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Sensing for Secure communication in ISAC: Protocol Design and Beamforming Optimization

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON wireless communicationS 2025年第2期24卷 1207-1220页

作者： Cao, Yang Duan, Lingjie Zhang, Rui Singapore Univ Technol & Design Engn Syst & Design Pillar Singapore 487372 Singapore Chinese Univ Hong Kong Shenzhen Res Inst Big Data Sch Sci & Engn Shenzhen 518172 Guangdong Peoples R China Natl Univ Singapore Dept Elect & Comp Engn Singapore 117583 Singapore

The channel state information (CSI) of malicious users in the field of physical layer security is usually difficult to obtain due to the users' passive listening. However, as sensing is integrating into the cellular network, it becomes feasible to acquire the CSI of passive eavesdroppers. Motivated by this, we propose a novel sensing-aided secure communication (SASC) scheme in this paper, which is implemented by a two-stage transmission protocol including beam sensing of the eavesdropper's CSI and secure communication to the legitimate user against the eavesdropper. In the first stage, the base station (BS) needs to decide the number of sensing beams L , and we derive the closed-form Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) to establish the relationship between the estimated angle range for the eavesdropper's location and L , where a larger L for beam sensing returns a tighter CRB to locate the eavesdropper. In the second stage, the BS designs the beamforming vector to transmit confidential data to the legitimate user and avoid leakage to the eavesdropper in the estimated range. As sensing affects the subsequent secure communication, we decouple the non-convex two-stage joint optimization problem into two subproblems and solve it by backward induction. In particular, in the secrecy beamforming subproblem given L , we investigate the worst-case information leakage by constructing a convex hull to approximate the angle range from sensing. Then we develop a semi-closed-form solution of robust secrecy beamforming vector, and use it for the other subproblem to decide initial L . To achieve this goal, we also obtain a semi-closed-form solution of L by considering all potential estimated results in the worst case. Finally, we present simulation results to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed SASC scheme as compared to various benchmarks.

关键词： sensors Array signal processing Optimization Channel estimation Information leakage wireless sensor networks wireless communication Protocols Integrated sensing and communication Eavesdropping Secure communication integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) beam sensing Cramer-Rao bound convex hull robust secrecy beamforming

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LCUT-Sv9: UAV-Assisted Powerline Inspection Framework with Secure Time-Sensitive communication for Industry 5.0

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE communicationS SOCIETY 2025年 6卷 2837-2852页

作者： Sangaiah, Arun Kumar Anandakrishnan, Jayakrishnan Khanh Son, Nguyen Darmawan, Hendri Bian, Gui-Bin Alenazi, Mohammed J. F. Natl Yunlin Univ Sci & Technol Int Grad Sch AI Touliu 64002 Taiwan Sunway Univ Sch Engn & Technol Petaling Jaya 47500 Malaysia Chandigarh Univ Ctr Res & Dev Sahibzada Ajit Singh Naga 140413 India Natl Inst Technol Puducherry Dept Comp Sci & Engn Karaikal 609605 India Politeknik Elekt Negeri Surabaya Dept Informat & Comp Engn Surabaya 60111 Indonesia Chinese Acad Sci Inst Automat State Key Lab Multimodal Artificial Intelligence S Beijing 100190 Peoples R China King Saud Univ Coll Comp & Informat Sci Comp Engn Dept Riyadh 11543 Saudi Arabia

Integrating Time-Sensitive networking (TSN) in industrial wireless networks ensures reliability in data transmission. Automated powerline inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is an industrial application that requires time-constrained secure data exchanges with its ground station. However it is currently facing several critical challenges include handling massive data generated from onboard sensor, the limited computational capabilities, and ensuring secure communication over open wireless channels. Aiming to emphasize human-centric automation for enhanced operational safety and in alignment with the principles of Industry 5.0, this paper introduces a time-sensitive communication and detection framework for UAVIndustrial applications, named Latent-Coded UAV-IoT Transmission Segmentation YOLOv9 (LCUT-Sv9). It employs a modified lightweight Tiny-YOLOv9 model for powerline detection and utilizes autoencoder-based Latent-Coded UAV-IoT Transmission (LCUT) with the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol for time-sensitive communication. The LCUT-Sv9 framework was evaluated using the widely adopted Transmission Towers / Power Lines Aerial-image (TTPLA) dataset, and demonstrated a significant detection accuracy improvement of 24.15 % over state-of-the-art (SOTA) techniques. LCUT also ensures minimal data transmission, reducing encoded data by approximately 50 %, making it compatible with the strict requirements of TSN-enabled industrial wireless networks.

