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Enhanced Connectivity for Non-Critical In-Vehicle Systems Using EnRF24L01

IEEE sensorS JOURNAL 2025年第7期25卷 11955-11962页

作者： Kumar, J. N. V. R. Swarup Venkateswararao, Kuna Ghugar, Umashankar Bhoi, Sourav Kumar Sahoo, Kshira Sagar GITAM Deemed Univ GITAM Sch Technol Dept CSE Visakhapatnam 530045 Andhra Pradesh India Chandigarh Univ Univ Inst Engn UIE Dept CSE Mohali 140413 Punjab India Parala Maharaja Engn Coll Dept CSE Berhampur 761003 Odisha India SRM Univ AP Dept CSE Amaravati 522240 India

There has been a significant paradigm shift from wired to wireless technology in in-vehicular networks. This shift is driven by the need for greater scalability, cost-effectiveness, and flexibility. In the automotive industry, traditional wired protocols such as the local interconnect network (LIN) and media-oriented systems transport (MOST) for non-critical systems (NCSs) add complexity to installation and maintenance, incur higher material costs, and offer limited scalability and mobility. NCSs, such as infotainment and weather forecast systems, do not require low latency and do not impair vehicle function when unavailable. This article presents an advanced methodology for enhancing connectivity in noncritical in-vehicular networks using Nordic Semiconductor's (nRFs) enhanced-nRF24L01 (EnRF24L01) module. The EnRF24L01 module is the nRF24L01 module that incorporated the sensor-Medium Access Control (S-MAC) algorithm for energy-efficient communication. The proposed method enables seamless communication between NCSs using a tree-based primary and secondary architecture, where the primary is the actuator and the secondary is the sensor node. To optimize energy efficiency using synchronized sleep/wake schedules, reduce power consumption, and enhance scalability, the S-MAC protocol was incorporated. Comprehensive experiments were conducted in simulated environments using optimized network engineering tool (OPNET) and Proteus Circuit Simulators, analyzing critical performance metrics: latency, jitter, throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and energy efficiency. The results indicate that the proposed method supports a greater number of nodes with enhanced data transmission rates and operates at lower voltages, thereby extending the communication range and reducing overall power consumption. Additionally, hardware simulation results demonstrate the successful integration of EnRF24L01 modules with Arduino for wireless data transmission, showing significant improvements i

关键词： sensors wireless sensor networks wireless communication Main-secondary communication system security Safety Scalability Automotive engineering Intelligent sensors Energy efficiency In-vehicle networks local interconnect network (LIN) primary and secondary media-oriented systems transport (MOST) non-critical systems (NCSs) sensors wireless network

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Improved reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution with intensity fluctuations

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Chinese Physics B 2025年第2期34卷 48-52页

作者： Zi-Qi Chen Hao-Bing Sun Ming-Shuo Sun Qin Wang Institute of Quantum Information and Technology Nanjing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsNanjing 210003China Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology Key Laboratory of Ministry of EducationNanjing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsNanjing 210003China

Reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution(RFI-QKD) can avoid real-time calibration operation of reference frames and improve the efficiency of the communication process. However, due to imperfections of optical devices,there will inevitably exist intensity fluctuations in the source side of the QKD system, which will affect the final secure key rate. To reduce the influence of intensity fluctuations, an improved 3-intensity RFI-QKD scheme is proposed in this *** considering statistical fluctuations and implementing global parameter optimization, we conduct corresponding simulation analysis. The results show that our present work can present both higher key rate and a farther transmission distance than the standard method.

关键词： quantum key distribution intensity fluctuations decoy-state method

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Multi-Source Information Fusion-Based Localization in wireless sensor networks

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JOURNAL OF CIRCUITS SYSTEMS AND COMPUTERS 2025年第2期34卷

作者： Dang, Yuanyi Li, Jiaxin Shenyang Inst Engn Sch Automat Shenyang 110136 Liaoning Peoples R China

In wireless sensor networks, accurate node localization is essential for ensuring the precision of data collection. The DV-Hop algorithm, a popular range-free localization method, estimates distances between nodes by multiplying hop counts with average hop distances obtained through distance vector routing. However, this algorithm often experiences localization errors in randomly distributed network environments due to considerable inaccuracies in average hop distance calculations and the approximation of actual paths by straight-line paths. This paper introduces an enhanced DV-Hop localization algorithm, which constructs a mathematical model to optimize the mean square error of the average hop distance for any anchor node. This optimization corrects the average hop distance across the network, bringing it closer to the actual value, thus reducing errors and enhancing accuracy. Simulation results indicate that with 150 nodes, a 30% beacon node ratio and a 100-m communication range, the localization error of the improved FuncDV-Hop model decreased from 0.3916 to 0.1705, and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) decreased from 24.78m to 14.39m, thereby improving localization accuracy by 56.46%.

