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engineering the environmentally sound warship for the twenty-first century

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 189-217页

作者： Markle, SP Gill, SE McGraw, PS Udr. Stephen P. Markle USN is a career Engineering Duty officer assigned to Naval Sea Systems Command Arlington Virginia where he is Deputy Directs Environmental Programs Division (SEA 03L1 B). He is responsible fm program management activities associated with all ahat environmental protection equipment design and selection of environmental protection equipment and systems fm future surface ship designs (DD 21 CVN 7Z CW LPD 17) and serves on several teams designed to promote Nay wide awarmss of environmental protection requirements and Nay programs to meet these challenges. He is a 1993 graduate of the Naval Construction and Engineering Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he received a naval engineers degree and master of science in mechanical engineering. His interest in environmental issues predates his undergraduate studies at Syracuse Universityl State University of New Ymk College of Environmental Science and Fmestry where he received a bachelm of science degree in fmest engineering from the School of Environmental and Resource Engineering. LCdx Markle has qualified as a Surface Warfare Officer and in submarines through the Engineering Duty Dolphin Program he is a member of the Acquisition Professional Community and a graduate of the Defense Systems Management College Advanced Program Managers Course. He is a professional engineer registered in the State of New York and is a member ofthe American Society of Naval Engineers National Society of Professional Engineers American Society for Testing and Materials Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and Society of Automotive Engineers. Peter 5. McGraw is current the Acting Branch Head ofthe Solid Waste Management Branch (Code 634) of the Environmental Quality Dwrtment of the Naval Surfice Warfare Centel: Carderock Division. As such he is responsible for among other things: the Shipboard Advanced Incinerator RDT&E Program the Submarine Plastic Waste RDT&E Program Solid Waste Processing Equipment Design Acquisitio

The past twenty-five years has been marked by the introduction ed marine environmental regulations that have had a profound effect on how ships are designed, built and operated. Ships being designed and built today must accommodate not only current regulations but anticipate those enacted over their thirty to fifty year life cycles. U.S. Chief of Naval Operations, Office of environmental, Safety and Health (CNO N45) has articulated a vision for the environmentally Sound Warship of the Twenty-first Century. This vision incorporates the "Sense of Congress" for a naval ship designed to operate in full compliance with environmental regulations worldwide. The task of the Navy engineering team is to translate this vision into reality;a ship capable of prevailing in time of war and able to conduct operations in all areas of the globe, unencumbered by special procedures for environmental compliance. The keys to this warship design are the early integration of environmentally sound principles, materials, and processes into the ship acquisition process;minimization of both hazardous materials and generation of post shipboard consumer waste during operation;adaptation of integrated systems to reduce the volume of wastes and enhance processing efficiency;reduced manpower requirements;and crew indoctrination in environmental protection.

关键词： Ships environmental regulations engineering ARTICULATED Navy environmental security

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Uniform National Discharge Standards - Overview and implications for future naval engineering

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 219-235页

作者： Kopack, D Smith, G Kim, D Erne, DL David F. Kopack:is a Program Manager in the Naval Sea Systems Command Office of Environmenta1 Protection Occupational Safety and Health SEA 00T. Mr. Kopack received his bachelor and master of science degrees in the physical sciences and management from the University of Maryland. Mr. Kopack has 20 years of experience in ship design and engineering industrial facility operations and program management. Gordon D. Smith:is a Chemical Engineer with the Carderock Division Naval Surface Warfare Center in Bethesda Maryland and is working in the Naval Sea Systems Command Environmental and Auxiliary Systems Group. SEA 03L. Mr. Smith received his bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from The Ohio State University. He has over 13 years of ronmental issues. In addition to supporting the development of Uniform National Discharge Standards he has been involved in research design testing and development of pollution abatement technologies suitable for use aboard Navy Ships. Don K. Kim:is a Senior Mechanical Engineer with the naval architecture and marine engineering firm of M. Rosenblatt & Son Inc. in Arlington Virginia. Mr. Kim received his bachelor of science and master of engineering degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of Virginia. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the Commonwealth of Virgina. Mr. Kim has ten years of experience in the design installation maintenance and repair of shipboard mechanical systems equipment and components with specific expertise in compressor pump and fan design and operation. He is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineer. David L. Erne:is an Associate with Booz Allen and Hamilton Inc. in Arlington Virginia. Mr. Erne received his bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from the University of Idaho. He has over twelve years of experience in environmental program management and consulting. In addition to his support for the Uniform National Discharge Standards prog

