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Efficient extraction of valuable metals from spent LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode materials using sodium bisulfate: Parameter optimization and kinetic study

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Sustainable Materials and Technologies 2025年 44卷

作者： Zhang, Pengyang Rohani, Sohrab Teng, Liumei He, Minyu Jin, Xi Liu, Qingcai Ren, Shan Liu, Weizao College of Materials Science and Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing400044 China Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Western University LondonON Canada School of Materials Science and Engineering Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences 402160 China State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering School of Energy and Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an710049 China

Spent lithium-ion batteries pose significant environmental hazards but also possess high recycling value. In this study, a process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode materials (NCM523) was proposed by using NaHSO4 as the sulfation agent. The thermal decomposition of NaHSO4 and its sulfation roasting process with spent NCM523 were investigated. The findings revealed that NaHSO4 started decomposing at approximately 200 °C, releasing Na2S2O7. And significant SO2 gas was emitted after 400 °C, efficiently reducing and sulfating the valuable metals in NCM523. The sulfation roasting parameters were optimized by examining the influences of roasting temperature and the mass ratio of NaHSO4 to waste cathode materials on the leaching efficiencies of valuable metals. Experimental results indicated that Li was present as Li2SO4 and NaLiSO4 forms after roasting, while other valuable metals existed in complex forms, mainly as bimetallic composite sulfates. The study found that under optimal conditions, with a NaHSO4 to waste cathode material mass ratio of 5:1. and roasting at 600 °C for 1.0 min resulted in the highest leaching efficiencies for valuable metals, with Li at 98.4 %, Co at 97.1.%, Ni at 96.1.%, and Mn at 96 %. Additionally, the non-isothermal kinetic of the roasting process was studied, determining the apparent activation energy of each stage and identifying the controlling steps through the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), and Starink methods. The mechanisms were elucidated using the Satava-Sestak and Coats-Redfern equations, which identified the fourth stage as the controlling step with an average activation energy of 21..4 kJ/mol, indicating a three-dimensional diffusion model. The results highlighted that utilizing NaHSO4 roasting for recycling waste cathode materials led to high leaching efficiencies of Li, Co, Ni, and Mn metals at lower temperatures. This aligned well with the principles of efficient

关键词： Lithium-ion batteries

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Preparation, improvement, and application of metal–organic framework-based sensing materials for gas leakage and emission: A review

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Nano Materials Science 2025年

作者： Liu, Manyi Wang, Liang Ren, Shan Bai, Bofeng Chai, Shouning He, Chi Zheng, Chunli Yin, Xitao Li, Fengguang College of Materials Science and Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing400044 China State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering School of Energy and Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an710049 China School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Ludong University Yantai264000 China School of Materials Science and Engineering Hubei University of Automotive Technology Shiyan442002 China

Industrial gas leaks and flue gas emissions pose significant threats to the safety of industrial operations and the atmospheric ecological environment. Traditional gas sensing materials often struggle to meet the challenges posed by complex industrial environments. Recently, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based gas sensing materials have garnered significant attention in industrial gas detection due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, and tunable properties. The exponential increase in related publications highlights the growing research interest in this field. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the advantages of various types of metal-organic frameworks and their derivatives for detecting industrial gas leaks and flue gas emissions, alongside an introduction of representative MOF synthesis methods. Furthermore, the primary sensing mechanisms of MOF-based gas sensing materials and strategies for enhancing the sensing performance are summarized. The current state of MOF-based gas sensing materials in industrial gas detection is also discussed. Finally, the potential limitations, existing challenges, and future directions of MOF-based industrial gas sensing materials are systematically analyzed, with suggestions for addressing these challenges to advance industrial gas detection technologies. © 2025 Chongqing University

关键词： Application Improvement Industrial gas detection MOF-Based sensing materials Preparation

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Effect of surface roughness on corrosion behaviour of stainless steel in supercritical CO 2

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Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2025年 36卷 4946-4954页

作者： Liyong Cao Wenyan Zhang Chongjun Jiang Hui Wang Hong An Chao Ye Jiyun Ren Xiaole Huang Lei Deng China University of Xihua Chengdu 610039 China State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering School of Energy and Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China China University of Petroleum-Beijing Beijing 102249 China PipeChina Gansu Branch Lanzhou 730070 China Zhengzhou Yutong Group Co. Ltd. Zhengzhou 450000 China

