The beat frequency excitation of an ion-acoustic wave in a collisional, weakly inhomogeneous plasma by two parallel or antiparallel beams of circularly polarized electromagnetic waves propagating in the extraordinary ...
The beat frequency excitation of an ion-acoustic wave in a collisional, weakly inhomogeneous plasma by two parallel or antiparallel beams of circularly polarized electromagnetic waves propagating in the extraordinary mode along a uniform, static magnetic field is investigated.
Southern New England provides key wintering habitat for White-winged Scoters (Melanitta fusca). This area has also pioneered the development of offshore wind energy in North America. The U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Ma...
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Southern New England provides key wintering habitat for White-winged Scoters (Melanitta fusca). This area has also pioneered the development of offshore wind energy in North America. The U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) has established 9 Wind Energy Area (WEA) lease blocks along the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf in areas that may provide important staging and wintering habitat for scoters and other species of sea ducks. Concern over the potential impact of offshore wind energy on sea duck populations has led to efforts to develop models to understand their distribution, habitat use, and site fidelity. We used satellite telemetry to document winter phenology and site fidelity, as well as fine-scale resource selection and habitat use, of 40 White-winged Scoters along the southern New England continental shelf. Scoters spent over half of the annual cycle on the wintering grounds and demonstrated a high degree of interannual site fidelity to composite core-use areas. Sizes of individual 50% core-use home ranges were variable (X = 868 km(2);range: 32-4,220 km(2)) and individual 95% utilization distributions ranged widely (X = 4,388 km(2);range: 272-18,235 km(2)). More than half of all tagged birds occupied 2 or more discrete core-use areas that were up to 400 km apart. Throughout the study area, scoters selected areas with lower salinity, lower sea surface temperature, higher chlorophyll-a concentrations, and higher hard-bottom substrate probability. Resource selection function models classified 18,649 km(2) (23%) of the study area as high probability of use, which included or immediately bordered similar to 420 km(2) of proposed WEA lease blocks. Future offshore wind energy developments in the region should avoid key habitats highlighted by this study and carefully consider the environmental characteristics selected by sea ducks when planning and siting future WEAs.
How to effectively mix small Volumes of liquids within microplate wells is a still underestimated and often neglected challenge. The method the authors introduce here relies on violent turbulent motion within a liquid...
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How to effectively mix small Volumes of liquids within microplate wells is a still underestimated and often neglected challenge. The method the authors introduce here relies on violent turbulent motion within a liquid caused by spotting an organic solvent drop onto its surface. The amount needed, less than I to 3 mu L, is generally small enough not to alter bioactive molecules. Moreover, a solvent may be selected for its compatibility with assay components. The method was tested with layers of aqueous liquids that differ in pH and concentration of a pH-dependent dye, allowing mixing to be monitored optically. Rapid mixing was caused by spotting drops of alcohols, acetone, acetonitrile, and aqueous solutions of these, as long as the difference of surface tension between the drop and the uppermost layer of the bulk liquid surpassed 30 dynes/cm. Along with this difference, position and velocity of spotting, as well as viscosity and geometry of the bulk liquid volume, may influence the turbulence evoked. No significant difference was found for the activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase when measured after mixing by shaking and after mixing by spotting 1 mu L of methanol onto assays within 96-well microplates.
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