关键词： wireless sensor networks node localization DV-Hop algorithm multi-source information fusion

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Adaptive data relay transmission in wireless sensor networks for reliable crop growth monitoring

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COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE 2025年 234卷

作者： Samoylenko, Irina Fedorenko, Vladimir Samoylenko, Vladimir Stavropol State Agrarian Univ Informat Syst Dept Stavropol Russia North Caucasus Fed Univ Dept Math Modeling Stavropol Russia Stavropol State Agrarian Univ Dept IT Solut Engn Stavropol Russia

The use of a wireless sensor network (WSN) to monitor agricultural plantations is a crucial component in implementing smart agriculture. Strong signal attenuation in wireless communication channels is observed during the vegetation of plants. Therefore, it is important to develop recommendations for ensuring network reliability until the end of the growing season. This study provides an analytical model of energy losses during data packet transmission, factoring in technical characteristics of nodes, communication distance and the signal fading depth (Rician K-factor). To minimize energy losses, we propose adaptive data relay strategies that adjust the communication distance based on the stages of plant growth. Our findings indicate that the proposed adaptive packet relay transmission method successfully reduces node energy losses by 26% compared to traditional fixed transmission scenarios. Additionally, we introduce a criterion for optimal relay options and an algorithm for scheduling node activity modes in response to changing vegetation conditions, resulting in enhanced network reliability throughout the vegetation period. This work represents a promising avenue for future research in agricultural monitoring systems, with the potential to extend these strategies to more complex WSN configurations.

关键词： wireless sensor network Plant vegetation Signal fading Energy consumption model Data relay transmission

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Trust and Trustworthiness in Information and communications Technologies

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IEEE wireless communicationS 2025年第2期32卷 84-92页

作者： Ling, Xintong Le, Yuwei Wang, Jiaheng Huang, Yongming You, Xiaohu Southeast Univ Natl Mobile Commun Res Lab Nanjing Peoples R China Southeast Univ Natl Mobile Commun Res Lab NCRL Nanjing Peoples R China Purple Mt Labs Nanjing Peoples R China Purple Mt Labs Pervas Commun Res Ctr Nanjing Peoples R China Purple Mt Labs Pervas Commun Res Ctr Network Secur Nanjing Peoples R China

Trust serves as the glue and cornerstone of human society and emerges as a critical enabler of information and communications technologies (lCT). Despite its importance, trust remains a debated concept with different viewpoints and limitations from diverse theories. In this study, we define the concept of trust and trustworthiness in a useful and measurable way with a rigorous mathematical basis. While our study does not resolve all disagreements about trust, we seek the fewest common elements necessary to define generic trust for achieving the minimum consensus across the broadest contexts. Based on our trust definition, we exploit the dynamic trust inference and analyze the trust transfer across different contexts, as well as the trust propagation through multiple entities. To demonstrate the applicability of our trust notion, we present two illustrative case studies: evaluating the trustworthiness of a mobile network operator communicating over a fading channel and assessing the trustworthiness of a miner in safe-guarding a blockchain from being subverted.

关键词： Information and communication technology 6G mobile communication Trusted computing Fading channels Blockchains Security Random variables Probabilistic logic Bayes methods Data mining

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Security Challenges, Mitigation Strategies, and Future Trends in wireless sensor networks: A Review

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ACM COMPUTING SURVEYS 2025年第4期57卷 1-29页