To study the effect of surface roughness on the corrosion behavior of austenitic steels in supercritical CO 2 , the corrosion experiments were conducted on 304 and 31.S stainless steels at 550 °C and 1. MPa. The corroded samples were characterized using XRD and SEM-EDS. The results demonstrate that surface roughness significantly affects the morphology and structure of the oxide films formed on 31.S stainless steel. Samples prepared with varying surface roughness (grounded using from 200# to 1.00# metallographic abrasive papers) showed that rougher surfaces tend to develop denser oxide layers, whereas smoother surfaces exhibit relatively loose and porous oxide films. Despite these differences in oxide structure, the overall corrosion weight gain remained largely unaffected, indicating minimal oxide shedding from 31.S steel. The oxidation product is mainly Cr 2 O 3 . For 304 stainless steel, surface roughness was found to influence the composition of surface oxides. Both 200# and 1.00# samples formed loose, porous oxide films prone to spallation, with the primary constituents being Fe 3 O 4 , (Fe, Cr) 3 O 4 and Fe 2 O 3 . Because the content of (Fe, Cr) 3 O 4 and Fe 3 O 4 of the former is higher, more voids appear in the oxide film, leading to spallation within the first 1.0 h of exposure. The rougher surface showed a more pronounced loss of oxide. But for the 600# sample, the main component is Fe 2 O 3 . Carburization was observed to intensify with increasing surface roughness in both materials. Notably, the 200# sample of 31.S stainless steel exhibited more severe carburization compared to the 1.00# sample of 304 stainless steel.

关键词： Supercritical CO 2 Corrosion Austenitic stainless steels Surface roughness Oxidation

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Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis of Containment Aerosol Removal Under Severe Accident

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SSRN 2025年

作者： Ou, Pingwen Chen, Yongzheng Chen, Peng Ouyang, Yong Guo, Chao Su, Guanghui China Nuclear Power Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd. Shenzhen518000 China State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Power Safety Technology and Equipment China Nuclear Power Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd. Shenzhen518000 China School of Nuclear Science and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi Xi’an710049 China State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering China

This study focuses on the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of containment aerosol removal under severe accident conditions using the severe accident integral code ASTEC, validated by experiments carried by CNPRI, and the coupled uncertainty and sensitivity tool SUNSET. A "separated" methodology is introduced, which distinguishes between thermal-hydraulic and aerosol boundary conditions to highlight the impact of containment aerosol mechanisms. Eleven uncertainty input parameters related are selected for uncertainty propagation and the Spearman correlation coefficient is utilized to describe sensitivity. The removal factor exhibits significant variation, with peaks due to temporary enhancement of diffusiophoresis deposition caused by corium relocation and subsequent steam generation. Uncertainty in the removal factor is substantial before aerosol release termination and narrows afterward. The gravitational settling and the diffusiophoresis deposition are the most important contributors with approximately 70% and 20% deposited aerosol mass, respectively. The initial mass medium diameter, the gravitational shape factor and the agglomeration shape factor are the most influential input parameters in aerosol removal, including in-containment deposition and environmental release, and they should be considered discreetly with conservatism in source term estimation and radioactive consequence evaluation in nuclear engineering. © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Sensitivity analysis

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Thermodynamics analyses on a novel CHP system integrated with multi-grade thermal energy storage

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Journal of Energy Storage 2025年 106卷

作者： Liu, Rongtang Zhang, Kezhen Qin, Yuanzhi Wan, Kaidi Xu, Can Liu, Ming Ningbo Institute of Technology Beihang University Ningbo315800 China Xi'an Thermal Power Research Institute Co. Ltd. Xi'an710054 China State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an710049 China Dongfang Boiler Co. Ltd. of Dongfang Electric Group Chengdu611731 China

