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AIP Conference Proceedings 2023年第1期2634卷

作者： Fami Israyusnita Nefertiti Riyan Putri Hasanah Indri Febriani Facchur Rozy Dwi Septian Indra Kurniawan Saputra 1Department of Biology Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Negeri Malang Malang Indonesia 2Department of Physics Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Negeri Malang Malang Indonesia 3Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universitas Negeri Malang Malang Indonesia 4Biotechnology Study Program Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Negeri Malang Malang Indonesia

Climate change is one of the various problems faced by various countries. Many sectors that contribute to climate change, electricity, and heat production were identified as the main contributors to CO2 emissions worldwide. On the other hand, Spirulina sp. potential for becoming power generator because it has good photosynthetic efficiency as anolyte biophotovoltaic devices. This research aims to test the effectiveness of photovoltaic using Spirulina sp. and develop Spirulina sp. as streetlights. The prototype uses 21 pairs of Spirulina sp. microalgal fuel cells as generator, based on voltage measurements using 100 ml anolyte and 500 ml catholyte which produces voltage value 405 mV. Using 21 pairs of series circuits, the voltage value obtained is 17.6 V. This prototype is equipped with aeration system to support the life of Spirulina sp. and equipped with LDR sensor for automation refers to the presence/absence of sunlight. Based on the results, there are challenges in the form of prototype sizes that are not suitable for streetlights in general, so further studies are needed to implement and commercial photovoltaic streetlights based on Spirulina sp. microalgal fuel cells.

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Investigation of the effectiveness of nursing model on the job satisfaction level

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2023年第1期2634卷

作者： Titik Suhartini Wahida Yuliana Retno Hastri Risqi Romdhani Ahmad Taufiq 1Department of Nursing Program Study of Diploma III Nursing: Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Hafshawaty Pesantren Zainul Hasan Probolinggo Indonesia 2Department of Midwifery Program Study of Midwifery Professional Education Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Hafshawaty Pesantren Zainul Hasan Probolinggo Indonesia 3Department of Physics Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Negeri Malang Indonesia

Nursing care is a form of authority and responsibility of nurses to fulfill nursing services in facilitating the compliance of the patients' needs using a nursing process methodology. The provision of nursing care must be carried out with an appropriate method based on the response complained of by the patient. Suitable nursing care methods affect the job satisfaction of nurses. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of nursing care methods on the level of job satisfaction. The research design used correlational analytics. The sample used was 112 inpatient nurses selected using stratified random sampling. The data analysis was carried out using Kendall's Tau test in determining the relationship between variables with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. The results confirm that the hospital is one of the health service facilities provided to the community in meeting the needs of health and illness. Services are provided comprehensively and sustainably according to patient needs. Nursing care is the right choice in facilitating or meeting patient needs. Nursing care methods are the principal capital in providing services to patients.

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Training of Physical Neural Networks

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Momeni, Ali Rahmani, Babak Scellier, Benjamin Wright, Logan G. McMahon, Peter L. Wanjura, Clara C. Li, Yuhang Skalli, Anas Berloff, Natalia G. Onodera, Tatsuhiro Oguz, Ilker Morichetti, Francesco del Hougne, Philipp Le Gallo, Manuel Sebastian, Abu Mirhoseini, Azalia Zhang, Cheng Marković, Danijela Brunner, Daniel Moser, Christophe Gigan, Sylvain Marquardt, Florian Ozcan, Aydogan Grollier, Julie Liu, Andrea J. Psaltis, Demetri Alù, Andrea Fleury, Romain Lausanne Switzerland Microsoft Research 198 Cambridge Science Park CambridgeCB4 0AB United Kingdom Rain AI San Francisco United States Department of Applied Physics Yale University CT United States School of Applied and Engineering Physics Cornell University IthacaNY14853 United States Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light Staudtstraße 2 Erlangen91058 Germany Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California Los AngelesCA90095 United States FEMTO-ST Institute Optics Department CNRS University Bourgogne Franche-Comté Besançon25030 Cedex France Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom NTT Physics and Informatics Laboratories NTT Research Inc. Sunnyvale United States Lausanne Switzerland Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria Politecnico di Milano Milan Italy Univ Rennes CNRS IETR UMR 6164 RennesF-35000 France IBM Research Europe– Zurich Rüschlikon8803 Switzerland Department of Computer Science Stanford University United States Google DeepMind 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway Mountain ViewCA94043 United States Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales CNRS Thales Université Paris-Saclay Palaiseau France Laboratoire Kastler Brossel Sorbonne Université École Normale Supérieure Collège de France CNRS UMR 8552 Paris France Laboratoire Albert Fert CNRS Thales UniversitéParis-Saclay Palaiseau91767 France Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Lausanne Switzerland Photonics Initiative Advanced Science Research Center City University of New York New YorkNY10031 United States Physics Program Graduate Center City University of New York New YorkNY10016 United States

