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Deep learning and ensemble methods for anomaly detection in ICS security

International Journal of Information technology (Singapore) 2025年第3期17卷 1761-1775页

作者： Hossain, Md. Alamgir Hasan, Tahmid Karovic, jr, Vincent Abdeljaber, Hikmat A. M. Haque, Md. Alimul Ahmad, Sultan Zafar, Aasim Nazeer, Jabeen Mishra, B.K. Department of Computer Science and Engineering State University of Bangladesh South Purbachal Kanchan Dhaka 1461 Bangladesh Department of Computer Science and Engineering Prime University Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Information Systems Faculty of Management Comenius Bratislava Odbojárov 10 Bratislava 25 82005 Slovakia Department of Computer Science Faculty of Information Technology Applied Science Private University Amman 11931 Jordan MEU Research Unit Middle East University Amman 11831 Lebanon Department of Computer Science Veer Kunwar Singh University Bihar Ara India Department of Computer Science College of Computer Engineering and Sciences Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Alkharj 11942 Saudi Arabia University Center for Research and Development (UCRD) Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chandigarh University Gharuan Punjab Mohali 140413 India Department of Computer Science Aligarh Muslim University U.P Aligarh 202002 India P.G. Department of Physics Veer Kunwar Singh University Bihar Ara India

This research addresses the escalating threats to industrial control systems by introducing a novel approach that combines deep learning for feature selection with a robust ensemble-based classification technique to enhance anomaly detection. Our method utilizes a tailored autoencoder architecture to efficiently select features, followed by a Random Forest classifier to ensure reliable and generalizable detection of anomalies. Evaluated on the HAI Security Dataset, the proposed approach demonstrates exceptional performance, with significant improvements in detecting anomalous activities in ICS. The results highlight the method’s potential to enhance ICS security by providing a scalable and adaptable framework that evolves with emerging threats. This study not only advances cybersecurity methodologies for industrial systems but also lays the groundwork for future research, emphasizing the need for innovative and effective security solutions in the face of evolving cyber challenges. © Bharati Vidyapeeth's Institute of computer Applications and Management 2024.

关键词： Anomaly detection in ICS Cyber-resilience in critical infrastructure Deep learning for feature selection Industrial control systems security Random forest classifier for ICS

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Enhancing the Swanepoel method: precise envelope detection of thin-film transmission spectra

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Optics Express 2025年第6期33卷 13376-13400页

作者： Ballester, Manuel Marquez, Almudena P. Lopez-Tapia, Santiago Fernandez, Susana Bass, John Minkov, Dorian Wuersch, Christoph Willomitzer, Florian Marquez, Emilio Katsaggelos, Aggelos K. Computer Science Department Northwestern University EvanstonIL60208 United States Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science University of Cadiz Puerto Real11510 Spain Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Northwestern University EvanstonIL60208 United States CIEMAT Avenida Complutense 40 Madrid28040 Spain Wyant College of Optical Sciences University of Arizona TucsonAZ85721 United States Sofia1000 Bulgaria Institute for Computational Engineering ICE OST Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences Switzerland Department of Condensed-matter Physics Faculty of Science University of Cadiz Puerto Real11510 Spain

The Swanepoel method is a widely used optical technique for characterizing thin films through normal-incidence transmission measurements. A critical step in this approach involves extracting the upper and lower envelopes of the measured oscillatory spectrum. By analyzing the transmission spectrum and its corresponding envelopes, the Swanepoel procedure enables precise determination of the film refractive index and extinction coefficient. However, even minor inaccuracies in envelope construction can propagate significant errors into the final characterization results. To address this challenge, we present what we believe to be a novel physics-informed optimization algorithm for envelope detection. Our mathematical model reformulates the envelope detection problem as a global optimization task that enforces the physical properties of the Swanepoel envelopes. Extensive validation on fifty randomly generated transmission spectra demonstrates unprecedented accuracy: the method achieves root-mean-square errors (RMSE) below 0.10% for the upper envelope and 0.06% for the lower envelope (more than doubling the accuracy of current state-of-the-art approaches). Furthermore, the proposed model has been assessed with two experimental transmission spectra, demonstrating its robustness and accuracy with real noisy data. We have developed an open-source Python software package (see text below). This software includes not only our innovative envelope construction algorithm but also additional envelope drawing algorithms for comparison and an efficient implementation of the Swanepoel method, enabling complete optical characterization of thin films. © 2025 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement.

