MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short noncoding RNAs that regulate the translation of target messenger RNA (mRNA) and consequently participate in a variety of biological processes at the posttranscriptional level. m...
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short noncoding RNAs that regulate the translation of target messenger RNA (mRNA) and consequently participate in a variety of biological processes at the posttranscriptional level. miR-155, encoded within a region known as the B cell integration cluster (BIC), plays multifunctional roles in shaping lymphocytes ranging from biological development to adaptive immunity. It has been revealed that miR-155 plays a key role in fine-tuning the regulation of lymphocyte subsets, including dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, B cells, and CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. Antigen-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes are critical for host defense against pathogens and prevention of damage resulting from excessive inflammation. Over the past years, various studies have shown that miR-155 plays a critical role in CD4(+) T cells function. Therefore, we summarize multiple target genes of miR-155 that regulate aspects of CD4(+) T cells immunity, particularly CD4(+) T cells differentiation, in this review. In addition, we also focus on the role of miR-155 in the regulation of immunological diseases, suggesting it as a potential disease biomarker and therapeutic target.
A novel system for the hydrode. fluorination (HDF) of non-activated C-F bonds at room-temperature is described. The reaction of i-Bu2AlH with [Ph3C][B(C6F5)(4)] (1), [Ph3C][Al(C6F5)(4)] (2) and [Ph3C][Al{OC(CF3)(3)}(4...
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A novel system for the hydrode. fluorination (HDF) of non-activated C-F bonds at room-temperature is described. The reaction of i-Bu2AlH with [Ph3C][B(C6F5)(4)] (1), [Ph3C][Al(C6F5)(4)] (2) and [Ph3C][Al{OC(CF3)(3)}(4)] (3) as precatalysts leads under formation of triphenylmethane to the aluminium cation [i-Bu2Al](+) and the non-coordinating anions [M(C6F5)(4)](-) (M = B, Al) and [Al{OC(CF3)(3)}(4)] (-). The formed aluminium cation is very reactive towards C-F bonds and easily forms i-Bu2AlF releasing a carbocation that abstracts the hydride of excess i-Bu2AlH and yields the corresponding hydrocarbon. Thereby, the active species [i-Bu2Al](+) is regenerated and can realize a catalytic cycle. For 1-fluorohexane as an example including non-activated C-F bonds different activities were found (TON: 1: 20;2: 12;3: 30) in cyclohexane as solvent. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Many adults in today’s aging cohort are maintaining their teeth into their advanced years. The advantages of fluoridated water, dental insurance, greater awareness of preventive oral healthcare, and more restorative ...
Many adults in today’s aging cohort are maintaining their teeth into their advanced years. The advantages of fluoridated water, dental insurance, greater awareness of preventive oral healthcare, and more restorative dental services, have made this possible. The demand for oral health care services will be greater and more complex than that of previous generations. Evidence of a link between oral health and overall health underscores the need to better integrate dental care into the healthcare system. The aim of this study was to better understand these issues from the perspective of older adults (N = 26) 65 years of age and older and living independently. Semi structured interviews guided by the behavioral constructs of the Reasoned Action Approach Theory were conducted. Results from the qualitative analysis revealed five themes: 1) Difficulties accessing dental care, 2) Stoic independence, 3) Taking care of your mouth as part of overall health, 4) Relationships affecting oral health related quality of life, and 5) Supporting roles. The findings demonstrate a need to increase oral health literacy in the older adult population with attention to reducing modifiable risk factors. Understanding these behaviors and the current level of oral and overall health knowledge from the perspective of older adults, is vital to helping these individuals’ transition into increasing levels of dependency with a high level of oral health related quality of life. Public health program planning can use this information to help older adults prepare for the transitions that come with healthy aging.
The article explores the notion of landscape urbanism in the European–and especially the French–context. It develops the idea that this very recent notion of American origin, which is at the intersection of many the...
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