关键词： Autoencoders Autonomous aerial vehicles Accuracy Inspection Data communication Real-time systems Image coding Security Power transmission lines Fifth Industrial Revolution Industrial wireless network time-sensitive networking Industry 5.0 IoT UAVs YOLO powerline detection

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On Optimizing Resource Allocation: A Comparative Review of Resource Allocation Strategies in HetNets

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CMES-COMPUTER MODELING IN ENGINEERING & SCIENCES 2025年第3期142卷 2211-2245页

作者： Dobruna, Jeta Fazliu, Zana Limani Humar, Iztok Volk, Mojca Univ Ljubljana Fac Elect Engn Lab Telecommun Kongresni Trg 12 Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia Univ Prishtina Fac Elect & Comp Engn Telecommun Dept Str George Bush 31 Prishtina 10000 Kosovo

Resource allocation remains a challenging issue in communication networks, and its complexity is continuously increasing with the densification of the networks. With the evolution of new wireless technologies such as Fifth Generation (5G) and Sixth Generation (6G) mobile networks, the service level requirements have become stricter and more heterogeneous depending on the use case. In this paper, we review a large body of literature on various resource allocation schemes that are used in particular in mobile wireless communication networks and compare the proposed schemes in terms of performance indicators as well as techniques used. Our review shows that among the strategies proposed in the literature, there is a wide variety of optimization targets and combinations thereof, focusing mainly on performance indicators such as energy efficiency, spectral efficiency, and network capacity. In addition, in this paper, selected algorithms for resource allocation are numerically analyzed through simulations to compare and highlight the importance of how the resource algorithms are implemented to achieve efficient usage of the available spectrum. The performance of selected algorithms is evaluated in a multi-cell heterogeneous network and compared to proportional fair and eICIC, a widely-used combination of resource allocation and interference mitigation techniques used by communication networks. The results show that one approach may perform better when looking at the individual average user data rate but worse when looking at the overall spectral or energy efficiency, depending on the category of traffic. The results, therefore, confirm that there may not be a single algorithm that visibly outperforms other candidates in terms of all performance criteria. Instead, their efficiency is always a consequence of a strategic choice of goals, and the targeted parameters are optimized at a price. Thus, the development and implementation of resource allocation algorithms must follo

关键词： Resource allocation wireless communication heterogeneous networks resource allocation algorithms

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Design of improved error-rate sliding window decoder for SC-LDPC codes: reliable termination and channel value reuse

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Optoelectronics Letters 2025年第4期21卷 212-217页

作者： JIA Xishan LI Jining YAO Yuan WANG Yifan LIU Bo XU Degang School of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology(Ministry of Education) Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Institute of Modern Optics College of Electronic Information and Optical EngineeringNankai UniversityTianjin 300350China Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology Tianjin 300350China

In this paper,an improved error-rate sliding window decoder is proposed for spatially coupled low-density parity-check(SC-LDPC)*** the conventional sliding window decoder,the message retention mechanism causes unreliable messages along the edges of belief propagation(BP)decoding in the current window to be kept for subsequent window *** improve the reliability of the retained messages during the window transition,a reliable termination method is embedded,where the retained messages undergo more reliable parity ***,decoding failure is unavoidable and even causes error propagation when the number of errors exceeds the error-correcting capability of the *** mitigate this problem,a channel value reuse mechanism is designed,where the received channel values are utilized to reinitialize the ***,considering the complexity and performance of decoding,a feasible sliding optimized window decoding(SOWD)scheme is ***,simulation results confirm the superior performance of the proposed SOWD scheme in both the waterfall and error floor *** work has great potential in the applications of wireless optical communication and fiber optic communication.

关键词： reliable termination message retention mechanism reliable termination method sliding window decoderthe error rate sliding window decoder belief propagation bp decoding retained messages

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Deterministic Event-Based Physical Watermarks Against Replay Attacks in Cyber-Physical Systems

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

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IEEE Transactions on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 2025年 3卷 61-69页

作者： Zhao, Xudong Xing, Wei Zhang, Junfeng Wang, Xinyu Zong, Guangdeng Zhao, Ning Hainan University School of Information and Communication Engineering Haikou570288 China Dalian University of Technology Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Optimization for Industrial Equipment Ministry of Education Dalian116622 China Tiangong University School of Control Science and Engineering Tianjin300387 China Bohai University College of Control Science and Engineering Jinzhou121013 China

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are of great importance in various applications and have garnered significant attention. Ensuring their security is a crucial concern, while this paper focuses on the security of CPSs against replay attacks during the transmission of sensor measurements over a wireless network. It is widely recognized that incorporating physical watermark signals is an effective approach to mitigate replay attacks. However, traditional physical watermarks are time-based and result in a notable degradation in the performance of Linear Quadratic Gaussian systems. With this in mind, a novel event-based physical watermarking technique is devised to address the performance degradation and detect replay attacks. The approach involves a deterministic physical watermark schedule that utilizes the innovation sequence to determine whether to incorporate physical watermarks or not. We provide evidence that the probability of successfully embedding physical watermarks increases when the system is targeted by malicious attacks. Additionally, we demonstrate that the deterministic event-based watermarking approach is more effective than the traditional time-based watermarking method. Finally, simulation examples are included to validate and illustrate the theoretical results. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Cyber attacks