In the Fiscal Year 1996 National Defense Authorization Act, Congress amended the Clean Water Act to provide the Department of Defense and the environmental Protection Agency authority to jointly establish standards for incidental discharges from Armed Forces' vessels. The uniform national standards would apply to discharges from vessels of the Navy, Military Sealift Command, Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard to the navigable waters and contiguous zone of the U.S. and its territories. Uniform National Discharge Standards (UNDS) will require control of discharges, by either a technology or management practice. UNDS will facilitate the Armed Forces' ability to better design and build future vessels to be environmentally sound and to maintain the operational flexibility of Armed Forces' vessels both domestically and internationally. The development of standards for Armed Forces' vessel discharges may have greater impact on naval engineering requirements for future vessels than any other single environmental issue, These standards are expected to stimulate the development of innovative vessel pollution control technologies, which on be used for both Armed Forces' vessels and commercial shipping vessels. This paper provides an overview of UNDS development, summarizes the results of UNDS Phase I, provides a summary overview of the preliminary approach for accomplishing UNDS Phase Il, and discusses implications for future naval engineering efforts.

关键词： Replenishment at sea homeland defense shipbuilding Military Personnel Uniform home range Treated water Naval engineering Uniforms Implication Clean Water Act Coastguards

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Abstracts of presentations on selected topics at the XIVTH International Plant Protection Congress (IPPC) - July 25-30, 1999 - International Convention Center, Jerusalem, Israel

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PHYTOPARASITICA 1999年第4期27卷 299-332页

作者： [Anonymous] Norwich UK State Institute for Quality Control of Agricultural Products (RIKILT-DLO) AE Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida Gainesville USA Ecology and Biocontrol Group National Environment Research Council-(NERC) Inst. of Virology and Environmental Microbiology Oxford UK Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas — Centro de Ciencas Medioamhiental.es Madrid Spain Friedrich Miescher Institute Basel Switzerland Dept. of Field Crops Faculty of Agricultural Food and Environmental Quality The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel Leeds Institute for Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture The University of Leeds Leeds UK Plant Genetic Systems Gent Belgium Jealott’s Hill Research Centre Zeneca Agrochemicals Bracknell UK Plant Quarantine Policy Branch Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) Canberra Australia International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP) Parc Scientifique Agropolis II France Dept. of Virology ARO The Volcani Center Bet Dagan Israel Beratungsgruppe Entwicklungsorientierte Agrarforschung (BEAF) Bonn Germany Dept. of Crop Protection Extension Service Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Tel Aviv Israel National Food Safety & Toxicology Center Michigan State University East Lansing Center for Minor Crop Pest Management Rutgers University New Brunswick USA ARS/USDA Beltsville USA Dept. of Entomology and Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Genetics University of California Riverside USA Dept. of Virology Wageningen Agricultural University ES Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. of Entomology ARO The Volcani Center Bet Dagan Israel Dept. of Theoretical Production Ecology Wageningen Agricultural University ES Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. of Entomology University of California Davis USA Dept. of Plant Sciences Tel-Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel Inst. of Plant Biochemistry Consejo

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CVN 68 class solid waste flow analysis