The high penetration level of intermittent renewable power necessitates the crucial requirement for combined heat and power systems to possess both high efficiency and flexibility. However, the heat-controlled operation modes of traditional combined heat and power systems impose limitations on their efficiency and flexibility. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a heat-power decoupling technology that exhibits exceptional efficiency and flexibility. A novel combined heat and power system integrated with multi-grade thermal energy storage is proposed in this study. Thermodynamic analysis models of all operational conditions are developed, and the comprehensive characteristics of efficiency and operational flexibility for the proposed system are assessed by taking a 330 MW system as an example. Results show that the proposed system can decrease/increase 1..05 MW/30.96 MW power loads comparing with the reference system during the charging/discharging periods under the design condition. Energy efficiency of the proposed system can reach 49.40 %, which is improved by 1.66 percentage points. Exergy analysis reveals the exergy destruction order for the proposed system, and shows that the combustion and heat transfer in the boiler are the major process of exergy dissipation. Moreover, operation strategies of the proposed system during charging-discharging cycle are explored and formulated under off-design condition, suggesting that thermodynamic performances of the novel system under various conditions even extreme conditions exhibits exceptional properties. The maximum heat load of the proposed system can be improved by 46.78 % comparing with the reference system, and the maximum improvement of power load capacity during charging-discharging cycle is 1..58 percentage points. This study provides a promising approach for multi-grade thermal energy storage to improve the comprehensive characteristics of combined heat and power systems. © 2024

关键词： Charge storage

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Numerical Investigation of the Thermal Response to Skin Tissue during Laser Lipolysis

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Journal of Thermal Science 2018年第5期27卷 470-478页

作者： CHEN Bin ZHANG Yue LI Dong State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University

Laser lipolysis can effectively treat obesity and its associated diseases, such as hypertension, fatty liver, and hyperlipidemia. However, currently available invasive laser lipolysis, which transmits laser to a fiber-optic catheter inserted into the subcutaneous tissue for irradiation through an incision, may cause hematomas, infections, and empyrosis. The current study presents a novel, noninvasive approach for laser lipolysis, which directly irradiates the intact skin surface without an incision and preferentially targets adipose tissue at the near-infrared band. High laser energy is necessary to damage adipocytes; however, this may carbonate and burn the dermis. Therefore, the introduction of skin cooling is essential to avoid unwanted hyperthermal injury and improve the threshold of radiant exposure. In the current study, we investigated a novel noninvasive approach assisted with skin cooling by establishing a homogeneous multi-layer skin model. In this method, light propagation in the skin was simulated by using the Monte Carlo method. Skin cooling was employed before laser irradiation to protect the epidermis from thermal damage, which was treated as a boundary condition based on Newton's law. The numerical results showed that the photons were deposited in the adipose layer more than in the other layers. Laser can effectively destroy adipose tissue at an energy density of >200 J/cm^2 at 1.1. nm wavelength, whereas at least 300 J/cm^2 is required at 1.64 nm to achieve the same effect. In this experiment, at >5 s pulse width, the selectivity of adipose was not obvious. Moreover, the results indicated that 60 ms R1.4a or R404a spray can effectively reduce the temperature of the epidermis. R404a exhibited a stronger cooling effect than R1.4a. Cold air cooling at -1. °C for 1. s could effectively decrease the skin temperature, and deeper cooling could be achieved by cold air cooling compared with cryogen spray cooling.

关键词： laser lipolysis Nd:YAG laser multi-layer skin model skin cooling

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Simulation study of channel structural design for direct internal reforming methane solid oxide fuel cell

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Applied Thermal engineering 2025年 274卷

作者： Wu, Wenzhao Bi, Xiaobing Lv, Xuecheng Li, Yang Zhou, Zhifu Wu, Wei-Tao Wei, Lei Lyu, Jizu Li, Yubai Song, Yongchen Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education Dalian University of Technology Dalian116024 China State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an710049 China School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing210094 China Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen518055 China School of Mechanical Engineering Guangdong Ocean University Zhanjiang524088 China

Reasonable designs on channels could effectively improve cell performance. This study established a 3D model of planar solid oxide fuel cell directly fueled by methane to investigate the impacts of three independently designed channel structures. This includes modifications to the channel cross-sectional shape (trapezoid and bow), inserting petal-shaped obstacles (single-layer and double-layer), and the study of deflector sheets embedded into the anode channel to address the highly endothermic nature of the methane steam reforming reaction. The research results indicated that, whether trapezoidal or bowed cross-sections are used, the current density achieves the largest growth rate at L_a = 1.5W_CH (1..06 % for bow and 1..53 % for trapezoid). Additionally, double-layer obstacles provide a greater enhancement of current density than single-layer obstacles (1. % for single-layer, 1. % for double-layer) and result in smaller and more uniform fuel flow velocity distribution in the channel. Embedding two or three deflector sheets into the anode channel significantly reduces the maximum temperature difference (by 7 K for two sheets;by 1. K for three sheets, representing a nearly 48 % reduction) and notably improves the temperature distribution uniformity. The study provides a novel perspective on channels alteration which could contribute to the advancement of researches on high-efficiency SOFCs. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Deflection (structures)

