisting of WSN sensor nodes, access points (APs), and IRS using two arrangements for the purpose of comparison between direct communication (Nodes-APs), and indirect communication (Nodes-IRS-APs). This enabled direct and indirect WSN sensor node communication and provided a comparison of how effective an IRS can be on improving the Quality of links and communication channel in a wireless network. The work looked at three distinct, but related cases of SNR covering IRS elements, access point numbers, and IRS location. Several simulation runs are carried out, in order to show effect of geometrical distribution of WSN sensor nodes, access points, and IRS, with averaging at the end to obtain an overall comparison between direct and indirect communication paths, and to enable mathematical modeling, as random distribution is introduced in the simulation. The simulation and subsequent analysis showed effectiveness of increasing IRS elements, and access points on improving SNR, and proved that better SNR or optimum SNR can be obtained when the IRS is at the center point within the application area. Exponential and incrementing function is found describing both effect of IRS elements and access point numbers in relation to SNR. Also, higher SNR is found when the

关键词： wireless sensor networks wireless communication Signal to noise ratio Cognitive radio Mathematical models Internet of Things Reliability wireless networks Interference Attenuation SNR IRS WSN wireless communication access points IoT path loss

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Effects of Water Surface Waves on a Sound-Millimeter Wave-Based Cross-Medium wireless communication System

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IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING 2025年第2期50卷 671-683页

作者： Zeng, Yuming Song, Chunyi Xu, Zhiwei Donghai Lab Inst Intelligent Marine Sensing & Commun Zhoushan 316000 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Ocean Coll Zhoushan 316021 Peoples R China

wireless cross-medium communication between underwater sensors and the outside world is a critical problem for marine exploitation. The sound-millimeter wave (mmWave)-based cross-medium communication system is a potential technology to solve the problem. However, the system is dramatically affected by random waves on the water surface. Here, the effects of waves on cross-medium wireless communication are analyzed. A system that combines a multichannel mmWave radar sensor and an underwater acoustic transmitter was applied to conduct a field experiment. Detailed signal processing methods and results are presented based on the system, which confirms the above analysis and shows the possible utilization of the multichannel mmWave radar sensor to solve the cross-medium wireless communication problem. A phase-difference-based space diversity technique is proposed to improve the communication performance on wavy water surfaces. The comparison results demonstrate the effectiveness of this technology.

关键词： Sea surface Attenuation Optical surface waves Millimeter wave communication Radar Surface treatment Surface impedance Surface emitting lasers Measurement by laser beam Cross-medium millimeter wave (mmWave) radar water surface wave surface acoustic wave (SAW) surface acoustic wave (SAW)

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WiLo: Long-Range Cross-technology communication From Wi-Fi to LoRa

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON communicationS 2025年第3期73卷 1677-1691页

作者： Gao, Demin Wang, Haoyu Wang, Shuai Wang, Weizheng Yin, Zhimeng Mumtaz, Shahid Li, Xingwang Frascolla, Valerio Nallanathan, Arumugam Nanjing Forestry Univ Coll Informat Sci & Technol Nanjing 210037 Peoples R China Nanjing Forestry Univ Coll Artificial Intelligence Nanjing 210037 Peoples R China Univ Minnesota Dept Comp Sci & Engn Minneapolis MN 55414 USA Southeast Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn Nanjing 211189 Peoples R China City Univ Hong Kong Dept Comp Sci Hong Kong Peoples R China Silesian Tech Univ Dept Appl Informat PL-44100 Gliwice Poland Nottingham Trent Univ Dept Engn Nottingham NG1 4FQ England Henan Polytech Univ Sch Phys & Elect Informat Engn Jiaozuo 454099 Peoples R China Intel Deutschland GmbH D-85579 Neubiberg Germany Queen Mary Univ London Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci London E1 4NS England Kyung Hee Univ Dept Elect Engn Yongin 17104 Gyeonggi Do South Korea