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1998年第6期110卷 73-87页

作者： Markle, SP Gill, SE LCdr. Stephen P. Markely USN:is a career Engineering Duty Oficer assigned to Naval Sea Systems Command Arlington VA where he is Deputy Directol Environmental Protection Systems Division (SEA 03 LIB). He is responsible for Program Management activities associated with all afloat environmental protection equipment and serves on several teams designed to promote Navy wide awareraess of environmental protection requirements and Navy programs to meet these challenges. He is a 1993 graduate of the Naval Construction and Engineering Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Zchmlogy where he received a Naval Engineering Degree and Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering. His interest in environmental issues predates his undergraduate studies at Syracuse UniversitylState University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestw where he received a Bachelm of Science degree in Forrest Engineering from the School of Environmental and Resource Engineeriw. LCdr Markle has qualified as a Surface Warfare Oficer and in submarines through Engineering Duty Dolphin Program. He is a Professional Engineer registered in the State of New York and is a member ofASNE NSPE ASTM SNAME and SAE. Sean G. Gill:is a Senior Engineer with GEO-CENTERS incorporated in Pittsburgh PA where he provides technical and administrative support to the Naval Sea Systems Command (SEA 03L1) and the Carderock Division of the Naval Surfme Waflare Center (Code a) principal& on the shipboard and submarine solid waste management programs. Prior to joining GEO-CENTERS incorporated in 1996 he worked for eleven years at the Carderock Division of the Naval Surfme Warfare Center as a project engineer and a Branch Head. In the former capacity Mr Gill participated in various blackwatel gray watel and oily wastewater treatment projects oversaw the development of the Navy Pulper and was Center's technical team leader for the NAVSEA Solid Waste management program. In 1994 he was assigned to be Branch Head of Code 634 the Solid Waste Management

Through a detailed Research and Development program, the U.S. Navy has developed a suite of shipboard solid waste management equipment enabling compliance with federal and international law. Four major equipment types have been developed to outfit twenty-seven classes of naval surface ships. The major equipment types are: Plastic Waste Processor (PWP), Metal/Glass Shredder (MGS), Large Pulper (LP), and Small Pulper (SP). The Navy is aggressively procuring and installing this equipment aboard all ships of FFG 7 Class and larger. A deadline of December 31, 2000 has been set for completion. engineering analysis and held waste generation studies were conducted to select the specific equipment suite and develop alteration documentation for each ship class. Specific factors in this process were: solid waste generation rates, equipment reliability analysis, ship arrangement considerations, daily equipment operation Limits, and shipboard quality of life issues. A solid waste management study was conducted in the fall of 1997 to validate Navy equipment and ship design parameters onboard the USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74). Generation rates for shipboard solid waste were determined for plastic, metal and glass, food, paper, cardboard, fabric and wood. engineering analysis of data allowed a decrease in CVN 68 Class design waste generation rates. engineering analysis enabled a reduction in the number of PWPs and MGSs required, and fewer spaces for efficient operation. Ship arrangement studies were conducted to optimize efficiency and equipment mix of Solid Waste Processing Rooms (SWPRs) relative to waste generation sites. This paper briefly articulates the process followed by the Navy in responding to regulations governing solid waste management in the marine environment. Evidence validating the engineering procedures followed is presented.

关键词： Ship equipment

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Abstracts of presentations on plant protection issues at The Xth International Congress of Virology - August 11-16, 1996 - Binyanei haOoma, Jerusalem, Israel - Part 3 (final part)

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PHYTOPARASITICA 1998年第1期26卷 67-90页