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Error performance analysis for OOK modulated optical camera communication systems

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OPTICS communicationS 2025年 574卷

作者： Dong, Ke Kong, Miaomiao Wang, Mingjun Xian Univ Technol Sch Automat & Informat Engn Xian 710048 Shaanxi Peoples R China Xian Key Lab Wireless Opt Commun & Network Res Xian 710048 Shaanxi Peoples R China

Integrating image sensors' imaging capabilities into the receiver for visible light communication is a prominent characteristic of optical camera communication (OCC). However, the exposure effect during imaging distorts received waveforms and introduces inter-symbol interference (ISI), leading to decreased OCC reliability. This paper aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the impact of image sensor exposure effects on the error performance of OCC systems. Analytical expressions of the pixel signal-to-interference and noise ratio (PSINR) are derived using the pulse response function (PRF) for an on-off keying (OOK) modulated OCC system with varying exposure times. Furthermore, the bit error rate (BER) performance is evaluated analytically using PSINR, and a straightforward BER measurement scheme is proposed for experimental validation. Results from analyses and experiments conducted under different exposure times indicate that longer exposures lead to increased ISI and decreased PSINR, thereby increasing the error probability of data demodulation. Additionally, a combined impact of noise and exposure on OCC system reliability is observed, highlighting noise-limited and interference-limited characteristics under low and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, respectively. By utilizing PSINR as a bridge, this paper precisely analyzes OCC system reliability under exposure effects, laying a theoretical foundation for system design and optimization.

关键词： Optical camera communication Performance analysis Exposure effect Bit error rate

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Ultrahigh-Performance Radio Frequency System-on-Chip Implementation of a Kalman Filter-Based High-Precision Time and Frequency Synchronization for networked Integrated Sensing and communication Systems

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2025年 4卷

作者： Ghasemi, Roghayeh Fenske, Patrick Koegel, Tobias Hehn, Markus Ullmann, Ingrid Vossiek, Martin Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg Inst Microwaves & Photon D-91058 Erlangen Germany

The integration of radar sensing and imaging capabilities into future integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) networks enables advanced use cases, including autonomous vehicle navigation, real-time health monitoring, and smart city management. However, ultraprecise time and frequency synchronization is crucial for unlocking the full potential of such networked ISAC systems. In this article, a novel real-time wireless time and frequency synchronization scheme is developed and fully implemented on a high-end radio frequency system-on-chip field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platform. The excellent performance and robustness of the proposed solution in practical applications are demonstrated. It is evidenced that the recursive nature of the Kalman filter is well suited to the dynamic capabilities of FPGA-based simultaneous synchronization. Observed values obtained through the precision time protocol (PTP) are iteratively refined, thus effectively compensating for uncertainties encountered during a synchronization packet exchange. Due to the deterministic processing time inherent in the FPGA, the proposed synchronization method achieves exceptional precision, with clock offset deviations in the nanosecond range and clock rate deviations limited to only a few parts per billion, even across considerable distances between the network nodes.

关键词： Synchronization Clocks Time-frequency analysis Frequency synchronization Kalman filters sensors Protocols Frequency estimation wireless sensor networks Real-time systems Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) Kalman filter for time offset and frequency skew estimation precision time protocol (PTP) time and frequency synchronization wireless sensor network (WSN) synchronization

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BTS: Bifold Teacher-Student in Semi-Supervised Learning for Indoor Two-Room Presence Detection Under Time-Varying CSI

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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2025年第7期12卷 8789-8806页

作者： Shen, Li-Hsiang Hsiao, An-Hung Chen, Kai-Jui Tsai, Tsung-Ting Feng, Kai-Ten Natl Cent Univ Dept Commun Engn Taoyuan 320317 Taiwan Natl Yang Ming Chiao Tung Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn Hsinchu 300093 Taiwan

In recent years, indoor human presence detection based on supervised learning (SL) and channel state information (CSI) has attracted much attention. However, existing studies that rely on spatial information of CSI are susceptible to the environmental changes, which degrade prediction accuracy. Moreover, SL-based methods require time-consuming data labeling for retraining models. Therefore, it is imperative to design a continuously monitored model using a semi-SL (SSL)-based scheme. In this article, we conceive a bifold teacher-student (BTS) learning approach for indoor human presence detection in a scenario with two adjoining rooms. The proposed SSL-based primal-dual teacher-student network intelligently learns spatial and temporal features from labeled and unlabeled CSI datasets. Additionally, the enhanced penalized loss function leverages entropy and distance measures to distinguish drifted data, i.e., features of new datasets affected by time-varying effects and altered from the original distribution. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed BTS system accomplishes an averaged accuracy of around 98% after retraining the model with unlabeled data. BTS can sustain an accuracy of 93% under the changed layout and environments. Furthermore, BTS outperforms existing SSL-based models in terms of the highest detection accuracy of around 98% while achieving the asymptotic performance of SL-based methods.