作者： Oztoprak, Ahmet Hassanpour, Reza Ozkan, Aysegul Oztoprak, Kasim Konya Food & Agr Univ Comp Engn Meram Turkiye Univ Groningen Fac Sci & Engn Comp Sci Groningen Netherlands

wireless sensor networks (WSNs) represent an innovative technology that integrates compact, energy- efficient sensors with wireless communication functionalities, facilitating instantaneous surveillance and data gathering from the surrounding environment. WSNs are utilized across diverse domains, such as environmental monitoring, industrial automation, healthcare, smart agriculture, home automation, and beyond. Due to the inherent characteristics of WSNs they face many security challenges ranging from resource-based attacks, such as energy depletion or computational overload, to eavesdropping, interception, and tampering. Moreover, the dynamic and often ad hoc deployment of sensors in varying environments increases their vulnerability to physical intrusion attacks, the distributed and collaborative nature of WSNs raises concerns about data integrity, as compromised nodes can potentially propagate misleading or malicious information throughout the network. In this article, we categorize WSN attacks, identifying vulnerabilities and corresponding mitigation strategies. We also explore current research directions in WSN security, emphasizing the challenges in addressing these issues.

关键词： Cybersecurity wireless sensor networks security attacks

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Cluster-Based Routing Protocol Design Using Gated Fusion Adaptive Graph Neural network in wireless sensor networks

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IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH 2025年第3期71卷 996-1008页

作者： Kumar, D. Pravin Kumar, P. Ganesh KLN Coll Engn Dept Comp Sci & Engn Pottapalaiyam 630612 Tamil Nadu India KLN Coll Engn Dept Informat Technol Pottapalaiyam 630612 Tamil Nadu India

The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), particularly in relation to constrained wireless sensor networks (WSNs), has garnered significant attention and advanced rapidly in terms of protocol structure. The aim of these networks is to attain effective resource utilization and improved service distribution. In this manuscript, a Design and Development of communication Protocol using a Gated Fusion Adaptive Graph Neural network in a wireless sensor network (DCP-GAGNN-WSN) is proposed. Initially, the input data are collected from the sink node. Then the input nodes are fed to the cluster formation process using Simple Contrastive Graph Clustering (SCGC). The cluster head (CH) selection process is used to improve the efficiency of data transmission under the Snow Ablation Optimizer (SAO) approach for selecting criteria such as range (Ra), latency (Lat), Reducing Congestion (RC), and resource (Re). The Gated Fusion Adaptive Graph Neural network (GAGNN) method is employed for designing the communication protocol in WSN. The proposed DCP-GAGNN-WSN method is implemented and its efficiency is evaluated with the help of some performance metrics, such as Throughput, Energy Consumption, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and network Lifetime. Finally, the proposed DCP-GAGNN-WSN attains 25.49%, 32.77%, and 28.93% higher throughput, 34.73%, 32.96%, and 31.74% higher network lifetime than existing techniques, such as Collaborative energy-efficient routing protocol for sustainable communication in 5G/6G wireless sensor networks (SC-CEERP-WSN), spectrum sensing utilizing deep learning for effectual data transmission in WSN for wireless communication (SS-CNN-WSN), and an intelligent routing approach for energy prediction of 6G-powered WSN (IRA-PSOA-WSN), respectively.

关键词： Cluster formation Gated fusion adaptive graph neural network Simple Contrastive Graph Clustering Sink node Snow ablation optimizer

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A Frequency Selective High-Efficiency broadband RF Rectifier Using Dual-Branch Structure

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IEEE MICROWAVE AND wireless technology LETTERS 2025年

作者： Qin, Jinghang Liu, Wenbo Yin, Dawei Wang, Tao Wang, Tianqi Liu, Yang Northwest Minzu Univ Elect Engn Coll Lanzhou 730030 Peoples R China Northwest Minzu Univ Inst Multimedia Informat Intelligent Proc & Wirele Lanzhou 730030 Peoples R China Gansu Engn Res Ctr Ecoenvironm Intelligent Network Lanzhou 730030 Peoples R China Aviat Univ Air Force Aircraft Syst Teaching & Res Sect Changchun 130022 Peoples R China

This letter proposes a broadband, high-efficiency radio frequency (RF) rectifier with a frequency selective topology and simple structure for wireless power transmission (WPT). The rectifier comprises two subrectifying units, without any additional matching circuits at the input end. Using its frequency selective topology, the two subrectifying units operate in the low- and high-frequency bands, respectively, ensuring efficiency and expanding the operating bandwidth. The design was validated through fabrication, and the measured results align closely with simulation data. Measurements indicate a fractional bandwidth of 84.4% (1.3-3.2 GHz), with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 60%, peaking at 71% at an input power of 8 dBm. The efficiency remains above 50% across the 1.3-3.3-GHz range at an input power of 5 dBm.