作者： [Anonymous] Dept. of Virus Research John Innes Centre Colney UK Dept. of Field and Vegetable Crops The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Agricultural Food and Environmental Quality Sciences Rehovot Israel Station de Recherches Grandes Cultures INRA Colmar France Inst. de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS Strasbourg France DLO Research Institute for Plant Protection Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. of Biological Science University of Lagos Lagos Nigeria Dept. of Virology Agricultural University Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. de Biología de Plantas Centra de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Madrid Spain Dept. of Plant Protection National Agriculture Research Center Tsukuba lbaraki Tohoku National Agricultural Experiment Station Morioka Iwate Kyushu National Agricultural Experiment Station Kumamoto Japan Dept. of Virology ARO The Volcani Center BetDagan Israel Institut Jacques Monod CNRS Université Paris VII Paris France Dept. of Virology ARO The Volcani Center Bet Dagan Israel Scripps Institute San Diego USA Dept. of Plant Pathology University of Kentucky Lexington USA Inst. of Molecular Plant Sciences Gorlaeus Laboratories Leiden University RA Leiden The Netherlands Inst. de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas Valencia Spain Scottish Crop Research Inst. Invergowrie Dundee UK Depts. of Plant Pathology Univ. of Georgia Coastal Plain Exp. Station Tifton Depts. Entomology Univ. of Georgia Coastal Plain Exp. Station Ttfton Dept. of Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University Stillwater USA Depts. of Coop. Ext. Service Univ. of Georgia Coastal Plain Exp. Station Ttfton Plant Science Dept. Univ. of British Columbia Vancouver Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Pacific Agric. Res. Centre Vancouver Canada Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkultur (DSMZ) Abt. Pflanzenviren and Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Inst. für Biochemie und Pflanzenvirologie Braunschweig Germany Inst. of Molecular Biology and Biotec

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Correction

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Phytoparasitica 1998年第2期26卷 182-182页

作者： Liu, Sijun Bedford, Ian D. Markham, Peter G. Ghanim, Morad Zeidan, Muhamad Czosnek, Henryk Bruyère, A. Herrbach, E. Brault, V. Ziegler-Graff, V. Guilley, H. van den Heuvel, J. F. J. M. Taiwo, M. A. Dijkstra, J. Martinez, B. López-Moya, J. J. Llave, C. Díaz-Ruíz, J. R. López-Abella, D. Mikoshiba, Y. Honda, K. Kanematsu, S. Fujisawa, I. Salomon, Raffi Bernardi, Francoise Raccah, B. Singer, S. Gal-On, A. Huet, H. Pirone, T. P. Visser, Peter B. Bol, John F. Hernández, Carmen Brown, Derek J. F. Pappu, H. R. Culbreath, A. K. Todd, J. W. McPherson, R. M. Sherwood, J. L. Bertrand, P. F. Robbins, M. A. Reade, R. D. Rochon, D. M. Schönfelder, M. Körbler, M. Barg, E. Lesemann, D. -E. Vetten, H. J. Manqussopoulos, I. N. Tsagris, M. Maiss, E. Marczewski, W. Syller, J. Romero, Javier Molina-Garcia, Antonio Babin, Mar Bujarski, Jozef J. Pogany, Judy Zhang, L. Palukaitis, P. Kaplan, I. B. Qu, Feng Morris, T. Jack Steinkellner, H. Puehringer, H. Machado, A. M. Laimer da Câmara Hammond, J. Brandt, S. Katinger, H. Himmler, G. Carrier, K. Hans, F. Wang, A. Sanfacon, H. Palkovics, László Balázs, Ervin Petrzik, K. Mráz, I. Fránová-Honetšlegrová, J. Kusiak, C. Berthome, R. Dinant, S. Astier, S. Albouy, J. Renou, J. P. Bó, E. Dal Torre, M. E. Sánchez de la Djelouah, K. García, M. L. Grau, O. Benvenisti, Luna Gelman, Boris Hai, Dalia Yadin, Hagai Stram, Yehuda Becker, Yechiel Čeřovská, N. Filigarová, M. Dědič, P. Nemchinov, L. Hadidi, A. Choi, Y. G. Randles, J. W. Samson, A. C. R. Wilford, J. N. Chapman, S. Santa Cruz, S. Wilson, T. M. A. Wilkinson, Nicola Wilson, Louise Marlow, Susan King, Linda Possee, Robert Zhu, Fanxiu Qi, Yipeng Huang, Yongxiu Hu, Jianhong Oker-Blom, Christian Keinänen, Kari Chauhan, B. K. Possee, R. D. French, T. J. Finkelstein, Y. Levi, B. Z. Faktor, O. Toister-Achituv, Mira Wang, Fushan Lu, Liquan Du, Quansheng Watson, S. K. Kalmakoff, J. Broer, R. Liu, Y. Zuidema, D. Strien, E. A. van Vlak, J. M. Heldens, J. G. M. Chejanovsky, N. Gershburg, E. Faruchi, S. Kamensky, B. Nahum, O. Stockholm, D. Rivkin, H. Gurevitz, Dept. of Virus Research John Innes Centre Colney UK Dept. of Field and Vegetable Crops The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Agricultural Food and Environmental Quality Sciences Rehovot Israel Station de Recherches Grandes Cultures INRA Colmar France Inst. de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS Strasbourg France DLO Research Institute for Plant Protection Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. of Biological Science University of Lagos Lagos Nigeria Dept. of Virology Agricultural University Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. de Biología de Plantas Centra de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Madrid Spain Dept. of Plant Protection National Agriculture Research Center Tsukuba lbaraki Tohoku National Agricultural Experiment Station Morioka Iwate Kyushu National Agricultural Experiment Station Kumamoto Japan Dept. of Virology ARO The Volcani Center BetDagan Israel Institut Jacques Monod CNRS Université Paris VII Paris France Dept. of Virology ARO The Volcani Center Bet Dagan Israel Scripps Institute San Diego USA Dept. of Plant Pathology University of Kentucky Lexington USA Inst. of Molecular Plant Sciences Gorlaeus Laboratories Leiden University RA Leiden The Netherlands Inst. de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas Valencia Spain Scottish Crop Research Inst. Invergowrie Dundee UK Depts. of Plant Pathology Univ. of Georgia Coastal Plain Exp. Station Tifton Depts. Entomology Univ. of Georgia Coastal Plain Exp. Station Ttfton Dept. of Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University Stillwater USA Depts. of Coop. Ext. Service Univ. of Georgia Coastal Plain Exp. Station Ttfton Plant Science Dept. Univ. of British Columbia Vancouver Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Pacific Agric. Res. Centre Vancouver Canada Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkultur (DSMZ) Abt. Pflanzenviren and Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Inst. für Biochemie und Pflanzenvirologie Braunschweig Germany Inst. of Molecular Biology and Biotec

