The state of the art and science of design of alloys resistant to high-temperature erosion-corrosion in coal conversion environments has been critically reviewed. The state of the science of alloy design for high-temp...
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The state of the art and science of design of alloys resistant to high-temperature erosion-corrosion in coal conversion environments has been critically reviewed. The state of the science of alloy design for high-temperature oxidation resistance is fairly good, although largely qualitative, and can be extended to mixed gases and to deposit-related corrosion with a good expectation of success if the important corrosion reactions are known. The high-temperature gaseous environments of coal gasification processes involve more corrosive conditions or higher temperatures than have been encountered in existing processes, and represent a regime of high-temperature corrosion where little systematic research has been done. Corrosion in fluidized-bed coal combustors appears less of a problem, but is complicated by deposit-related corrosion that may require special attention. Fluctuation of the corrosive nature of the atmosphere (from oxidizing to reducing) as a result of process cycling or as a function of location in the reaction vessels is a potentially serious problem in both coal gasifier and combustor equipment, since this also represents conditions that have been little researched and where, consequently, understanding of alloy behavior is poor.
An integrated model of supply network and production planning is proposed for the collaboration among, refineries manufacturing multiple fuel products at different locations. The simulation and optimization based on t...
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An integrated model of supply network and production planning is proposed for the collaboration among, refineries manufacturing multiple fuel products at different locations. The simulation and optimization based on the model indicate the following. The distribution costs can be reduced by relocating distribution centers as well as by reconfiguring their linkages to various markets. Moreover. the multiple fuel products manufactured need to he segregated during storage and transportation to be able to satisfy the demands of the various markets. The production planning, therefore, should be an integral part of the supply-network planning, and vice versa. Specifically, the proposed integrated model is for the nationwide supply of multiple fuel products manufactured by the individual refineries. The efficacy and usefulness of the integrated model is illustrated with an example involving three refineries and four varieties of fuel products. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The use of the ‘ship as a wave buoy analogy’ (SAWB) provides a novel means to estimate sea states, where relationships are established between causal wave properties and vessel motion response information. This stud...
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