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Quantum repeaters: From quantum networks to the quantum internet

Reviews of Modern Physics 2023年第4期95卷 045006-045006页

作者： Koji Azuma Sophia E. Economou David Elkouss Paul Hilaire Liang Jiang Hoi-Kwong Lo Ilan Tzitrin NTT Basic Research Laboratories NTT Corporation 3-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya Atsugi Kanagawa 243-0198 Japan and NTT Research Center for Theoretical Quantum Information NTT Corporation 3-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya Atsugi Kanagawa 243-0198 Japan Department of Physics Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061 USA QuTech Delft University of Technology Lorentzweg 1 2628 CJ Delft The Netherlands and Networked Quantum Devices Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa Japan Department of Physics Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061 USA and Quandela SAS 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert 91120 Palaiseau France Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois 60637 USA Quantum Bridge Technologies Inc. 100 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L5 Canada Department of Physics University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control Department of Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3G4 Canada Department of Physics University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada

A quantum internet is the holy grail of quantum information processing, enabling the deployment of a broad range of quantum technologies and protocols on a global scale. However, numerous challenges must be addressed before the quantum internet can become a reality. Perhaps the most crucial of these is the realization of a quantum repeater, an essential component in the long-distance transmission of quantum information. As the analog of a classical repeater, extender, or booster, the quantum repeater works to overcome loss and noise in the quantum channels constituting a quantum network. Here the conceptual frameworks and architectures for quantum repeaters, as well as the experimental progress toward their realization, are reviewed. Various near-term proposals to overcome the limits to the communication rates set by point-to-point quantum communication are also discussed. Finally, the manner in which quantum repeaters fit within the broader challenge of designing and implementing a quantum internet is overviewed.

关键词： Quantum communication Quantum memories Quantum networks Quantum repeaters Internet

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Edge Learning for B5G Networks with Distributed Signal Processing: Semantic Communication, Edge Computing, and Wireless Sensing

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2022年

作者： Xu, Wei Yang, Zhaohui Ng, Derrick Wing Kwan Levorato, Marco Eldar, Yonina C. Debbah, Mérouane The National Mobile Communications Research Lab Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security Southeast University Nanjing210096 China Purple Mountain Laboratories Nanjing211111 China The Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University College London LondonWC1E 6BT United Kingdom The School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications The University of New South Wales Australia The Department of Computer Science University of California IrvineCA92697 United States The Faculty of Math and CS Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot7610001 Israel The Technology Innovation Institute The Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence Masdar City Abu Dhabi9639 United Arab Emirates

To process and transfer large amounts of data in emerging wireless services, it has become increasingly appealing to exploit distributed data communication and learning. Specifically, edge learning (EL) enables local model training on geographically disperse edge nodes and minimizes the need for frequent data exchange. However, the current design of separating EL deployment and communication optimization does not yet reap the promised benefits of distributed signal processing, and sometimes suffers from excessive signalling overhead, long processing delay, and unstable learning convergence. In this paper, we provide an overview on practical distributed EL techniques and their interplay with advanced communication optimization designs. In particular, typical performance metrics for dual-functional learning and communication networks are discussed. Also, recent achievements of enabling techniques for the dual-functional design are surveyed with exemplifications from the mutual perspectives of "communications for learning" and "learning for communications." The application of EL techniques within a variety of future communication systems are also envisioned for beyond 5G (B5G) wireless networks. For the application in goal-oriented semantic communication, we present a first mathematical model of the goal-oriented source entropy as an optimization problem. In addition, from the viewpoint of information theory, we identify fundamental open problems of characterizing rate regions for communication networks supporting distributed learning-and-computing tasks. We also present technical challenges as well as emerging application opportunities in this field, with the aim of inspiring future research and promoting widespread developments of EL in B5G. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electronic data interchange

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Evidence of Hexagonal Germanium Grains on Annealed Monolayer Mos2