关键词： Mean square error

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Modelling and analysis of green hydrogen production by solar energy

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Energy Harvesting and Systems 2023年第2期10卷 229-245页

作者： Hassan, Qusay Abbas, Majid K. Tabar, Vahid Sohrabi Tohidi, Sajjad Jaszczur, Marek Abdulrahman, Imad Saeed Salman, Hayder M. Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Diyala Diyala Iraq Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran Faculty of Energy and Fuels AGH University of Science and Technology Krakow Poland College of Technical Engineering Al-Farahidi University Baghdad Iraq Al-Turath University College Baghdad Iraq

In the article, the viability of adopting photovoltaic energy systems to convert solar energy into hydrogen in Iraqi four main cities are examined. A 22 kWp off-grid solar system, an 8 kW alkaline electrolyzer, a hydrogen compressor, and a hydrogen tank were modeled for an entire year in order to produce hydrogen. Using hourly experimental weather data from 2021 to 2030, MATLAB/Simulink is used to create a mathematical model of the recommended system behavior. The results revealed a range of annual hydrogen production from 1713.92 to 1891.12 kg, annual oxygen production from 1199.74 to 1323.78 kg, and annual water consumption from 7139.91 to 7877.29 L. Each kilogram of hydrogen costs & amp;dollar;3.79. The results indicate that the optimal location for solar hydrogen production systems might be constructed in the central region of Iraq and in other regions with comparable climatic characteristics, particularly those with high radiation levels. & amp;copy;2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. © 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH. All rights reserved.

关键词： Solar energy

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On the Uncrossed Number of Graphs 32

On the Uncrossed Number of Graphs

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32nd International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization, GD 2024

作者： Balko, Martin Hliněný, Petr Masařík, Tomáš Orthaber, Joachim Vogtenhuber, Birgit Wagner, Mirko H. Department of Applied Mathematics Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University Prague Czech Republic Faculty of Informatics Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic Institute of Informatics Faculty of Mathematics Informatics and Mechanics University of Warsaw Poland Institute of Software Technology Graz University of Technology Austria Institute of Computer Science Osnabrück University Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783959773430

Visualizing a graph G in the plane nicely, for example, without crossings, is unfortunately not always possible. To address this problem, Masařík and Hliněný [GD 2023] recently asked for each edge of G to be drawn without crossings while allowing multiple different drawings of G. More formally, a collection D of drawings of G is uncrossed if, for each edge e of G, there is a drawing in D such that e is uncrossed. The uncrossed number unc(G) of G is then the minimum number of drawings in some uncrossed collection of G. No exact values of the uncrossed numbers have been determined yet, not even for simple graph classes. In this paper, we provide the exact values for uncrossed numbers of complete and complete bipartite graphs, partly confirming and partly refuting a conjecture posed by Hliněný and Masařík [GD 2023]. We also present a strong general lower bound on unc(G) in terms of the number of vertices and edges of G. Moreover, we prove NP-hardness of the related problem of determining the edge crossing number of a graph G, which is the smallest number of edges of G taken over all drawings of G that participate in a crossing. This problem was posed as open by Schaefer in his book [Crossing Numbers of Graphs 2018]. © Martin Balko, Petr Hliněný, Tomáš Masařík, Joachim Orthaber, Birgit Vogtenhuber, and Mirko H. Wagner.

关键词： Graph theory

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Exciton localization on p−i−n junctions in two-dimensional crystals

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Physical Review B 2022年第8期106卷 085305-085305页

作者： Bartłomiej Szafran AGH University of Science and Technology Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science al. Mickiewicza 30 30-059 Kraków Poland

We consider a neutral exciton localized on a model p−i−n junction defined in a two-dimensional crystal, MoSe2 and phosphorene, using a variational approach to the effective mass Hamiltonian. The variational solution to the problem with nonseparable center of mass provides the exciton density in the real space and accounts for the kinetic energy due to the exciton localization. For low values of the potential step across the junction, the exciton occupies an area which is much larger than the nominal width of the junction. Localization of the exciton within the junction area is accompanied by the appearance of the dipole moment induced by the local electric field. The induced dipole moment becomes a linear function of the potential step only when the step is sufficiently large. In consequence, the energy dependence on the step value is nonparabolic. We demonstrate that the exciton gets localized not exactly at the center of the junction but on the side which is more energetically favorable for the heavier carrier: electron or hole.

关键词： Confinement Excitons Stark effect 2-dimensional systems Variational approach

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Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in phosphorene quantum rings: Mass anisotropy compensation by confinement potential

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Physical Review B 2022年第16期105卷 165309-165309页

作者： Tanmay Thakur Bartłomiej Szafran Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science AGH University of Science and Technology al. Mickiewicza 30 30-059 Kraków Poland

We consider the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect on a confined electron ground state in a quantum ring defined electrostatically within the phosphorene monolayer. The strong anisotropy of effective masses in phosphorene quenches ground-state oscillations for a circular ring because of interrupted persistent current circulation around the ring. An elliptic deformation of the confinement potential can compensate for the anisotropy of the effective masses and produce ground-state parity transformations with the AB periodicity. Moreover, a specific ratio of the semiaxes is determined for which the spectrum becomes identical to that of a circular quantum ring and an isotropic effective mass. We identify a generalized angular momentum operator which commutes with the continuum Hamiltonian for the chosen ratio of the semiaxes that closes the avoided crossings of energy levels for states of the same parity and spin. Ground-state oscillations for the two-electron ground state are also discussed.