关键词： Rectifiers Impedance Bandwidth Radio frequency Power transmission lines Circuits Topology Impedance matching wireless sensor networks wireless communication broadband frequency selective high efficiency matching circuits wireless power transmission (WPT)

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Energy-efficient synchronization for body sensor network in the metaverse: an optimized connectivity approach

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EURASIP JOURNAL ON wireless communicationS AND networkING 2025年第1期2025卷 1-34页

作者： Hussain, Altaf Hussain, Tariq Attar, Razaz Waheeb Alhomoud, Ahmed Alnfiai, Mrim M. Alsagri, Reem Chongqing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Comp Sci & Technol Chongqing 400065 Peoples R China Zhejiang Gongshang Univ Sch Comp Sci & Technol Hangzhou 310018 Peoples R China Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman Univ Coll Business Adm Management Dept POB 84428 Riyadh 11671 Saudi Arabia Northern Border Univ Coll Sci Dept Comp Sci Rafha 91911 Saudi Arabia Taif Univ Coll Comp & Informat Technol Dept Informat Technol POB 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia Univ Hafr Al Batin Coll Comp Sci & Engn Dept Software Engn Hafar al Batin Saudi Arabia

wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs), or wireless body area networks (WBANs), represent an advanced class of sensor networks where small sensor nodes are either implanted within or attached to the human body. When these networks are integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) in the healthcare sector, they are collectively referred to as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). Body sensor networks (BSNs) have become a pivotal technology in modern healthcare systems, enabling continuous and real-time monitoring of critical patient health metrics such as blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, body motion, and movement. WBSNs face numerous major challenges that impact their efficiency and performance. Energy consumption remains a critical issue, as sensor nodes operate on limited power sources, leading to reduced network longevity. Signal path loss, caused by body interference and environmental factors, weakens communication reliability. Additionally, dual synchronization is vital for maintaining seamless communication, but managing synchronization between multiple nodes increases complexity and energy demand. Data latency can occur due to transmission delays, impacting real-time monitoring. Scalability challenges arise as networks expand, straining energy and communication resources, while security and privacy concerns persist due to the sensitive nature of medical data, requiring robust protection mechanisms. These issues are the focus of ongoing research aimed at enhancing WBSN performance in healthcare applications. In this paper, we introduce a novel routing protocol, energy-efficient synchronization for body sensor networks (EESBSN), aimed at overcoming these challenges. The proposed EESBSN protocol incorporates a dual synchronization mechanism designed to minimize signal path loss and prevent rapid energy depletion in sensor nodes. Furthermore, it leverages multi-path communication strategies to optimize energy efficiency and extend the operational life

关键词： Body sensor sensors in healthcare Metaverse Energy efficiency Path loss Dual sink Energy-efficient synchronization for body sensor networks

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Autonomous Wound Monitoring Through a wireless network of Smart Bandages

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IEEE sensorS JOURNAL 2025年第5期25卷 8883-8897页

作者： De, Soumadeep Jalajamony, Harikrishnan Muraleedharan Fernandez, Renny Edwin Norfolk State Univ Dept Elect Engn Norfolk VA 23504 USA Norfolk State Univ Dept Mat Sci & Engn Norfolk VA 23504 USA

We present a novel approach to health monitoring through the development of a smart bandage network utilizing distributed machine learning (ML) and Bluetooth low energy (BLE) communication technology. Each smart bandage is equipped with an ultra-low-power microcontroller that hosts machine learning algorithms to analyze data from a network of attached sensor nodes in real time, enabling the detection of anomalies and immediate feedback through a portable edge unit. The edge-enabled central unit (ECU) facilitates communication with multiple smart bandages, employing BLE for efficient and reliable data transmission. Our system is designed for scalability, featuring a dynamic registration process that seamlessly integrates new bandages into the network, simplifying deployment and expanding coverage. By decentralizing data processing and implementing fault-tolerant communication strategies, the system ensures robust and continuous monitoring. This research advances healthcare technology by providing a scalable, energy-efficient, and dependable solution for real-time remote health monitoring in diverse clinical and nonclinical settings.

关键词： sensors Wounds Intelligent sensors Monitoring Temperature sensors Temperature measurement Machine learning sensor systems Real-time systems Humidity Bluetooth low energy (BLE) edge-enabled central unit (ECU) machine learning (ML) networking remote health monitoring smart bandage ultra-low-power microcontroller

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