SSRN

引用

SSRN 2023年

作者： Wang, Xuejing Kaufmann, Ryan Jones, Andrew C. Chen, Renjie Ahmed, Towfiq Pettes, Michael T. Kotula, Paul G. Bilgin, Ismail Wang, Yongqiang Kar, Swastik Yoo, Jinkyoung Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies Los Alamos National Laboratory Los AlamosNM87545 United States Department of Physics University of British Columbia VancouverBCV6T 1Z1 Canada Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California San Diego La Jolla CA92093 United States Signature of Science & Technology Division NSD Pacific Northwest National Laboratory RichlandWA99352 United States Materials Characterization and Performance Department Sandia National Laboratories AlbuquerqueNM87185 United States Fakultät für Physik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 München80539 Germany MST–8 Los Alamos National Laboratory Los AlamosNM87545 United States Department of Physics Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States

Growing three-dimensional (3D) materials on two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals surface has shown its effectiveness in overcoming materials incompatibility for stacking transferrable membranes toward advanced device manufacturing. Herein, we demonstrate that the nucleation of hexagonal germanium (Ge) grains within a continuous crystalline film, which has been unfeasible through traditional epitaxy techniques, is realized by chemical vapor deposition of Ge on n-type monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). Suggested by quantum molecular dynamics calculation, the hexagonal Ge nucleation is thermodynamically preferrable to cubic Ge when growing on top of monolayer MoS2 with sulfur vacancies. The stained hexagonal Ge grains have been confirmed by transmission electron microscopy analyses from both real space and reciprocal space. Scanning probe microscopy showed that hexagonal Ge has higher reflectivity in infrared spectral range, implying higher carrier concentration resulting from narrower band gap, compared to cubic Ge. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Grain boundaries

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Roadmap on Nonlocality in Photonic Materials and Metamaterials

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2025年

作者： Monticone, Francesco Mortensen, N. Asger Fernández-Domínguez, Antonio I. Luo, Yu Tserkezis, Christos Khurgin, Jacob B. Shahbazyan, Tigran V. Chaves, André J. Peres, Nuno M.R. Wegner, Gino Busch, Kurt Hu, Huatian della Sala, Fabio Zhang, Pu Ciracì, Cristian Aizpurua, Javier Babaze, Antton Borisov, Andrei G. Chen, Xue-Wen Christensen, Thomas Yan, Wei Yang, Yi Hohenester, Ulrich Huber, Lorenz Wubs, Martijn de Liberato, Simone Gonçalves, P.A.D. de Abajo, F. Javier García Hess, Ortwin Tarasenko, Illya Cox, Joel D. Jelver, Line Dias, Eduardo J.C. Sánchez, Miguel Sánchez Margetis, Dionisios Gómez-Santos, Guillermo Stauber, Tobias Tretyakov, Sergei Simovski, Constantin Pakniyat, Samaneh Gómez-Díaz, J. Sebastián Bondarev, Igor V. Biehs, Svend-Age Boltasseva, Alexandra Shalaev, Vladimir M. Krasavin, Alexey V. Zayats, Anatoly V. Alù, Andrea Song, Jung-Hwan Brongersma, Mark L. Levy, Uriel Long, Olivia Y. Guo, Cheng Fan, Shanhui Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I. Overvig, Adam Prudêncio, Filipa R. Silveirinha, Mário G. Gangaraj, S. Ali Hassani Argyropoulos, Christos Huidobro, Paloma A. Galiffi, Emanuele Yang, Fan Pendry, John B. Miller, David A.B. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Cornell University IthacaNY14853 United States POLIMA Center for Polariton-driven Light–Matter Interactions University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 Odense MDK-5230 Denmark D-IAS—Danish Institute for Advanced Study University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 Odense MDK-5230 Denmark Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada Universidad Autónoma de Madrid MadridE-28049 Spain Universidad Autónoma de Madrid MadridE-28049 Spain School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore639798 Singapore Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics Ministry of Education College of Electronic and Information Engineering Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing211106 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Johns Hopkins University BaltimoreMD21218 United States Department of Physics Jackson State University JacksonMS39217 United States Department of Physics Aeronautics Institute of Technology SP So Jos dos Campos12228-900 Brazil Departamento de Física Universidade do Minho BragaP-4710-057 Portugal Av Mestre José Veiga Braga4715-330 Portugal Max-Born-Institut Berlin12489 Germany Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institut für Physik AG Theoretische Optik and Photonik Berlin12489 Germany Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Barsanti 14 Arnesano73010 Italy Via Monteroni Campus Unisalento Lecce73100 Italy School of physics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Luoyu Road 1037 Wuhan430074 China Donostia International Physics Center DIPC Donostia-San Sebastián20018 Spain Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao48009 Spain Department of Electricity and Electronics University of the Basque Country Leioa48940 Spain Department of Applied Physics University of the Basque Country Donostia20018 Spain Université Paris-Saclay CNRS Institut des Scienc

