In the milk-ejection reflex during lactation,activation of hypothalamic neurosecretory oxytocin neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei is *** activation appears in synchronized burst firing of oxytocin n...
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In the milk-ejection reflex during lactation,activation of hypothalamic neurosecretory oxytocin neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei is *** activation appears in synchronized burst firing of oxytocin neurons,results in a bolus release of oxytocin into the systemic circulation and leads to the ensuing milk *** achieve this synchronized burst,there need coordinated interactions between multiple brain structures,shared synaptic innervations,intermittently clustered synaptic transmission,and a series of cellular and molecular ***,acutely plastic changes in astrocytic morphology and functions(or astrocytic plasticity)are also highlighted in the occurrence of synchronized burst of oxytocin neurons in *** lactation,suckling stimulation dramatically reduces the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP,an intermediate filament of astrocytic cytoskeleton)in the supraoptic nucleus,which quickly reverses to the pre-suckling levels upon the occurrence of milk ejections,appearing dual morphological *** with this morphological plasticity,astrocytes also present dual change in the expression of many GFAP-associated proteins including glutamine synthetase,aquaporin-4,vesicular glutamate transporters,and many others that have been implicated in metabolism of gliotransmitters and in other astrocytic ***,disabling astrocytic plasticity with gliotoxins blocks the plastic changes in GFAP expressions while blocking suckling-evoked milk *** findings indicate that in the synchronized activation of oxytocin neurons,astrocytes play a critical role likely though actively releasing gliotransmitters,uptaking neurotransmitters,transporting water,and metabolic couplings with oxytocin neurons.
Baicalin is a major bioactive ingredient from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and has various pharmacological actions such as anti-apoptosis and anti-oxidative ***,an involvement of baicalin in the ethanol...
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Baicalin is a major bioactive ingredient from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and has various pharmacological actions such as anti-apoptosis and anti-oxidative ***,an involvement of baicalin in the ethanol-induced cerebral impairment remains ***,here we explored that the neuroprotective effects of baicalin on ethanol-induced impairment in C57BL/6 mice model with Lieber-De Carli liquid diet including *** utilizing Morris water maze test,we found that baicalin attenuated the cognitive dysfunction of mice treated with *** discuss the anti-apoptosis effects of baicalin on ethanol mediated neuronal impairment,histopathological examination such as Nissl staining and Neu N immunohistochemistry,molecular biological analysis such as Western Blot and quantitative PCR were used to evaluate the apoptosis of hippocampal *** analysis of above results showed that baicalin could attenuate apoptosis of hippocampal neurons after ethanol *** explore the anti-oxidative mechanism of baicalin in hippocampal neuronal impairment caused by ethanol,the oxidative stress injury of hippocampal neurons was evaluated by measuring levels of malondialdehyde(MDA),activities of catalase(CAT),Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase(SOD),Mn-SOD,glutathione(GSH)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX).In addition,Western blot analysis showed that baicalin modulated the protein expressions of mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs),including ERK,JNK and ***,these results suggest that baicalin alleviates ethanol-mediated hippocampal neuronal impairment by anti-apoptosis and anti-oxidative,and then improves cognitive function of mice treated byethanol,which is likely to be related to MAPK signal pathway.
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