This study considers a manufacturer with ambidextrous sustainable innovation capability selling products in environmentally conscious market through an independent retailer in a two-period game setting. We design a tw...
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This study considers a manufacturer with ambidextrous sustainable innovation capability selling products in environmentally conscious market through an independent retailer in a two-period game setting. We design a two-period game theoretic and dyadic supply chain (SC) model considering exploitative and exploratory nature of environmental innovations. We study five different contract types, namely, wholesale price contract, vertical Nash game structure, cost sharing contract, revenue sharing contract and two-part tariff contract. We demonstrate the impact of market sensitivity towards sustainable innovation and cost parameters on optimal level of decision parameters. The equilibrium results reveal that a suitably designed two-part tariff contract can be used to achieve coordination in a fragmented SC. The equilibrium results assist managers to optimise the SC based on the two-period contract model. The results obtained in this study can help the decision-makers to take decisions on investment in the ambidextrous sustainable innovation under different types of contract structures.
Introduction To investigate the absolute and proportionate number of menthol versus regular cigarette packs displayed on the shelves inside tobacco retail outlets (TROs) across New York City (NYC). Aims and Methods Ph...
Introduction To investigate the absolute and proportionate number of menthol versus regular cigarette packs displayed on the shelves inside tobacco retail outlets (TROs) across New York City (NYC). Aims and Methods Photographic surveillance methods were used to capture the presence and proportionate amount of all visible cigarette packs on the shelves inside N = 160 TROs. Statistical analyses examined the absolute and proportionate number of menthol packs in each TRO as a function of NYC borough, the local TRO environment, population smoking rates derived from the NYC Community Health Survey, and other demographic indicators from the American Community Survey. Results The total number of cigarette packs on the shelves of each TRO and the proportion of menthol packs varied significantly across TROs, averaging about one-quarter of all packs displayed (M = 0.274;SD = .15). Modeling results indicate that the proportion of menthol packs displayed was significantly greater in areas with elevated population smoking rates (odds ratio [OR] = 1.03, CI: 1.01-1.06) and density of TROs per 1000 residents (OR = 1.23;CI: 1.01-1.49), although these associations varied in complex ways with the proportion living under the federal poverty level and the proportion under age 18 years residing within each zip-code. Conclusions Results of this study demonstrate the utility of photograph-based TRO audit methods for objective, reliable documentation of the presence and proportionate amount of menthol versus other cigarette pack types on TRO shelves and highlight the need to account for sources of variation between small areas when examining the TRO product landscape and evaluating the effectiveness of regulatory actions against menthol. Implications This study describes use of a "hands-free" surveillance technique that offers valuable advantages over traditional retailer surveillance techniques. Comprehensive photographic surveillance data collection allows for more objective measurements o
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