The antidiarrheal over-the-counter drug loperamide is increasingly being used to control opioid withdrawal or for opioid abuse. Taking many times above the normally recommended dose is dangerous with cardiovascular, r...
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The antidiarrheal over-the-counter drug loperamide is increasingly being used to control opioid withdrawal or for opioid abuse. Taking many times above the normally recommended dose is dangerous with cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurological adverse events. Cytochrome P-450 (CYP)2C8, CYP3A, and P-glycoprotein inhibitors can increase the plasma and central nervous system concentrations and radically alter the risk profile of loperamide. Online forums suggest using over-the-counter metabolic enzyme blockers to enhance the effects. Public health options include switching over-the-counter loperamide to blister packs (the FDA-preferred method), making loperamide only available by prescription, or moving the product behind the pharmacy counter. Although naloxone may ameliorate the neurological and respiratory adverse events, it is ineffective at reversing loperamide-induced arrhythmias. Even magnesium might provide less efficacy in loperamide-induced Torsade de Pointes necessitating the use of cardiac pacing and electrical cardioversion.
A short review of spin physics program at JINR is presented. The proposals on spin program at the NICA collider are discussed. The main purpose of this program is to study the nucleon spin structure and other phenomen...
A short review of spin physics program at JINR is presented. The proposals on spin program at the NICA collider are discussed. The main purpose of this program is to study the nucleon spin structure and other phenomena with polarized proton and deuteron beams.
Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), an exposure biomarker for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), was used to identify potential sources of PAH exposure for 660 Koreans who were not occupationally exposed to PAHs (6...
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Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), an exposure biomarker for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), was used to identify potential sources of PAH exposure for 660 Koreans who were not occupationally exposed to PAHs (65% male;35% female;mean age, 36.5 +/- 11.1 years): In this study, 74% of subjects had detectable levels of urinary 1-OHP, with a concentration range of 0.001-3.796 mug/L (median, 0.079 mu/L). A backward elimination was conducted: five variables were selected with a significance level for removal of P less than or equal to 0.1. The results of this study showed that residence in areas with relatively poor environmental conditions (Seoul and Suwon) was strongly associated with high concentrations of urinary 1-OHP (P = 0.007), while consumption of fried chicken and length of time spent outdoors had marginal positive associations with urinary 1-OHP levels (P = 0.06 and P = 0.09, respectively). Compared with the above three factors, tobacco smoking and urinary cotinine levels were poorly associated with urinary 1-OHP (P = 0.16 and 0.23, respectively). Pear consumption had an inverse association with urinary 1-OHP levels (P < 0.01). Individual variations in urinary 1-OHP concentrations were evaluated by considering the subjects' age, sex, and genetic polymorphisms in enzymes involved in the metabolism of PAHs. Among the individual variations, GSTT1-present subjects showed higher 1-OHP levels than GSTT1-absent subjects in cities having 10-mum particulate matter (PM10) levels and population density lower than those of Seoul and Suwon (P < 0.05). These epidemiological results suggest that the above factors that should be considered in preventing PAH exposure. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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