前列腺癌占男性恶性肿瘤的第2位,在发达国家,前列腺癌占全部恶性肿瘤的19%,在发展中国家为5.3%。前列腺穿刺活检是发现和确诊前列腺癌的重要手段,但穿刺标本中经常会遇到少量不典型腺泡,疑似癌却又不能确定为癌,这便是前列腺不典型小腺泡增生(atypical small acinar proliferation,ASAP)。现将ASAP形态特征、诊断标准、发病率、临床意义以及对发现前列腺癌的预测价值等作一综述。[第一段]
Objective To establish an artificial somatic-autonomic reflex arc in rats and observe the following distributive changes of neural fibers in the bladder. Methods Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into th...
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Objective To establish an artificial somatic-autonomic reflex arc in rats and observe the following distributive changes of neural fibers in the bladder. Methods Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups： control group, spinal cord injury （SCI） group, and reinnervation group. DiI retrograde tracing was used to verify establishment of the model and to investigate the transport function of the regenerated efferent axons in the new reflex arc. Choline acetyltransferase （CHAT） in the DiI-labeled neurons was detected by immunohistochemistry. Distribution of neural fibers in the bladder was observed by acetylcholine esterase staining. Results DR-labeled neurons distributed mainly in the left ventral horn from L3 to L5, and some of them were also CHAT-positive. The neural fibers in the bladder detrusor reduced remarkably in the SCI group compared with the control （P 〈 0.05）. After establishment of the somatic-autonomic reflex arc in the reinnervation group, the number of ipsilateral fibers in the bladder increased markedly compared with the SCI group （P 〈 0.05）, though still much less than that in the control （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion The efferent branches of the somatic nerves may grow and replace the parasympathetic preganglionic axons through axonal regeneration. Acetylcholine is still the major neurotransmitter of the new reflex arc. The controllability of detrusor may be promoted when it is reinnervated by the pelvic ganglia efferent somatic motor fibers from the postganglionic axons.
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