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Affordability, logistics R&D and fleet systems

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1996年第3期108卷 199-213页

作者： Schulte, DP Skolnick, A He has supported the development and operation of several naval systems including advanced component selection for Trident II fire control and navigation systems. He served as branch manager of the Surface Ship ASW Combat System Branch which acted as the acquisition engineering agent for the AN/SQQ-89 Surface Ship Anti-Submarine Warfare Weapon System. He was then selected to manage the Module Engineering Department which provided engineering support to numerous naval systems including the AN/BSY-1 Submarine Combat System and the Trident II fire control and navigation system. He then served as the deputy program manager for NAVSEA Progressive Maintenance (2M/ATE). He holds a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Purdue University and currently is pursuing a Maste's degree in Public Environmental Affairs at Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis. He served at Applied Physics Laboratory/The Johns Hopkins University in missile development then aboard USS Boston (CAG-1) and played leading roles in several weapon system developments (Regulus Terrier Tartar Talos) inertial navigation (Polaris) deep submergence (DSRV) and advanced ship designs (SES). He later was director Combat System Integration Naval Sea Systems Command and head Combat Projects Naval Ship Engineering Center. He led the Navy's High Energy Lasers and Directed Energy Weapons development efforts. He was vice president advanced technology at Operations Research Inc. and vice president maritime engineering at Defense Group Inc. before starting SSC in 1991. Dr. Skolnick holds a B.S. degree in Mathematics and Economics Queens College an M.A. degree in Mathematics and Philosophy Columbia University an M.S. degree in Electrical/Aeronautical Engineering U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics from Polytechnic University in New York. He is the author of many published papers on engineering design issues source selection procedures and large-scale complex technology problems

