原发性肠淋巴瘤(primary intestinal lymphoma, PIL)是一种罕见且复杂的非霍奇金淋巴瘤,其发病率低,病理类型复杂,诊断困难,治疗方案尚未完善。近年来,现代影像技术显著提高了疾病的早期检出率和分期准确性,内镜检查结合实时活检技术增强了病理诊断的精确性,免疫组化和分子诊断手段的综合应用进一步提升了对亚型的鉴别能力,尽管化疗和放疗仍为标准治疗手段,但新型疗法如免疫治疗和靶向药物正在改写治疗格局。本文旨在深入探讨PIL的流行病学、病因学、临床特征、诊断标准、最佳治疗方案以及预后因素,以期为PIL患者的临床诊疗提供借鉴与参考。Primary intestinal lymphoma (PIL) is a rare and complex subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by low incidence, diverse histopathology, diagnostic challenges, and lacking of standardized treatment protocols. Recent advancements in imaging, endoscopic techniques, and molecular diagnostics have significantly improved early detection and subtyping of PIL. Modern imaging modalities, such as CT and MRI, enhance disease identification and staging, while endoscopic techniques combined with real-time biopsy facilitate accurate pathological diagnosis. The integration of immunohistochemistry and molecular diagnostics further refines subtyping and provides valuable prognostic information. While chemotherapy and radiotherapy remain the main treatment for PIL, novel therapies, including immunotherapy and targeted agents, are increasingly contributing to improved outcomes. These advancements, alongside diagnostic innovations significantly alter the treatment landscape for patients with PIL. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of PIL, encompassing its epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, optimal treatment strategies, and prognostic factors. By synthesizing current knowledge, this review seeks to offer valuable insights into the clinical management of patients with PIL, ultimately contributing to improving their diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.
随着对人体微量元素研究的逐步进展,各种元素对人体的影响逐渐被揭示,其中铁元素作为较为常见的微量元素之一,其对人体各个器官功能的影响受到了越来越多的重视。当人体铁状态失衡时,可能导致铁缺乏或铁超载,此时除了常见的对血液系统的影响外,其对心功能、肝功能、认知功能等全身多器官功能都产生了影响。文章就铁对人体全身多器官功能的影响为主题,总结当前的研究进展,为相应的诊断治疗提供依据。With the gradual progress of research on human trace elements, the influence of various elements on the human body has been gradually revealed, among which iron, as one of the more common trace elements, has received more and more attention on its influence on the function of various organs of the human body. When the iron state of the human body is unbalanced, it may lead to iron deficiency or iron overload. It has an impact on the multi-organ functions of the whole body, such as heart function, liver function, and cognitive function. This paper summarizes the current research progress on the impact of iron on the multi-organ functions of the whole body and provides a basis for the corresponding diagnosis and treatment.
非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)是一种与代谢相关的常见肝脏疾病,患病率逐年上升。其发生与肠道菌群失衡密切相关,肠–肝轴紊乱、肠屏障受损、内毒素血症等机制在其病理中起关键作用。近年来,调节肠道菌群成为治疗NAFLD的热点,尤其是利福昔明作为一种口服不可吸收抗生素,能够改善肠道微生态,减少内毒素和炎症因子,展现出治疗潜力。尽管短期应用已有积极效果,长期使用的安全性和对益生菌的影响仍需进一步研究。未来的研究应探索优化利福昔明的治疗策略,为NAFLD提供更有效的治疗方案。Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disorder associated with metabolic abnormalities, and its prevalence is increasing annually. Its development is closely related to gut microbiota imbalance, with mechanisms such as disruption of the gut-liver axis, damage to the intestinal barrier, and endotoxemia playing key roles in its pathogenesis. In recent years, modulation of the gut microbiota has become a hot topic in the treatment of NAFLD. Rifaximin, an orally administered non-absorbable antibiotic, has shown potential in improving gut microbiota, reducing endotoxins, and decreasing inflammatory factors. While short-term use has shown positive effects, the safety of long-term use and its impact on beneficial bacteria still require further investigation. Future research should focus on optimizing rifaximin treatment strategies to provide more effective therapeutic options for NAFLD.
食管癌是全球范围内常见的恶性肿瘤之一,包括鳞状细胞癌和腺癌,其特点是预后差。随着诊疗技术的发展,食管癌患者生存率略有提高,多原发恶性肿瘤也越来越普遍。放射治疗是食管癌治疗基石,也是多原发恶性肿瘤的病因之一。本研究旨在综述目前食管癌多原发恶性肿瘤的临床特征及放疗相关多原发恶性肿瘤的研究现状。Esophageal cancer is among the most common malignant tumors globally, encompassing both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, and is characterized by a poor prognosis. With advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, the survival rate of patients with esophageal cancer has seen a slight improvement;concurrently, the incidence of multiple primary malignancies is becoming increasingly prevalent. Radiation therapy serves as the cornerstone of esophageal cancer treatment and is also a contributing factor to the emergence of multiple primary malignancies. This study aims to review the current clinical characteristics of multiple primary malignancies associated with esophageal cancer, as well as the existing research on the relationship between radiotherapy and these tumors.
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