Physical neural networks (PNNs) are a class of neural-like networks that leverage the properties of physical systems to perform computation. While PNNs are so far a niche research area with small-scale laboratory demonstrations, they are arguably one of the most underappreciated important opportunities in modern artificial intelligence (AI). Could we train AI models 1000x larger than current ones? Could we do this and also have them perform inference locally and privately on edge devices, such as smartphones or sensors? Research over the past few years has shown that the answer to all these questions is likely "textityes, with enough research": PNNs could one day radically change what is possible and practical for AI systems. To do this will however require rethinking both how AI models work, and how they are trained – primarily by considering the problems through the constraints of the underlying hardware physics. To train PNNs at large scale, many methods including backpropagation-based and backpropagation-free approaches are now being explored. These methods have various trade-offs, and so far no method has been shown to scale to the same scale and performance as the backpropagation algorithm widely used in deep learning today. However, this is rapidly changing, and a diverse ecosystem of training techniques provides clues for how PNNs may one day be utilized to create both more efficient realizations of current-scale AI models, and to enable unprecedented-scale models. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Deep learning

Physical properties of Gd3+ ion doped fluorotellurite glass and their radiation shielding parameter

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2023年第1期2540卷

作者： L. Yuliantini M. B. Sari M. Djamal K. Boonin P. Yasaka J. Kaewkhao 1Department of Physics Faculty of Military Mathematics and Natural Sciences The Republic of Indonesia Defense University Bogor 16810 Indonesia 2Department of Physics Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Bandung Institute of Technology Bandung 46132 Indonesia 3Center for Underground Physics Institute for Basic Science 55 Expo-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34126 Republic of Korea 4Physics Study Program Department of Science Sumatera Institute of Technology Lampung 35365 Indonesia 5Center of Excellence in Glass Technology and Materials Science (CEGM) Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University Nakhon Pathom 73000 Thailand 6Physics Program Faculty of Science and Technology Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University Nakhon Pathom 73000 Thailand

Currently, the utilization of X-ray and Gamma-ray have been widely increased due to their applications such as in the medical (Roentgen, PET, MRI, etc.), industrial and scientific fields. As we know, they have high energy and exposure to X-ray and Gamma-ray will be dangerous for the human body. People who work in the radiation field need protection. In the present work, we have developed glass material for radiation protection. The glass composition was (90-x)TeO2+10ZnF2+xGd2O3 where x is 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mol%. The glasses were fabricated using the conventional melt and quenching technique. The mixed material was melted at T=1050 0C for 1.5 hours and annealed at T=500 0C for 1.5 hours. Afterwards, they can be treated at room temperature for characterizations including physical, optical, and the simulation of radiation shielding properties. The physical properties of glass consist of density and molar volume. The glass density laid between 4.15 to 4.75 g/cm3 where the glass density increased by increasing Gd2O3 concentration in the glass system. Meanwhile, the molar volume of glass was found between 36.69 to 38.07 cm3/mol where the molar volume decreased with increasing of Gd2O3 content. The radiation shielding parameter such as mass attenuation coefficient (μm) and effective atomic number (Zeff) have been simulated using Photon Shielding and Dosimetry (PSD) software that is available at https://***/PSD. The response of glass material in the energy range of 0.28 – 0.66 MeV has been studied to understand their radiation shielding properties.

