Background: There is growing evidence to suggest unemployment has a role in the development and incidence of cardiovascular disease. This study explores the contribution of breaks in employment to the development of h...
详细信息
Background: There is growing evidence to suggest unemployment has a role in the development and incidence of cardiovascular disease. This study explores the contribution of breaks in employment to the development of hypertension, a key risk factor for coronary heart disease. Methods: We use data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe to estimate the association between gaps in employment of 6 months or more ('Not Working', NW) and the incidence of hypertension in 9,985 individuals aged 50 or over across 13 European countries. Life history information including transitions in and out of employment was used to create a panel dataset where each visit represented one year of life between age 30 and incident hypertension or censoring (whichever came first). Pooled logistic models estimated the odds of hypertension according to the experience of not working, controlling for age at interview, age at each visit, gender, childhood socio-economic position, and country. Results: We consistently found no association between NW and hypertension, irrespective of the metrics used in defining the exposure or model specification. Conclusion: There is the possibility of bias contributing to the null findings. However, given the relatively consistent evidence for an association between unemployment and cardiovascular outcomes in the literature, our results suggest there may be mechanisms - outside of hypertension - that have a comparatively greater contribution to this association.
We examined the discriminative stimulus effects of the high-efficacy dopamine D-1 receptor agonist (+/-)6-chloro-7,8-dihydroxy-3-allyl-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H-3benzazepine hydrobromide (SKF-82958) in rats traine...
详细信息
We examined the discriminative stimulus effects of the high-efficacy dopamine D-1 receptor agonist (+/-)6-chloro-7,8-dihydroxy-3-allyl-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H-3benzazepine hydrobromide (SKF-82958) in rats trained to discriminate SKF-82958 (0.03 mg/kg) from vehicle in a two-lever food-reinforced drug discrimination task. SKF-82958 produced dose-related increases in responding to the SKF-82958 appropriate lever with full substitution occurring at the training dose. Pretreatment with the dopamine D-1/D-5 receptor antagonist (-)-trans-6,7,7a,8,9,13b-hexahydro-3-chloro-2hydroxy-N-methyl-5H-benzo-[d]naphtho-{2,1-b}azepine (SCH-39166) (0.01 mg/kg) attenuated the discriminative stimulus effects of SKF-82958. Pretreatment with the dopamine D-2 receptor antagonist raclopride (0.03 mg/kg) had no effect. The high-efficacy dopamine D-1 receptor agonist R(+)6chloro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrobromide (SKF-81297) fully substituted for SKF-82958, whereas the low-efficacy dopamine D-1 receptor agonist (+/-)1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(1H)-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrochloride (SKF-38393) produced only partial substitution. The dopamine D2 receptor agonist trans-(+/-)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-5-propyl-1 H-propyl-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline dihydrochloride (quinpirole) and the indirect dopamine agonist cocaine did not substitute fully for the SKF-82958 discriminative stimulus cue. These results demonstrate that the high-efficacy dopamine D-1 receptor agonist SKF-82958 can serve as an effective discriminative stimulus in the rat, and that these effects are mediated by a dopamine D-1-like receptor mechanism. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is an important problem in natural language processing (NLP). In this work, we propose a simple yet effective framework kFolden, which mimics the behaviors of OOD detection during t...
详细信息
Research is needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms that influence muscle glycogen reserves in chickens due to their critical influence on muscle function and meat quality. In this study, breast muscle RN...
详细信息
Research is needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms that influence muscle glycogen reserves in chickens due to their critical influence on muscle function and meat quality. In this study, breast muscle RNA sequencing data (RNA-Seq) were used to compare the transcriptomic profile of two original chicken lines divergently selected for breast muscle ultimate pH, which is a proxy for glycogen reserves. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of muscle and jejunum RNA-Seq data was also performed to highlight biological processes specifically involved in the gut-muscle dialogue that may contribute to the divergence in glycogen reserves between the two lines. Breast muscle RNA-Seq analysis of 4-week-old birds from the 15th generation of selection, in which glycogen reserves in the pHu-line were twice as high as that in the pHu+ line, revealed 2676 differentially expressed genes (Padj <= 0.05). Functional analysis of the genes overexpressed in the pHu-line highlighted enrichment in processes related to energy production from a wide range of substrates and pathways, as well as to processes involved in development of blood and lymph tissue. Diverse processes were enriched for genes overexpressed in the pHu+ line: muscle development and remodeling, lipid metabolism, immune response and inflammation, which suggested molecular changes much larger than those for carbohydrate metabolism. WGCNA revealed 64 modules of co-expressed genes. One, which contained 30 % genes expressed in the jejunum and 70 % genes expressed in the muscle, was correlated (P <= 0.05) with muscle glycogen reserves and several indicators of intestinal anatomy and health. Functional analysis of it showed an enrichment of processes related to transmission of nerve information and tissue oxygenation that seem to be involved in the gut-muscle dialogue that mediates establishment of breast muscle glycogen reserves. Finally, the study found that transcriptional regulations observed in musc
PTFE latexes with particles in the submicrometer size range were employed as seeds in the emulsifier-free styrene emulsion polymerization to obtain PTFE-polystyrene (PS) core-shell nanospheres. Stable latexes were gen...
详细信息
PTFE latexes with particles in the submicrometer size range were employed as seeds in the emulsifier-free styrene emulsion polymerization to obtain PTFE-polystyrene (PS) core-shell nanospheres. Stable latexes were generally obtained. Neither residual PTFE nor secondary nucleation was observed, thus leading to PTFE-PS core-shell latexes. By appropriately choosing the ratio between the styrene monomer and the PTFE seed in the reaction mixture, it is possible to obtain spheres with predetermined sizes and narrow size distribution. In all cases, a slightly hemispherical morphology was observed. Peculiar effects related to the high degree of segregation of PTFE cores and their small size, and possibly to the PTFE/PS interface, were observed.
暂无评论