The treatment of the major systemic fungi encountered in the United States--Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitides, and Coccidioides immitis--depends on an understanding of the natural history of disease. Cl...
The treatment of the major systemic fungi encountered in the United States--Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitides, and Coccidioides immitis--depends on an understanding of the natural history of disease. Clinical manifestations of these infections can range from an asymptomatic disease that requires no therapy to an illness that is incurable and requires long-term suppression with antifungal agents to produce a balanced host-to-parasite relationship. This article discusses the natural history of disease caused by H. capsulatum, B. dermatitides, and C. immitis and various clinical situations that require antifungal chemotherapy.
Equal-channel angular (ECA) pressing is a procedure in which a material is subjected to an increase plastic strain by pressing a sample through a special die. Adiabatic heating was measured during equal-channel angula...
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Equal-channel angular (ECA) pressing is a procedure in which a material is subjected to an increase plastic strain by pressing a sample through a special die. Adiabatic heating was measured during equal-channel angular pressing using samples of pure Al and three Al-based alloys. At a pressing speed of 18 mm s-1, there is an abrupt increase in the temperature on passing through the shearing plane and the magnitude of this temperature increase scales approximately with the ultimate tensile stress of the material. There is no significant adiabatic heating when using a pressing speed of 0.18 mm s-1 although the as-pressed microstructure at this speed is essentially identical to that attained at a pressing speed of 18 mm s-1.
We study the impact of the host on dwarf galaxy properties using four new Milky Way (MW)-like, ultra-high-resolution simulations (N-part > 10(7)) from the NIHAO project. We split our sample into satellite (R 2.5R(...
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We study the impact of the host on dwarf galaxy properties using four new Milky Way (MW)-like, ultra-high-resolution simulations (N-part > 10(7)) from the NIHAO project. We split our sample into satellite (R < R-200), nearby (1 < R/R-200 < 2.5), and field (R > 2.5R(200)) galaxies. Simulated galaxies from all three groups are in excellent agreement with Local Group dwarf galaxies in terms of the stellar mass-velocity dispersion and stellar mass-metallicity relations, star formation histories, and stellar mass functions. Satellites and nearby galaxies show lower velocity dispersions and gas fractions compared to field galaxies. While field galaxies follow global abundance matching relations, satellites and nearby galaxies deviate from them, showing lower dark matter masses for a given stellar mass. The reason for this deficit in dark matter mass is the substantial mass loss experienced by satellites and similar to 80 per cent of the nearby galaxies while orbiting inside R-200 at earlier times. However, both satellites and nearby objects fall back on to the relation for field galaxies if we use the maximum of their virial mass instead of the present-day value. This allows us to provide estimates for the peak masses of observed Local Group galaxies. Finally, using radial velocities, distances, and the velocity dispersion-stellar mass relation from our simulations, we derive a metric to distinguish between galaxies harassed by the central object and unaffected ones. Applying this metric to observed objects, we find that even far-away dwarf galaxies like Eri II (D approximate to 370 kpc) have a strong probability (approximate to 83 per cent) of having been affected by the MW in the past. This naturally explains the lack of gas and recent star formation seen in Eri II.
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