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The EB-correlation in Resolved Polarized Images: Connections to Astrophysics of Black Holes

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Emami, Razieh Doeleman, Sheperd S. Wielgus, MacIek Chang, Dominic Chatterjee, Koushik Smith, Randall Liska, Matthew Steiner, James F. Ricarte, Angelo Narayan, Ramesh Tremblay, Grant Finkbeiner, Douglas Hernquist, Lars Chan, Chi-Kwan Blackburn, Lindy Prather, Ben S. Tiede, Paul Broderick, Avery E. Vogelsberger, Mark Alcock, Charles Roelofs, Freek Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian 60 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Black Hole Initiative Harvard University 20 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 69 BonnD-53121 Germany Steward Observatory Department of Astronomy University of Arizona 933 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Data Science Institute University of Arizona 1230 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Program in Applied Mathematics University of Arizona 617 N. Santa Rita TucsonAZ85721 United States CCS-2 Los Alamos National Laboratory P.O. Box 1663 Los AlamosNM87545 United States Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics 31 Caroline Street North WaterlooONN2L 2Y5 Canada Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada Department of Physics Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States

We present an in-depth analysis of a newly proposed correlation function in visibility space, between the E and B modes of the linear polarization, hereafter the EB-correlation, for a set of time-averaged GRMHD simulations compared with the phase map from different semi-analytic models as well as the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 2017 data for M87∗source. We demonstrate that the phase map of the time-averaged EB-correlation contains novel information that might be linked to the BH spin, accretion state and the electron temperature. A detailed comparison with a semi-analytic approach with different azimuthal expansion modes shows that to recover the morphology of the real/imaginary part of the correlation function and its phase, we require higher orders of these azimuthal modes. To extract the phase features, we propose to use the Zernike polynomial reconstruction developing an empirical metric to break degeneracies between models with different BH spins that are qualitatively similar. We use a set of different geometrical ring models with various magnetic and velocity field morphologies and show that both the image space and visibility based EB-correlation morphologies in MAD simulations can be explained with simple fluid and magnetic field geometries as used in ring models. SANEs by contrast are harder to model, demonstrating that the simple fluid and magnetic field geometries of ring models are not sufficient to describe them owing to higher Faraday Rotation depths. A qualitative comparison with the EHT data demonstrates that some of the features in the phase of EB-correlation might be well explained by the current models for BH spins as well as electron temperatures, while others may require a larger theoretical surveys. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Polarization

Tracking X-Ray Variability in Next-generation EHT Low-luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus Targets

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Ford, Nicole M. Nowak, Michael Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Haggard, Daryl Dage, Kristen Nair, Dhanya G. Chan, Chi-Kwan Department of Physics McGill University 3600 Rue University MontrealQCH3A 2T8 Canada Trottier Space Institute 3550 Rue University MontréalQCH3A 2A7 Canada Department of Physics Washington University in Saint Louis MSC 1105-109-02 One Brookings Drive St. LouisMO63130-4899 United States Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO University of Turku TurkuFI-20014 Finland Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory Metsähovintie 114 KylmäläFI-02540 Finland International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research Curtin University GPO Box U1987 PerthWA6845 Australia Astronomy Department Universidad de Concepción Casilla Concepción160-C Chile Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy Auf dem Hügel 69 Bonn53121 Germany Steward Observatory Department of Astronomy University of Arizona 933 N. Cherry Avenue TucsonAZ85721 United States Data Science Institute University of Arizona 1230 N. Cherry Avenue TucsonAZ85721 United States Program in Applied Mathematics University of Arizona 617 N. Santa Rita TucsonAZ85721 United States

We present a 5 month NICER X-ray monitoring campaign for two low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGNs)—NGC 4594 and IC 1459—with complementary Swift and NuSTAR observations. Utilizing an absorbed power-law and thermal source model combined with NICER’s SCORPEON background model, we demonstrate the effectiveness of joint source–background modeling for constraining emission from faint, background-dominated targets. Both sources are dominated by nuclear power-law emission with photon indices Γ ∼ 1.5–2, with NGC 4594 being slightly harder than IC 1459. The thermal contribution in both sources is fainter, but constant, with kT ∼ 0.5 keV (∼5 × 106 K). The power-law flux and Γ are strongly anticorrelated in both sources, as has been seen for other LLAGNs with radiatively inefficient accretion flows. NGC 4594 is the brighter source and exhibits significant aperiodic variability. Its variability timescale with an upper limit of 5–7 days indicates emission originating from ≾100 rg, at the scale of the inner accretion flow. A spectral break found at ∼6 keV, while tentative, could arise from synchrotron/inverse Compton emission. This high-cadence LLAGN X-ray monitoring campaign underlines the importance of multiwavelength variability studies for a sample of LLAGNs to truly understand their accretion and outflow physics. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Active Galactic Nuclei