Photonic technologies continue to drive the quest for new optical materials with unprecedented responses. A major frontier in this field is the exploration of nonlocal (spatially dispersive) materials, going beyond the local, wavevector-independent assumption traditionally made in optical material modeling. On one end, the growing interest in plasmonic, polaritonic and quantum materials has revealed naturally occurring nonlocalities, emphasizing the need for more accurate models to predict and design their optical responses. This has major implications also for topological, nonreciprocal, and time-varying systems based on these material platforms. Beyond natural materials, artificially structured materials—metamaterials and metasurfaces–can provide even stronger and engineered nonlocal effects, emerging from long-range interactions or multipolar effects. This is a rapidly expanding area in the field of photonic metamaterials, with open frontiers yet to be explored. In the case of metasurfaces, in particular, nonlocality engineering has become a powerful tool for designing strongly wavevector-dependent responses, enabling enhanced wavefront control, spatial compression, multifunctional devices, and wave-based computing. Furthermore, nonlocality and related concepts play a critical role in defining the ultimate limits of what is possible in optics, photonics, and wave physics. This Roadmap aims to survey the most exciting developments in nonlocal photonic materials, highlight new opportunities and open challenges, and chart new pathways that will drive this emerging field forward–toward new scientific discoveries and technological advancements. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nanocrystals

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Data Needs and Challenges for Quantum Dot Devices Automation

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2023年

作者： Zwolak, Justyna P. Taylor, Jacob M. Andrews, Reed Benson, Jared Bryant, Garnett Buterakos, Donovan Chatterjee, Anasua Sarma, Sankar Das Eriksson, Mark A. Greplová, Eliška Gullans, Michael J. Hader, Fabian Kovach, Tyler J. Mundada, Pranav S. Ramsey, Mick Rasmussen, Torbjoern Severin, Brandon Sigillito, Anthony Undseth, Brennan Weber, Brian National Institute of Standards and Technology GaithersburgMD20899 United States Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Department of Physics University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Joint Quantum Institute National Institute of Standards and Technology University of Maryland GaithersburgMD20899 United States HRL Laboratories LLC 3011 Malibu Canyon Road MalibuCA90265 United States Department of Physics University of Wisconsin-Madison MadisonWI53706 United States Center for Quantum Devices Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen2100 Denmark Condensed Matter Theory Center University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft University of Technology Lorentzweg 1 Delft2628 CJ Netherlands Central Institute of Engineering Electronics and Analytics ZEA-2 - Electronic Systems Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich52425 Germany Q-CTRL Santa MonicaCA90401 United States Intel Components Research Intel Corporation HillsboroOR97124 United States Department of Materials University of Oxford Parks Road OxfordOX1 3PH United Kingdom School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications The University of New South Wales SydneyNSW2052 Australia Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States QuTech Delft University of Technology Lorentzweg 1 Delft2628 CJ Netherlands Intelligent Geometries LLC Lake Frederick VA22630 United States

Gate-defined quantum dots are a promising candidate system for realizing scalable, coupled qubit systems and serving as a fundamental building block for quantum computers. However, presentday quantum dot devices suffer from imperfections that must be accounted for, which hinders the characterization, tuning, and operation process. Moreover, with an increasing number of quantum dot qubits, the relevant parameter space grows sufficiently to make heuristic control infeasible. Thus, it is imperative that reliable and scalable autonomous tuning approaches are developed. This meeting report outlines current challenges in automating quantum dot device tuning and operation with a particular focus on datasets, benchmarking, and standardization. We also present insights and ideas put forward by the quantum dot community on how to overcome them. We aim to provide guidance and inspiration to researchers invested in automation efforts. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nanocrystals

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Quantum repeaters: From quantum networks to the quantum internet