Wi-Fi is a very common means for providing wireless access to the Internet, e.g., using the 2.4GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band and more recently also the 6 GHz band via Wi-Fi 6E. Thanks to a chip recently launched by Semtech, in the same 2.4GHz band now can also operate Long Range (LoRa), which is widely used in Internet of Things (IoT) applications due to its low power consumption and wide coverage range. To allow for data interchange among these technologies, multi-radio gateways are needed, which introduce additional costs, complexities, and potential points of failure. To address this challenge, we propose the concept of wireless to LoRa (WiLo) to make directional communication from Wi-Fi to LoRa. WiLo uses physical-layer (PHY) communication and dedicated input chips in the 2.4 GHz band to transmit information. To overcome the modulation technique differences between Wi-Fi and LoRa, WiLo leverages narrow-band communication, a technique that generates ultra-narrowband signals using single-tone sinusoidal signals by manipulating the payload of Wi-Fi devices. These signals can be detected by LoRa Wide Area network base stations due to their high receiver sensitivity for long-range communication. Our experiments, which make use of both Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) and commodity devices, demonstrate that WiLo can achieve concurrent wireless communication over a distance of 500 m, from commercial Wi-Fi chips to a LoRaWAN, with more than 96% frame reception rate. These findings show the effectiveness of WiLo in enabling reliable and efficient wireless communication over long distances, making it particularly relevant for applications such as remote monitoring systems, sensor networks, and smart cities.

关键词： LoRa wireless fidelity wireless communication wireless sensor networks Modulation Internet of Things Emulation Cross-technology communication Wi-Fi low-power wide-area networks

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LoRa communication for Agriculture 4.0: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions

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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2025年第2期12卷 1380-1407页

作者： Aldhaheri, Lameya Alshehhi, Noor Manzil, Irfana Ilyas Jameela Khalil, Ruhul Amin Javaid, Shumaila Saeed, Nasir Alouini, Mohamed-Slim United Arab Emirates Univ Coll Engn Dept Elect & Commun Engn Al Ain U Arab Emirates Tongji Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Dept Control Sci & Engn Shanghai 201804 Peoples R China King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol Comp Elect & Math Sci & Engn Div Thuwal 23955 Saudi Arabia

The emerging field of smart agriculture leverages the power of the Internet of Things (IoT) to revolutionize farming practices. This article investigates the transformative potential of long range (LoRa) technology as a key enabler of long-range wireless communication for agricultural IoT systems. By critically reviewing existing literature, we identify a lacuna in research specifically focused on LoRa's prospects and challenges from a communication perspective in smart agriculture. We delve into the details of LoRa-based agricultural networks, encompassing network architecture design, physical layer (PHY) considerations tailored to the agricultural environment, and the development of channel modeling techniques that account for unique soil characteristics. This article further explores relaying and routing mechanisms that address the challenges of extending network coverage and optimizing data transmission in vast agricultural landscapes. Transitioning to practical considerations, we discuss sensor deployment strategies and energy management techniques, providing valuable insights for real-world deployments. A comparative analysis of LoRa with other prevalent wireless communication technologies employed in agricultural IoT applications highlights its strengths and weaknesses within this specific context. Furthermore, this article outlines several future research directions to leverage the potential of LoRa-based agriculture 4.0. These include advancements in channel modeling for heterogeneous farming environments, developing novel relay routing algorithms, integrating emerging sensor technologies like hyper-spectral imaging and drone-based sensing, on-device artificial intelligence (AI) models, and sustainable solutions. This survey can serve as a cornerstone for researchers, technologists, and practitioners seeking to understand, implement, and propel smart agriculture initiatives utilizing LoRa technology.

关键词： LoRa Internet of Things Smart agriculture Agriculture Surveys Monitoring wireless communication Farming Market research LoRaWAN Agriculture Internet of Things (IoT) channel modeling long range (LoRa) relaying routing smart farming

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Acoustic Source Localization Based on the Two-Level Data Aggregation technology in a wireless sensor network

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sensorS 2025年第7期25卷 2247-2247页

作者： Feng, Yuwu Hu, Guohua Hong, Lei Hefei Univ Coll Adv Mfg Engn Hefei 230000 Peoples R China

The inherent energy constraints of sensor nodes render energy efficiency optimization a critical challenge in wireless sensor network deployments. This study presents an innovative acoustic source localization framework incorporating a two-level data aggregation technology, specifically designed to minimize energy expenditure while prolonging network lifetime. A mixed noise model is proposed to describe the characteristics of abnormal noise in real environments. Subsequently, the novel two-level data aggregation technology is proposed. The first level is implemented at individual sensors, where a large number of similar measurements may be collected. The second level data aggregation technology is performed at the cluster head nodes to eliminate the data redundancy between different sensor nodes. After the novel two-level data aggregation, most of the redundant data are eliminated and a significant amount of energy is saved. Then, a nonlinear iterative weighted least squares algorithm is applied to complete the final acoustic source location estimation based on the real remaining sensor measurements. Finally, through extensive simulation experiments, it was verified that the two-level data aggregation technology reduced energy consumption by at least 51% and 43%, respectively, and that the RMSE is less than 0.96.

关键词： wireless sensor network acoustic source localization mixed noise model data redundancy data aggregation energy consumption

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