Evaluation of Beam Matching in Commissioning a Halcyon Accelerator

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SSRN

SSRN 2023年

作者： Tai, Duong Thanh Tuan, Hoang Duc Hai, Nguyen Xuan Anh, Nguyen Ngoc Sulieman, Abdelmoneim Bradley, David Andrew Sandwall, Peter Chow, James Department of Medical Physics Faculty of Medicine Nguyen Tat Thanh University 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh Street Ward 13 District 4 Ho Chi Minh City Viet Nam Department of Radiation Oncology University Medical Shing Mark Hospital Dong Nai810000 Viet Nam Dalat Nuclear Research Institute Dalat City Viet Nam Faculty of Fundamental Science PHENIKAA University Yen Nghia Ha Dong Hanoi12116 Viet Nam A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC No.167 Hoang Ngan Trung Hoa Cau Giay Hanoi11313 Viet Nam Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging Sciences College of Applied Medical Sciences Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 422 Alkharj11942 Saudi Arabia Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies Sunway University PJ 46150 Malaysia School of Mathematics and Physics University of Surrey GuildfordGU2 7XH United Kingdom Department of Radiation Oncology OhioHealth Mansfield OH United States Radiation Medicine Program Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network TorontoONM5G 1X6 Canada Department of Radiation Oncology University of Toronto TorontoONM5T 1P5 Canada

Purpose: This study aims to serve as a methods paper demonstrating the evaluation and validation of manufacturer reference data, commonly referred to as "Golden Beam Data" (GBD). This data has been used during the commissioning of a Halcyon linear accelerator Analyses of gamma index and relative dose difference were performed in the *** and Methods: For the Halcyon accelerator, dosimetric data were acquired including percentage depth doses, dose profiles and output factors, use being made of a 3D-scanning water tank and various ionization chambers. The GBD was exported from the treatment planning system and compared with measurements. Gamma index and relative dose difference analyses were performed to assess agreement between GBD and ***: For field sizes greater than 4×4 cm2, percentage depth doses and beam profiles, the gamma index between GBD and measurements was less than 1%/1 mm. The gamma indices were found to be slightly greater for the field sizes 2×2 cm2 and 4×4 cm2, remaining within 2%/2 mm, satisfying the AAPM Medical physics Practice Guideline 5 for commissioning and QA of MV photon beams. Between GBD and measurements, output factor deviations were not significant, remaining within 1%.Conclusion: The GBD data was validated in the commissioning of a Halcyon linear accelerator, analyses being made of gamma index and relative dose difference. The gamma index analysis is shown to be an effective method for comprehensively evaluating deviations between the GBD and measurements in the beam matching process. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Photons

Rotation in Event Horizon Telescope Movies

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Conroy, Nicholas S. Bauböck, Michi Dhruv, Vedant Lee, Daeyoung Broderick, Avery E. Chan, Chi-Kwan Georgiev, Boris Joshi, Abhishek V. Prather, Ben Gammie, Charles F. Department of Astronomy University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1002 West Green Street UrbanaIL61801 United States Department of Physics University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1110 West Green Street UrbanaIL61801 United States Illinois Center for the Advanced Study of the Universe University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1110 West Green St. UrbanaIL61801 United States Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics 31 Caroline Street North WaterlooONN2L 2Y5 Canada Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics University of Waterloo WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada Steward Observatory Department of Astronomy University of Arizona 933 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Data Science Institute University of Arizona 1230 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Program in Applied Mathematics University of Arizona 617 N. Santa Rita TucsonAZ85721 United States Los Alamos National Lab Los AlamosNM87545 United States NCSA University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1205 W. Clark St. UrbanaIL61801 United States

