In the milk-ejection reflex during lactation,activation of hypothalamic neurosecretory oxytocin neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei is *** activation appears in synchronized burst firing of oxytocin n...
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In the milk-ejection reflex during lactation,activation of hypothalamic neurosecretory oxytocin neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei is *** activation appears in synchronized burst firing of oxytocin neurons,results in a bolus release of oxytocin into the systemic circulation and leads to the ensuing milk *** achieve this synchronized burst,there need coordinated interactions between multiple brain structures,shared synaptic innervations,intermittently clustered synaptic transmission,and a series of cellular and molecular ***,acutely plastic changes in astrocytic morphology and functions(or astrocytic plasticity)are also highlighted in the occurrence of synchronized burst of oxytocin neurons in *** lactation,suckling stimulation dramatically reduces the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP,an intermediate filament of astrocytic cytoskeleton)in the supraoptic nucleus,which quickly reverses to the pre-suckling levels upon the occurrence of milk ejections,appearing dual morphological *** with this morphological plasticity,astrocytes also present dual change in the expression of many GFAP-associated proteins including glutamine synthetase,aquaporin-4,vesicular glutamate transporters,and many others that have been implicated in metabolism of gliotransmitters and in other astrocytic ***,disabling astrocytic plasticity with gliotoxins blocks the plastic changes in GFAP expressions while blocking suckling-evoked milk *** findings indicate that in the synchronized activation of oxytocin neurons,astrocytes play a critical role likely though actively releasing gliotransmitters,uptaking neurotransmitters,transporting water,and metabolic couplings with oxytocin neurons.
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