关键词： Aharonov-Bohm effect 2-dimensional systems Phosphorene Quantum dots Quantum rings

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Perfect cycles in the synchronous Heider dynamics in complete network

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Physical Review E 2022年第5期105卷 054312-054312页

作者： Zdzislaw Burda Malgorzata J. Krawczyk Krzysztof Kułakowski AGH University of Science and Technology Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science al. Mickiewicza 30 30-059 Kraków Poland

We discuss a cellular automaton simulating the process of reaching Heider balance in a fully connected network. The dynamics of the automaton is defined by a deterministic, synchronous, and global update rule. The dynamics has a very rich spectrum of attractors including fixed points and limit cycles, the length and number of which change with the size of the system. In this paper we concentrate on a class of limit cycles that preserve energy spectrum of the consecutive states. We call such limit cycles perfect. Consecutive states in a perfect cycle are separated from each other by the same Hamming distance. Also the Hamming distance between any two states separated by k steps in a perfect cycle is the same for all such pairs of states. The states of a perfect cycle form a very symmetric trajectory in the configuration space. We argue that the symmetry of the trajectories is rooted in the permutation symmetry of vertices of the network and a local symmetry of a certain energy function measuring the level of balance and frustration of triads.

关键词： Dynamics of networks

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A comprehensive study on the microstructure of plasma spraying coatings after electron beam remelting 14

A comprehensive study on the microstructure of plasma sprayi...

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14th International Conference on Electron Beam Technologies, EBT 2022

作者： Wȩglowski, M.St. Śliwiński, P. Dymek, S. Kalemba-Rec, I. Kapuściński, M. Wrona, A. Kustra, K. Lukasiewicz - Institute of Welding Gliwice Poland Lukasiewicz - Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals Gliwice Poland AGH University of Science and Technology Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science Krakow Poland

One of the most popular thermal spraying technology is atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). However, it should be noted, that numerous imperfections in the APS surface layers can be occurred. The porosity, microcracks as well as lamellar microstructure occurred. Moreover, the adhesion of the coating is limited. However, the reduction of porosity and other imperfections by remelting process can be eliminated. The laser or electron beams for remelting are the most popular technologies. Mainly, power of the beam and travelling speed influence on the thickness and the final properties of the remelted coatings. In the paper, the electron beam (EB) process for remelting of plasma spraying surface layers in relation to microstructure is presented. The Ni20%Cr + 30%Re APS coating on stainless steel substrate 316Ti grade by electron beam was remelted. The effect of remelting process on microstructure was presented. The light microscopy (LM) as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) for microstructure analysis of APS coatings after EB remelting were used. The results show that the APS coatings subjected EB remelted becomes much denser. Moreover, the porosity was reduced and the chemical composition of the coatings after remelting became homogeneous. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

关键词： Remelting

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Clean-Up Laser System for the Remote Terminal of an Optical Clock

Clean-Up Laser System for the Remote Terminal of an Optical ...

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European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF)

作者： Przemysław Krehlik Łukasz Śliwczyński Łukasz Buczek Tomasz Kawalec Adam Wojciechowski Antoni Węglarz Jakub Dobosz Faculty of Computer Science Electronics and Telecommunications AGH University of Krakow Poland Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Computer Science Jagiellonian University in Krakow Poland Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw Poland

ISBN: (数字)9798350354270

ISBN: (纸本)9798350354287

In this work we present the concept and verification of the ULE cavity based clean-up system for a remote terminal of an optical atomic clock. Thanks to this solution the short-term stability of the signal provided by a long-haul optical fiber link is be significantly improved, to the level guaranteed by the high-finesse cavity, incorporated in the clean-up setup.

关键词： Optical fibers Time-frequency analysis Atom optics Europe Laser stability Optical fiber communication Fiber lasers Atomic clocks

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Thermal properties of structurally balanced systems on diluted and densified triangulations

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Physical Review E 2022年第2期105卷 024301-024301页

作者： Maciej Wołoszyn Krzysztof Malarz AGH University of Science and Technology Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science al. Mickiewicza 30 30-059 Kraków Poland

The dynamics of social relations and the possibility of reaching the state of structural balance (Heider balance) are discussed for various networks of interacting actors under the influence of the temperature modeling the social noise level. For that purpose, two main types of lattices are considered. The first is created by removing some links from a regular triangular lattice to produce a diluted triangular lattice, and the second by adding more links to create an enhanced triangular lattice. In both those cases, the full range of possible graph densities is discussed, limited by the extreme cases of networks which consist of a small number of separated triads and fully connected networks. It is shown that the existence of the balanced state is not possible if the average node degree is too close to the value characterizing the regular triangular lattice. Otherwise, both balanced (or partially balanced) and imbalanced states are possible, depending on the temperature. However, only for graphs which are dense enough a phase transition of the first kind is observed, while less enhanced networks (and all diluted) indicate a smooth crossover between the two states. The crossover temperatures are size independent only for the diluted triangular lattices and depend on the size of the system for the enhanced triangular lattices, as is the case also for the critical temperatures of the phase transition observed in denser enhanced lattices.

关键词： Social systems Social dynamics Social networks

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