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2022年

作者： Azuma, Koji Economou, Sophia E. Elkouss, David Hilaire, Paul Jiang, Liang Lo, Hoi-Kwong Tzitrin, Ilan NTT Basic Research Laboratories NTT Corporation 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya Kanagawa Atsugi243-0198 Japan NTT Research Center for Theoretical Quantum Physics NTT Corporation 3-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya Kanagawa Atsugi243-0198 Japan Department of Physics Virginia Tech BlacksburgVA24061 United States QuTech Delft University of Technology Lorentzweg 1 Delft2628 CJ Netherlands Networked Quantum Devices Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa Japan Quandela SAS 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert Palaiseau91120 France Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering The University of Chicago ChicagoIL60637 United States Quantum Bridge Technologies Inc. 100 College Street TorontoONM5G 1L5 Canada Department of Physics University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control Department of Physics Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Toronto TorontoM5S 3G4 Canada Department of Physics University of Toronto Toronto Canada

A quantum internet is the holy grail of quantum information processing, enabling the deployment of a broad range of quantum technologies and protocols on a global scale. However, numerous challenges exist before the quantum internet can become a reality. Perhaps the most crucial of these is the realization of a quantum repeater, an essential component in the long-distance transmission of quantum information. As the analog of a classical repeater, extender, or booster, the quantum repeater works to overcome loss and noise in the quantum channels comprising a quantum network. Here, we review the conceptual frameworks and architectures for quantum repeaters, as well as the experimental progress towards their realization. We also discuss the various near-term proposals to overcome the limits to the communication rates set by point-to-point quantum communication. Finally, we overview how quantum repeaters fit within the broader challenge of designing and implementing a quantum internet. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Quantum optics

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Growth optimization and device integration of narrow-bandgap graphene nanoribbons

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2022年

作者： Barin, Gabriela Borin Sun, Qiang Di Giovannantonio, Marco Du, Cheng-Zhuo Wang, Xiao-Ye Llinas, Juan Pablo Mutlu, Zafer Lin, Yuxuan Wilhelm, Jan Overbeck, Jan Daniels, Colin Lamparski, Michael Sahabudeen, Hafeesudeen Perrin, Mickael L. Urgel, José I. Mishra, Shantanu Kinikar, Amogh Widmer, Roland Stolz, Samuel Bommert, Max Pignedoli, Carlo Feng, Xinliang Calame, Michel Müllen, Klaus Narita, Akimitsu Meunier, Vincent Bokor, Jeffrey Fasel, Roman Ruffieux, Pascal Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Dübendorf 8600 Switzerland State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California BerkeleyCA94720 United States Institute of Theoretical Physics University of Regensburg RegensburgD-93053 Germany Department of Physics Applied Physics and Astronomy Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute TroyNY12180 United States Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry TU Dresden Dresden01062 Germany Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz55128 Germany Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Mainz55128 Germany Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son Okinawa904-0495 Japan Department of Chemistry Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Bern Bern3012 Switzerland

The electronic, optical and magnetic properties of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) can be engineered by controlling their edge structure and width with atomic precision through bottom-up fabrication based on molecular precursors. This approach offers a unique platform for all-carbon electronic devices but requires careful optimization of the growth conditions to match structural requirements for successful device integration, with GNR length being the most critical parameter. In this work, we study the growth, characterization, and device integration of 5-atom wide armchair GNRs (5-AGNRs), which are expected to have an optimal band gap as active material in switching devices. 5-AGNRs are obtained via on-surface synthesis under ultrahigh vacuum conditions from Br- and I-substituted precursors. We show that the use of I-substituted precursors and the optimization of the initial precursor coverage quintupled the average 5-AGNR length. This significant length increase allowed us to integrate 5-AGNRs into devices and to realize the first field-effect transistor based on narrow bandgap AGNRs that shows switching behavior at room temperature. Our study highlights that optimized growth protocols can successfully bridge between the sub-nanometer scale, where atomic precision is needed to control the electronic properties, and the scale of tens of nanometers relevant for successful device integration of GNRs. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： X ray photoelectron spectroscopy

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Benchmark problems for transcranial ultrasound simulation: Intercomparison of compressional wave models

