Health decisions should be informed by the “best available” evidence, irrespective of the study design(s) used to establish it, as highlighted in key definitions for evidence-based medicine and healthcare. There is ...
Health decisions should be informed by the “best available” evidence, irrespective of the study design(s) used to establish it, as highlighted in key definitions for evidence-based medicine and healthcare. There is now an (almost) universal acceptance within the broader scientific community that extending our healthcare decision making to evidence beyond RCTs is appropriate under the right circumstances, and gone are the days where the remit of systematic reviews was only to synthesize results from randomized controlled trials. As a result, there are now a multitude of research synthesis approaches and techniques to include the full spectrum of study designs commonly encountered across health research. However, in reviews regarding the effectiveness of interventions, some uncertainties still remain regarding the inclusion of nonrandomized studies of interventions (NRSIs). The advantages of including these studies in terms of informing the benefits and harms of an intervention in the absence of RCT data (particularly for harms and in emerging topics) or as supplementary evidence to increase the directness of evidence to inform decisions has been acknowledged. Now, despite widespread agreement on the principle of including NRSIs in reviews of interventions, we are less clear on the actual practicalities of doing so, with many diverse approaches existing. This is why the recent Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality guidance on inclusion of NRSIs is both timely and important.
It is shown that the application of parabolic chirp to the arm lengths of the waveguide grating router is equivalent to placing a lens with chromatic aberration in the free-space region, By adjusting the focal plane f...
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It is shown that the application of parabolic chirp to the arm lengths of the waveguide grating router is equivalent to placing a lens with chromatic aberration in the free-space region, By adjusting the focal plane for each port, performance equivalent to a nonchirped grating can be achieved in a desired grating order with significant passband suppression in unwanted grating orders.
作者：
Wang, MiaoFeng, ChaoXiamen Univ
Collaborat Innovat Ctr Energy Econ & Energy Polic China Inst Studies Energy Policy Sch Management Xiamen 361005 Fujian Peoples R China Chongqing Univ
Sch Econ & Business Adm Chongqing 400030 Peoples R China
As an energy-intensive industry, the mining, smelting, processing and production of metallic mineral resources consumes a large amount of fossil energy and simultaneously emits high amounts of carbon dioxide. This pap...
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As an energy-intensive industry, the mining, smelting, processing and production of metallic mineral resources consumes a large amount of fossil energy and simultaneously emits high amounts of carbon dioxide. This paper discusses the decoupling relationship between the economy and CO2 emissions of China's metal industry (MI) and then adopts an integrated decomposition approach (which reveals the roles of technology and efficiency) to investigate the drivers of CO2 emissions. The main findings indicate that, during 2000-2016: (1) China's MI experienced four decoupling stages (i.e., weak decoupling, expansive negative decoupling, expansive coupling, and strong decoupling) and was characterized by weak decoupling. Overall, China's MI showed a clear tendency toward strong decoupling. (2) Potential energy intensity change, investment efficiency decline, and production technological progress were three pivotal factors contributing to emission abatement. Industrial structure regulation and energy-saving technology advancement also made a small contribution to emission abatement and the decoupling state. (3) Investment scale expansion was the primary factor promoting emission growth and impeding the progress of decoupling. Meanwhile, the energy structure adjustment during the sampling period failed to inhibit emissions but restricted decoupling. Finally, possible policies for mitigating carbon emissions in China's MI are provided. (c) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The development of efficient and cost-effective grid energy storage devices is crucial for advancing the future of renewable energy. Semi-solid flow batteries, as an emerging energy storage technology, offer significa...
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The development of efficient and cost-effective grid energy storage devices is crucial for advancing the future of renewable energy. Semi-solid flow batteries, as an emerging energy storage technology, offer significantly higher energy density and lower costs compared to traditional liquid flow batteries. However, the complex interplay between rheology and electrochemistry poses challenges for in-depth investigation. With a sketch of historical development of semi-solid flow batteries, this minireview summarizes several key issues, including particle interactions, electron transport, and the sustainability of electrochemical reactions in slurry electrodes. By tracing the technological evolution of semi-solid flow batteries, we provide a forward-looking perspective on their potential applications in future large-scale energy storage systems, highlighting their promising role in addressing the challenges of energy transition.
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