关键词： Training Accuracy sensors Data models Antennas wireless sensor networks wireless fidelity wireless communication communication system security Support vector machines Channel state information (CSI) human presence detection semi-supervised learning (SSL) teacher-student (TS) learning time-varying environment

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Adversarial Attacks Against Shared Knowledge Interpretation in Semantic communications

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COGNITIVE communicationS AND networkING 2025年第2期11卷 1024-1040页

作者： Hoang Van-Tam Nguyen Van-Linh Chang, Rong-Guey Lin, Po-Ching Hwang, Ren-Hung Duong, Trung Q. Natl Chung Cheng Univ Comp Sci & Informat Engn Chiayi 621301 Taiwan Natl Chung Cheng Univ Adv Inst Mfg High Tech Innovat Chiayi Taiwan Natl Yang Ming Chiao Tung Univ Coll Artificial Intelligence Tainan 711 Taiwan Mem Univ Newfoundland Dept Elect & Comp Engn St John NF A1B 3X5 Canada

Semantic communications (SEMCOM) is a novel communication model that exploits neural networks or deep learning techniques to convey the semantics of the data and contextual reasoning, instead of transmitting full raw bits as in the conventional transmission models. SEMCOM is anticipated to significantly increase the effectiveness of cognitive communications beyond the Shannon theory limit, especially in multimedia services. The transmission efficiency will largely rely on the semantic encoding and decoding process with knowledge storage references at the receiver and the transmitter. However, these processes are highly susceptible to adversarial attacks, given the nature of shared background knowledge without encryption and the vulnerabilities of neural network models. This paper presents two novel targeted and non-targeted adversarial attacks against SEMCOM, e.g., channel inversion attack and naive attack. The attacks are designed to cause maximum disruption to the signals during decoding, aiming to alter the semantic interpretation of recognition models at the receiver. The experimental results indicate that attacks can significantly degrade the perceptual evaluation of speech quality and increase data errors, with semantic decoding performance suffering reductions of up to 2.9 times and 2.3 times, respectively. This degradation can cause misrepresentation of semantic contents. Besides, targeted attacks have a greater impact on speech semantic quality in complex communication circumstances compared to non-targeted attacks. We also suggest two potential defense methods against these physical layer attacks. Accordingly, enhancing adversarial training and removing residual values in the loss function are straightforward solutions to improve the resilience of SEMCOM-based systems.

关键词： Semantic communication wireless communication wireless sensor networks Receivers Transmitters Speech recognition Perturbation methods Sensitivity Decoding Data models wireless channel adversarial attack semantic communications AI-based speech control

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Joint trust-based detection and signature-based authentication technique for secure localization in underwater wireless sensor network

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年 1-20页

作者： Kumar, Manni Goyal, Nitin Qaisi, Ramy Mohammed Aiesh Najim, Mohd Gupta, Sachin Kumar Department of Computer Science & Engineering Chandigarh University Gharuan Punjab India Department of Computer Science Engineering School of Engineering and Technology Central University of Haryana Haryana Mahendergarh123031 India Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering College of Engineering University of Jeddah Jeddah21589 Saudi Arabia Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Central University of Jammu UT of J&K Jammu181143 India

Ensuring secure and accurate node localization in Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN) is a significant challenge, as conventional methods tend to neglect the security risks associated with malicious node interference. This research addresses this issue by proposing a Joint Trust-based Detection and Signature-based Authentication (JTDSA) technique, aimed at improving both the security and accuracy of node localization in UWSNs. The technique utilizes Intrusion Detection System (IDS) methods to calculate the trust values of secondary-anchor nodes (SNs), ensuring only the most trusted SNs are selected. Furthermore, a digital signature algorithm secures the Received Signal Strength (RSS) data from tampering. The method incorporates a hybrid approach combining Angle of Arrival (AoA) and RSS ranging techniques to achieve robust localization. Simulation results demonstrate that JTDSA improves localization accuracy by 4% compared to existing methods, achieving an overall accuracy of 99.2%. The technique also reduces packet drop by 35% and enhances attack detection accuracy by 3%. These results indicate that the proposed JTDSA technique offers an effective solution for secure and reliable localization in UWSNs. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： sensor nodes

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