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2022年

作者： Aubry, Jean-Francois Bates, Oscar Boehm, Christian Pauly, Kim Butts Christensen, Douglas Cueto, Carlos Gélat, Pierre Guasch, Lluis Jaros, Jiri Jing, Yun Jones, Rebecca Li, Ningrui Marty, Patrick Montanaro, Hazael Neufeld, Esra Pichardo, Samuel Pinton, Gianmarco Pulkkinen, Aki Stanziola, Antonio Thielscher, Axel Treeby, Bradley Van't Wout, Elwin Physics for Medicine Paris INSERM U1273 ESPCI Paris PSL University CNRS UMR 8063 France Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London Exhibition Road LondonSW7 2AZ United Kingdom Institute of Geophysics ETH Zürich Sonneggstrasse 5 Zürich8092 Switzerland Department of Radiology Stanford University StanfordCA United States Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Utah United States Department of Surgical Biotechnology Division of Surgery and Interventional Science University College London LondonNW3 2PF United Kingdom Earth Science and Engineering Department Imperial College London London United Kingdom Centre of Excellence IT4Innovations Faculty of Information Technology Brno University of Technology Bozetechova 2 Brno612 00 Czech Republic Graduate Program in Acoustics The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA16802 United States Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill North Carolina State University NC United States Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University StanfordCA United States Zurich Switzerland Laboratory for Acoustics / Noise control Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Dubendorf Switzerland Zurich Switzerland Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences Departments Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Canada Department of Applied Physics University of Eastern Finland Kuopio70211 Finland Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering University College London Gower Street LondonWC1E 6BT United Kingdom Technical University of Denmark Denmark Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre Denmark Institute for Mathematical and Computational Engineering School of Engineering and Faculty of Mathematics Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Santiago Chile

Computational models of acoustic wave propagation are frequently used in transcranial ultrasound therapy, for example, to calculate the intracranial pressure field or to calculate phase delays to correct for skull distortions. To allow intercomparison between the different modeling tools and techniques used by the community, an international working group was convened to formulate a set of numerical benchmarks. Here, these benchmarks are presented, along with intercomparison results. Nine different benchmarks of increasing geometric complexity are defined. These include a single-layer planar bone immersed in water, a multi-layer bone, and a whole skull. Two transducer configurations are considered (a focused bowl and a plane piston), giving a total of 18 permutations of the benchmarks. Eleven different modeling tools are used to compute the benchmark results. The models span a wide range of numerical techniques, including the finite-difference time-domain method, angular-spectrum method, pseudospectral method, boundary-element method, and spectral-element method. Good agreement is found between the models, particularly for the position, size, and magnitude of the acoustic focus within the skull. When comparing results for each model with every other model in a cross comparison, the median values for each benchmark for the difference in focal pressure and position are less than 10% and 1 mm, respectively. The benchmark definitions, model results, and intercomparison codes are freely available to facilitate further comparisons. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Bone

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Roadmap on Atomic-scale Semiconductor Devices

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2025年

作者： Schofield, Steven R. Fisher, Andrew Ginossar, Eran Lyding, Joseph W. Silver, Richard Fei, Fan Namboodiri, Pradeep Wyrick, Jonathan Masteghin, M.G. Cox, D.C. Murdin, B.N. Clowes, S.K. Keizer, Joris Simmons, Michelle Stemp, Holly G. Morello, Andrea Voisin, Benoit Rogge, Sven Wolkow, Robert Livadaru, Lucian Pitters, Jason Stock, Taylor Curson, Neil Butera, Robert E. Pavlova, Tatiana Jakob, A.M. Spemann, D. Räcke, P. Schmidt-Kaler, F. Jamieson, D.N. Pratiush, Utkarsh Duscher, Gerd Kalinin, Sergei Kazazis, Dimitrios Constantinou, Procopios Aeppli, Gabriel Ekinci, Yasin Owen, James H.G. Fowler, Emma Moheimani, Reza Randall, John Misra, Shashank Ivie, Jeffrey Allemang, Christopher R. Anderson, Evan M. Bussmann, Ezra Campbell, Quinn Gao, Xujiao Lu, Tzu-Ming Schmucker, Scott W. London Centre for Nanotechnology University College London 17-19 Gordon St WC1H 0AH United Kingdom Department of Physics and Astronomy University College London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom School of Mathematics and Physics University of Surrey United Kingdom Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois UrbanaIL61801 United States Atom Scale Device Group National Institute of Standards and Technology GaithersburgMD20899 United States Advanced Technology Institute University of Surrey GU2 7XH United Kingdom School of Physics University of New South Wales Sydney Australia School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications UNSW Sydney Australia Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd. Sydney Australia Australia University of Alberta Department of Physics EdmontonT6G 2E1 Canada National Research Council of Canada Quantum and Nanotechnologies Research Centre 11421 Saskatchewan Drive NW EdmontonT6G 2M9 Canada Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University College London WC1E 7JE United Kingdom Laboratory for Physical Sciences College Park University of Maryland MD20740 United States Prokhorov General Physics Institute The Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilov str. 38 Moscow119991 Russia School of Physics The University of Melbourne ParkvilleVIC3010 Australia Leipzig04318 Germany Universität Leipzig Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics Applied Quantum Systems Leipzig04103 Germany QUANTUM Institut für Physik Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Mainz55128 Germany Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Tennessee KnoxvilleTN37996 United States Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen5232 Switzerland Lausanne1015 Switzerland Department of Physics ETH Zürich Zürich8093 Switzerland Zürich8093 Switzerland Zyvex Labs 1301 N. Plano Road RichardsonTX75081 United States University of Texas DallasTX United States Sandia National Laboratories 1515 Eubank Blvd. SE AlbuquerqueN