The Fleet continues to require high performance systems that can operate with dependability in the seas' unforgiving environments and under hostile action. Those demands are not new. What has changed is the urgent priority formerly assigned to national defense issues. The arguments for continued superpower military strength are now roiled in politics along with unsettled budgets and uncertain force level projections. Current expectations revolve about indefinite fiscal and operational issues (difficult funding constraints and broadband threats). In the actual event of ''doing more with less,'' a practical response is to apply the creative power available from sound engineering judgement and the crucible of experience to the immediate needs of the Fleet. The attempt to shorten the path between advanced development effort and Fleet use has been tried occasionally in the past, often, without exemplary results. The Sustainable Hardware and Affordable Readiness Practices (SHARP) program, is a generic R&D effort under OpNav sponsorship that has been working steadily on sensible solutions to product engineering problems. Armed today with fast-time, large-scale computation abilities and modern tools for technical problem solving coupled with specialized engineering knowledge, it has been refreshed and is underway satisfying existing Fleet needs. The relationship between fully responsive engineering services and current operational needs is always demanding. The connection between advanced engineering development (6.3 category funds) and immediate Fleet usage brings added complexity and challenge, both technical and organizational. Illustrative examples of affordable engineering solutions to ''retain, revise, replace or retire'' questions are presented within the context of both Fleet realities and budgetary limitations. The discussion covers legacy system support, civil/military considerations and Fleet maintenance issues. It describes the substantial and critical payoffs i

关键词： Warships

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ENHANCED DEGRADATION OF DISSOLVED BENZENE AND TOLUENE USING A SOLID OXYGEN-RELEASING COMPOUND

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1994年第1期14卷 120-128页

作者： BIANCHIMOSQUERA, GC ALLENKING, RM MACKAY, DM Gino Bianchi-Mosquera is principal geochemist at Stollar Bianchi (140 Ravenna Dr. Long Beach CA 90803). He received a B.A. degree in geochemistry from Occidental College in Los Angeles California an M.S. degree in geochemistry from The Pennsylvania State University and a D. Env. degree from the University of California Los Angeles in 1982 1986 and 1993 respectively. His research interests include the transport and fate of organic compounds in the subsurface and the design and evaluation of new aquifer cleanup techniques. Douglas Mackay is adjunct professor in the Centre for Groundwater Research at the University of Waterloo (Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1) Canada and a visiting scientist at the UCLA Department of Civil Engineering. From 1986 to mid- 1990 he was a faculty member in the environmental science and engineering program of the UCLA School of Public Health. His research focuses on field studies of transport and fate of organic chemicals in ground water and ground water decontamination technologies. Mackay received a B.S. in engineering and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in civil engineering from Stanford University in 1970 1973 and 1981 respectively.

A field test to evaluate the applicability of an oxygen-releasing compound (ORC) to the remediation of ground water contaminated with benzene and toluene was conducted in the Borden Aquifer in Ontario, Canada. Benzene and toluene were injected as organic substrates to represent BTEX compounds, bromide was used as a tracer, and nitrate was added to avoid nitrate-limited conditions. The fate of the solutes was monitored along four lines of monitoring points and wells. Two lines studied the behavior of the solutes upgradient and downgradient of two large-diameter well screens filled with briquets containing ORC and briquets without ORC. One line was used to study the solute behavior upgradient and downgradient of columns of ORC powder placed directly in the saturated zone. The remaining line was a control. The results indicate that ORC in both briquet and powder form can release significant amounts of oxygen to contaminated ground water passing by it. In the formulation used in this work, oxygen release persisted for at least 10 weeks. Furthermore, the study indicates that the enhancement of the available dissolved oxygen content of at least 4 mg/L each of the ground water by ORC can support biodegradation of benzene and toluene dissolved in ground water. Such concentrations are typical of those encountered at sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons;therefore, these results suggest that there is promise for ORC to enhance in situ biodegradation of BTEX contaminants at such sites using passive (nonpumping) systems to contact the contaminated ground water with the oxygen source.