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has produced images of M87* and Sagittarius A*, and will soon produce time sequences of images, or movies. In anticipation of this, we describe a technique to measure the rotation rate, or pattern speed Ωp, from movies using an autocorrelation technique. We validate the technique on Gaussian random field models with a known rotation rate and apply it to a library of synthetic images of Sgr A* based on general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations. We predict that EHT movies will have Ωp ≈ 1◦ per GMc−3, which is of order 15% of the Keplerian orbital frequency in the emitting region. We can plausibly attribute the slow rotation seen in our models to the pattern speed of inward-propagating spiral shocks. We also find that Ωp depends strongly on inclination. Application of this technique will enable us to compare future EHT movies with the clockwise rotation of Sgr A* seen in near-infrared flares by GRAVITY. Pattern speed analysis of future EHT observations of M87* and Sgr A* may also provide novel constraints on black hole inclination and spin, as well as an independent measurement of black hole mass. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Black holes

Gamma-ray Bursts as Distance Indicators by a Statistical Learning Approach

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Dainotti, Maria Giovanna Narendra, Aditya Pollo, Agnieszka Petrosian, Vahé Bogdan, Malgorzata Iwasaki, Kazunari Prochaska, Jason Xavier Rinaldi, Enrico Zhou, David National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan The Graduate University for Advanced Studies SOKENDAI Kanagawa240-0193 Japan Space Science Institute BoulderCO80301 United States Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland Astronomical Observatory of Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland Warsaw Poland Department of Physics Stanford University 382 Via Pueblo Mall StanfordCA94305-4060 United States Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology Stanford University United States Department of Applied Physics Stanford University United States Department of Mathematics University of Wroclaw 50-384 Poland Department of Statistics Lund University LundSE-221 00 Sweden Center for Computational Astrophysics National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2 Chome-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan University of California Santa Cruz 1156 High Street Santa CruzCA95064 United States Program RIKEN Saitama Wakoshi 351-0198 Japan Arizona State University 1151 S Forest Ave TempeAZ85281 United States

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) can be probes of the early universe, but currently, only 26% of GRBs observed by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory GRBs have known redshifts (z) due to observational limitations. To address this, we estimated the GRB redshift (distance) via a supervised statistical learning model that uses optical afterglow observed by Swift and ground-based telescopes. The inferred redshifts are strongly correlated (a Pearson coefficient of 0.93) with the observed redshifts, thus proving the reliability of this method. The inferred and observed redshifts allow us to estimate the number of GRBs occurring at a given redshift (GRB rate) to be 8.47-9yr−1Gpc−1 for 1.9 © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Stars

Systematic study of flow vector fluctuations in sNN=5.02 TeV Pb-Pb collisions

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Physical Review C 2024年第6期109卷 065202-065202页