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Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Water in Inclined Downward Tube of a Supercritical Pressure CFB Boiler

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Journal of Thermal Science 2015年第5期24卷 478-487页

作者： WANG Siyang YANG Dong XIE Beibei WANG Long WANG Yongjie State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University

In this study, experiments have been performed for an investigation on heat transfer of water in an inclined downward tube with an inner diameter of 20 mm and an inclined angle of 45° from the horizon, with the range of pressure from 1..5 to 28 MPa, mass flux from 450 to 1.50 kg/(m2 s), and heat flux from 50 to 585 k W/m2. Based on the experimental data, the temperature distribution in the tube wall was derived. The heat transfer characteristics of inclined downward flow were compared with that of vertical downward flow. The effects of heat flux on wall temperature were analyzed and the corresponding empirical correlations were presented. The results show that heat transfer characteristics of water in the inclined downward tube are not uniform along the circumference from the top surface to the bottom surface. An increase in heat flux exacerbates the non-uniformity. At subcritical pressures, both dry-out and departure from nucleate boiling(DNB) occur at the top surface of the inclined downward tube; inversely, only dry-out takes place on the bottom surface of the inclined downward tube and in the vertical downward tube. At near-critical pressures, DNB and dry-out occur in the comparing tubes with greater possibility. At supercritical pressures, heat transfer gets enhanced in the pseudo-critical enthalpy region; in the high enthalpy region, the top surface temperature of the inclined downward tube decreases obviously.

关键词： inclined downward tube wall temperature circumferential non-uniformity heat transfer deterioration

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Numerical Analysis of flow Instability in the Water Wall of a Supercritical CFB Boiler with Annular Furnace

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Journal of Thermal Science 2016年第4期25卷 372-379页

作者： XIE Beibei YANG Dong XIE Haiyan NIE Xin LIU Wanyu State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University

In order to expand the study on flow instability of supercritical circulating fluidized bed(CFB) boiler,a new numerical computational model considering the heat storage of the tube wall metal was presented in this *** lumped parameter method was proposed for wall temperature calculation and the single channel model was adopted for the analysis of flow *** on the time-domain method,a new numerical computational program suitable for the analysis of flow instability in the water wall of supercritical CFB boiler with annular furnace was *** verify the code,calculation results were respectively compared with data of commercial *** to the comparisons,the new code was proved to be reasonable and accurate for practical engineering application in analysis of flow *** on the new program,the flow instability of supercritical CFB boiler with annular furnace was simulated by time-domain *** 1.2 times heat load disturbance was applied on the loop,results showed that the inlet flow rate,outlet flow rate and wall temperature fluctuated with time eventually remained at constant values,suggesting that the hydrodynamic flow was *** results also showed that in the case of considering the heat storage,the flow in the water wall is easier to return to stable state than without considering heat storage.

关键词： supercritical CFB with annular furnace heat storage flow instability wall temperature numerical analysis

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Critical anomaly and finite size scaling of the self-diffusion coefficient for Lennard Jones fluids by non-equilibrium molecular dynamic simulation

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Chinese Physics B 2011年第10期20卷 362-367页

作者： Ahmed Asad 吴江涛 State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University

We use non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to calculate the self-diffusion coefficient, D, of a Lennard Jones fluid over a wide density and temperature range. The change in self-diffusion coefficient with temperature decreases by increasing density. For density ρ＊ = ρσ3 = 0.84 we observe a peak at the value of the self-diffusion coefficient and the critical temperature T＊ = kT/ε = 1.25. The value of the self-diffusion coefficient strongly depends on system size. The data of the self-diffusion coefficient are fitted to a simple analytic relation based on hydrodynamic arguments. This correction scales as N-α, where α is an adjustable parameter and N is the number of particles. It is observed that the values of a 〈 1.provide quite a good correction to the simulation data. The system size dependence is very strong for lower densities, but it is not as strong for higher densities. The self-diffusion coefficient calculated with non-equilibrium molecular dynamic simulations at different temperatures and densities is in good agreement with other calculations fronl the literature.

关键词： self-diffusion coefficient non-equilibrium molecular dynamic simulation Lennard Jonesfluid critical dynamics

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