The objective of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis TH10 (hk-TH10) and its signal transduction on murine macrophage RAW264 cells. RAW264 cells produced nitr...
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The objective of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis TH10 (hk-TH10) and its signal transduction on murine macrophage RAW264 cells. RAW264 cells produced nitric oxide (NO) following hk-TH10 treatment. In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying hk-TH10-stimulated NO production, we further measured NO production in RAW264 cells treated with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 inhibitor peptide, NF-kappa B inhibitor, TLR1-siRNA, TLR2-siRNA, and TLR-6 siRNA. Furthermore, the activation of TLR2-TLR1/6 pathway molecules was analyzed by Western blotting. The result of this study showed that hk-TH10 stimulates NO in RAW264 cells through the activation of the TLR2-TLR1/6 pathway. From our findings, we can conclude that hk-TH10 isolated from a traditional side-dish fermented food (tempeh) may facilitate host immunomodulation.
Sustainable business models can help improve the resilience of small enterprises to the challenges of limited resources, institutional constraints and climate change. However, there has been little research into how c...
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Sustainable business models can help improve the resilience of small enterprises to the challenges of limited resources, institutional constraints and climate change. However, there has been little research into how community-based entrepreneurship development organizations in the Pacific Islands can design business models that simultaneously counter environmental challenges and exploit market opportunities. This study compares the exogenous and endogenous influences on business model formation in two organizations that encourage the development of sustainable micro-enterprises among at-risk communities in Samoa and Tonga. The results suggest that a business model that is market-led rather than product-led is likely to be more financially viable.
The causes of the historical decline in European mortality rates are still vigorously debated. Our contribution is to examine a previously neglected aspect, the role of the early government-sponsored health-insurance ...
The causes of the historical decline in European mortality rates are still vigorously debated. Our contribution is to examine a previously neglected aspect, the role of the early government-sponsored health-insurance programs in widening access to medical care. We construct and test fixed-effect models of mortality rates, using data for a panel of five European countries over the 1878-1913 period. After diagnostic tests of our results, we conclude that the expanding population coverage of these health-insurance programs contributed significantly to the observed declines in mortality. (C) 1998 Academic Press.
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