作者： S. Acharya D. Adamová A. Agarwal G. Aglieri Rinella L. Aglietta M. Agnello N. Agrawal Z. Ahammed S. Ahmad S. U. Ahn I. Ahuja A. Akindinov V. Akishina M. Al-Turany D. Aleksandrov B. Alessandro H. M. Alfanda R. Alfaro Molina B. Ali A. Alici N. Alizadehvandchali A. Alkin J. Alme G. Alocco T. Alt A. R. Altamura I. Altsybeev J. R. Alvarado M. N. Anaam C. Andrei N. Andreou A. Andronic E. Andronov V. Anguelov F. Antinori P. Antonioli N. Apadula L. Aphecetche H. Appelshäuser C. Arata S. Arcelli M. Aresti R. Arnaldi J. G. M. C. A. Arneiro I. C. Arsene M. Arslandok A. Augustinus R. Averbeck M. D. Azmi H. Baba A. Badalà J. Bae Y. W. Baek X. Bai R. Bailhache Y. Bailung R. Bala A. Balbino A. Baldisseri B. Balis D. Banerjee Z. Banoo V. Barbasova F. Barile L. Barioglio M. Barlou B. Barman G. G. Barnaföldi L. S. Barnby E. Barreau V. Barret L. Barreto C. Bartels K. Barth E. Bartsch N. Bastid S. Basu G. Batigne D. Battistini B. Batyunya D. Bauri J. L. Bazo Alba I. G. Bearden C. Beattie P. Becht D. Behera I. Belikov A. D. C. Bell Hechavarria F. Bellini R. Bellwied S. Belokurova L. G. E. Beltran Y. A. V. Beltran G. Bencedi A. Bensaoula S. Beole Y. Berdnikov A. Berdnikova L. Bergmann M. G. Besoiu L. Betev P. P. Bhaduri A. Bhasin M. A. Bhat B. Bhattacharjee L. Bianchi N. Bianchi J. Bielčík J. Bielčíková A. P. Bigot A. Bilandzic G. Biro S. Biswas N. Bize J. T. Blair D. Blau M. B. Blidaru N. Bluhme C. Blume G. Boca F. Bock T. Bodova J. Bok L. Boldizsár M. Bombara P. M. Bond G. Bonomi H. Borel A. Borissov A. G. Borquez Carcamo H. Bossi E. Botta Y. E. M. Bouziani L. Bratrud P. Braun-Munzinger M. Bregant M. Broz G. E. Bruno M. D. Buckland D. Budnikov H. Buesching S. Bufalino P. Buhler N. Burmasov Z. Buthelezi A. Bylinkin S. A. Bysiak J. C. Cabanillas Noris M. F. T. Cabrera M. Cai H. Caines A. Caliva E. Calvo Villar J. M. M. Camacho P. Camerini F. D. M. Canedo S. L. Cantway M. Carabas A. A. Carballo F. Carnesecchi R. Caron L. A. D. Carvalho J. Castillo Castellanos M. Castoldi F. Catalano S. Cattaruzzi C. Ceballos Sanchez R. Cerri I. Chakabe CNRS/IN2P3 LPC Clermont-Ferrand France Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences Husinec-Řež Czech Republic Homi Bhabha National Institute Kolkata India Geneva Switzerland and Sezione INFN Turin Italy and Sezione INFN Bologna Italy Department of Physics Daejeon Republic of Korea Faculty of Science Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI Turin Italy Wuhan China Instituto de Física Houston Texas USA Sungkyunkwan University Suwon City Republic of Korea Department of Physics and Technology Cagliari Italy Institut für Kernphysik Bari Italy Physik Department Technische Universität München Munich Germany High Energy Physics Group Bucharest Romania University of Derby Derby United Kingdom Institut für Kernphysik Münster Germany Physikalisches Institut Padova Italy Bologna Italy Berkeley California USA SUBATECH Université Grenoble-Alpes CNRS-IN2P3 Grenoble France and Sezione INFN Cagliari Italy São Paulo Brazil New Haven Connecticut USA Tokyo Japan Catania Italy Gangneung Republic of Korea Hefei China Indore India Physics Department Université Paris-Saclay Centre d'Etudes de Saclay (CEA) IRFU Départment de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN) Saclay France Cracow Poland Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS) Kolkata India and Sezione INFN Bari Italy School of Science Department of Physics Athens Greece Department of Physics Guwahati India Budapest Hungary Liverpool United Kingdom Department of Physics Division of Particle Physics Lund Sweden Affiliated with an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN Mumbai India Sección Física Departamento de Ciencias Niels Bohr Institute CNRS IPHC UMR 7178 F-67000 Strasbourg France Strasbourg France Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Culiacá

Measurements of the pT-dependent flow vector fluctuations in Pb–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02TeV using azimuthal correlations with the ALICE experiment at the Large Hadron Collider are presented. A four-particle correlation approach [ALICE Collaboration, Phys. Rev. C 107, L051901 (2023)] is used to quantify the effects of flow angle and magnitude fluctuations separately. This paper extends previous studies to additional centrality intervals and provides measurements of the pT-dependent flow vector fluctuations at sNN=5.02TeV with two-particle correlations. Significant pT-dependent fluctuations of the V⃗2 flow vector in Pb–Pb collisions are found across different centrality ranges, with the largest fluctuations of up to ∼15% being present in the 5% most central collisions. In parallel, no evidence of significant pT-dependent fluctuations of V⃗3 or V⃗4 is found. Additionally, evidence of flow angle and magnitude fluctuations is observed with more than 5σ significance in central collisions. These observations in Pb–Pb collisions indicate where the classical picture of hydrodynamic modeling with a common symmetry plane breaks down. This has implications for hard probes at high pT, which might be biased by pT-dependent flow angle fluctuations of at least 23% in central collisions. Given the presented results, existing theoretical models should be reexamined to improve our understanding of initial conditions, quark–gluon plasma properties, and the dynamic evolution of the created system.

关键词： Particle correlations & fluctuations Quark-gluon plasma Relativistic heavy-ion collisions