Technology Today Series articles provide useful summary informationon both classic and emerging concepts in petroleum engineering. Purpose:To provide the general reader with a basic understanding of a significantconce...
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Technology Today Series articles provide useful summary informationon both classic and emerging concepts in petroleum engineering. Purpose:To provide the general reader with a basic understanding of a significantconcept, technique, or development within a specific area of technology. Introduction The three basic types of vertical hydraulic-fracturing-treatment designmodels can be classified as two-dimensional (2D), pseudothree-dimensional(p-3D), and fully three-dimensional pseudothree-dimensional (p-3D), and fullythree-dimensional (3D) models. The 2D models that simulate 2D fracture geometryand one-dimensional (1D) fluid flow include the classic Khristianovic andZheltov/Geertsma and de Klerk (KGD) and Perkins and Kern/Nordgren (PKN) typemodels. The p-3D models approximate 3D fracture geometry and assume 1D flow,whereas the 3D models simulate fully 3D geometry and rigorous 2D fluidflows. The 2D models require fracture height as an input parameter. Thesophisticated 3D models adequately represent parameter. The sophisticated 3Dmodels adequately represent created fracture geometry (fracture height, width,and length), provided that detailed fluid rheology, formation in-situ stress,provided that detailed fluid rheology, formation in-situ stress, and mechanicalproperties at the wellbore and throughout the reservoir are available. Fordaily use by the completion and production engineer, such sophistication maylead to significant production engineer, such sophistication may lead tosignificant cost and complexity in use. Also, quite often the unavailabilityand quality of data do not warrant the sophistication these models ***, a significant majority of fracturetreatment designs are performedwith 2D models. Therefore, the availability of a practical method to predictthe hydraulic fracture height effectively in conjunction with 2D models isimportant. Fracture Height Prediction Procedure Until the late 1970’s, fracture height prediction methods were, at best,qualitat
Wire electric release machine Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is an excessive degree cycle of assembling exciting elements by using sparkle disintegration machining approach to cut tough and conductive mate...
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Wire electric release machine Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is an excessive degree cycle of assembling exciting elements by using sparkle disintegration machining approach to cut tough and conductive materials with the help of a wire electrode. WEDM is widely known for developing segments in diverse designing packages and auto, marine, and space applications. A Taguchi L16 plan of the trial (DOE) is applied to determine the impact of large boundaries on WEDM execution. The results show that the machining time is reduced with the aid of 7.65%, and the surface roughness is lessened with the aid of 5.60%. D2 and D6 steel surfaces have shown a clear micrographs when lower pulse on time and lower current were employed. The Taguchi method is used in the experiments to establish the relationship between response variables. Analysis of variance was applied for taking into account the effect of data credit and their collaborations. Production was increased by keeping a constant level of performance. The examination exhibits that the WEDM cycle may be changed to accomplish better material removal rate, surface finish and width at a time.
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