Spin states in semiconductors provide exceptionally stable and noise-resistant environments for qubits, positioning them as optimal candidates for reliable quantum computing technologies. The proposal to use nuclear and electronic spins of donor atoms in silicon, introduced by Kane in 1998, sparked a new research field focused on the precise positioning of individual impurity atoms for quantum devices, utilising scanning tunnelling microscopy and ion implantation. This roadmap article reviews the advancements in the 25 years since Kane's proposal, the current challenges, and the future directions in atomic-scale semiconductor device fabrication and measurement. It covers the quest to create a silicon-based quantum computer and expands to include diverse material systems and fabrication techniques, highlighting the potential for a broad range of semiconductor quantum technological applications. Key developments include phosphorus in silicon devices such as single-atom transistors, arrayed few-donor devices, one- and two-qubit gates, three-dimensional architectures, and the development of a toolbox for future quantum integrated circuits. The roadmap also explores new impurity species like arsenic and antimony for enhanced scalability and higher-dimensional spin systems, new chemistry for dopant precursors and lithographic resists, and the potential for germanium-based devices. Emerging methods, such as photon-based lithography and electron beam manipulation, are discussed for their disruptive potential. This roadmap charts the path toward scalable quantum computing and advanced semiconductor quantum technologies, emphasising the critical intersections of experiment, technological development, and theory. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Qubits

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Robust Control Performance for Open Quantum Systems

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2020年

作者： Schirmer, Sophie G. Langbein, Frank C. Weidner, Carrie A. Jonckheere, Edmond The Faculty of Science & Engineering Swansea University SwanseaSA2 8PP United Kingdom The School of Computer Science and Informatics Cardiff University CardiffCF24 4AG United Kingdom The Quantum Engineering Technology Laboratories University of Bristol BristolBS8 1FD United Kingdom The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Southern California Los AngelesCA90089 United States

Robust performance of control schemes for open quantum systems is investigated under classical uncertainties in the generators of the dynamics and nonclassical uncertainties due to decoherence and initial state preparation errors. A formalism is developed to measure performance based on the transmission of a dynamic perturbation or initial state preparation error to the quantum state error. This makes it possible to apply tools from classical robust control such as structured singular value analysis. A difficulty arising from the singularity of the closed-loop Bloch equations for the quantum state is overcome by introducing the #-inversion lemma, a specialized version of the matrix inversion lemma. Under some conditions, this guarantees continuity of the structured singular value at s = 0. Additional difficulties occur when symmetry gives rise to multiple open-loop poles, which under symmetry-breaking unfold into single eigenvalues. The concepts are applied to systems subject to pure decoherence and a general dissipative system example of two qubits in a leaky cavity under laser driving fields and spontaneous emission. A nonclassical performance index, steady-state entanglement quantified by the concurrence, a nonlinear function of the system state, is introduced. Simulations confirm a conflict between entanglement, its log-sensitivity and stability margin under decoherence. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Robust control

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