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COMPARISON OF STAINLESS-STEEL VS PTFE MINIWELLS FOR MONITORING HALOGENATED ORGANIC SOLUTE TRANSPORT

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1992年第4期12卷 126-131页

作者： BIANCHIMOSQUERA, GC MACKAY, DM Gino Bianchi-Mosquera (51 Claremont Ave. Long Beach CA 90803) is a project geochemist with Watkins-Johnson Environmental Inc. He received a B.A. degree in geochemistry from Occidental College Los Angeles California an M.S. degree in geochemistry from The Pennsylvania State University and a D.Env. degree from the University of California Los Angeles in 1982 1986 and 1992 respectively. His research interests include the transport and fate of organic compounds in the subsurface and in the evaluation of new aquifer cleanup techniques. Douglas Mackay is adjunct professor in the Centre for Groundwater Research at the University of Waterloo (Waterloo Ontario N2L3G1) Canada and a visiting scientist at the UCLA Department of Civil Engineering. From 1986 to mid-1990 he was a faculty member in the Environmental Science and Engineering Program of the UCLA School of Public Health. His research focuses on field studies of transport and fate of organic chemicals in ground water and ground water decontamination technologies. Dr. Mackay received a B.S. in engineering and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in civil engineering from Stanford University in 1970 1973 and 1981 respectively.

Field tests of organic solute transport behavior have often been monitored using small-diameter wells (miniwells). To determine if experimental results could be significantly biased by sorption to, desorption from, or diffusion through sampling lines, dissolved concentrations of tetrachloroethene and carbon tetrachloride were measured in ground water samples collected simultaneously from the same spatial location during a forced-gradient test in the Borden aquifer using polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) and stainless steel miniwells (1/8-inch O.D.). A semiautomated organic analytical system was used on-site to obtain real-time results, which avoided sample holding problems and permitted optimizing sampling times. The breakthrough curves (plots of concentration vs. time) for both organic compounds indicate that under the conditions of this experiment (low organic solute concentrations, short exposure time of sampling lines to the plume. adequate flushing of sampling lines) there is no significant difference between concentration histories (breakthrough curves) collected using a polytetrafluoroethene sampling line and those collected using a stainless steel sampling line. This suggests that organic solute tailing seen in this and also in a similar transport experiment previously conducted at the site is the result of transport processes in the aquifer rather than an artifact introduced by the PTFE miniwells.

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MINIMIZING CONTAMINATION HAZARDS TO WATERBIRDS USING AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE EVAPORATION PONDS

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environmental MANAGEMENT 1991年第6期15卷 785-795页

作者： BRADFORD, DF SMITH, LA DREZNER, DS SHOEMAKER, JD 1. Environmental Science and Engineering Program School of Public Health University of California 90024 Los Angeles California USA

In much of the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA. inadequate drainage of applied irrigation water and accumulating salts in the soil have necessitated the installation of subsurface tile drainage systems to preserve crop productivity. At present, these subsurface drainage waters are disposed of by means of evaporation ponds or discharges into the San Joaquin River. Unfortunately, most of these agricultural drainage waters contain high concentrations of salts and naturally occurring trace elements, such as selenium, and recent evidence indicates that substantial numbers of waterbirds are exposed to contamination by selenium in the evaporation ponds. In order to avoid, minimize, or mitigate the adverse impacts on wildlife using the ponds, alternative pond management methods must be identified and evaluated for implementation. A number of methods have the potential to be cost-effective in significantly reducing the contamination hazard to birds using agricultural evaporation ponds. Twenty general methods were evaluated in this study, and four methods are recommended for implementation: remove levee vegetation. remove windbreaks, deepen the ponds, and haze birds. A number of other methods are recommended for further consideration because they appear to have good prospects for reducing the contamination hazard: steepen interior levee slopes, apply herbicides and insecticides, place netting on pond shorelines, and provide freshwater habitat adjacent to evaporation ponds. It may be necessary to use a combination of methods to effectively control selenium contamination of aquatic birds because it is unlikely that a single affordable pond management method will be able to entirely eliminate the contamination hazard.

关键词： AGRICULTURAL PONDS BIRDS EVAPORATION PONDS SELENIUM SELENIUM CONTAMINATION SHOREBIRDS SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE WATERFOWL

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