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Teaching measurement in the introductory physics laboratory

Physics Teacher 2003年第7期41卷 394-401页

作者： Allie, Saalih Buffler, Andy Campbell, Bob Lubben, Fred Evangelinos, Dimitris Psillos, Dimitris Valassiades, Odysseas Academic Development Programme in Science University of Cape Town South Africa Physics Department University of Cape Town South Africa Department of Educational Studies University of York United Kingdom Physics Department University of Thessaloniki Greece School of Education University of Thessaloniki Greece

Traditionally physics laboratory courses at the freshman level have aimed to demonstrate various principles of physics introduced in lectures. Experiments tend to be quantitative in nature with experimental and data analysis techniques interwoven as distinct strands of the laboratory course.¹ It is often assumed that, in this way, students will end up with an understanding of the nature of measurement and experimentation. Recent research studies have, however, questioned this assumption.^2,3 They have pointed to the fact that freshmen who have completed physics laboratory courses are often able to demonstrate mastery of the mechanistic techniques (e.g., calculating means and standard deviations, fitting straight lines, etc.) but lack an appreciation of the nature of scientific evidence, in particular the central role of uncertainty in experimental measurement. We believe that the probabilistic approach to data analysis, as advocated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), will result in a more coherent framework for teaching measurement and measurement uncertainty in the introductory physics laboratory course. © 2003 American Association of Physics Teachers.

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Kinetics and thermodynamics of oil extraction from South African hass avocados using hexane as a solvent

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South African Journal of Chemical Engineering 2021年 37卷 244-251页

作者： Mgoma, Shaun Thamsanqa Basitere, Moses Mshayisa, Vusi Vincent Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG) Department of Chemical Engineering Cape Peninsula University of Technology South Africa Academic Support Programme for Engineering (ASPECT) Center for Higher Education Development University of Cape Town Rondebosch 7700 Cape Town South Africa Department of Food Science and Technology Cape Peninsula University of Technology P.O. Box 1906 Bellville 7535 South Africa

This study evaluated the yield, kinetic and thermodynamics parameters of the oil extraction process from South African Hass Avocados using Hexane as a solvent. The avocado oil was extracted through the solid-liquid process at different temperatures. The thermodynamic parameters that were evaluated and modelled in this study were studied under constant volume, pressure and temperature conditions during extraction experiments. The enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy were the parameters studied. The extraction was done at four different temperatures 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C and 70 °C. The kinetic model found that the extraction reaction was first-order reaction and the increase in temperature increased the oil yield from 169.20 g/L at 40 °C to 210.73 g/L at 70 °C after 3 h of extraction. The activation energy found was E_a = 127.30 KJ/mol, the thermodynamic parameters under the transition theory at 70 °C were ∆S^≠ = 70.06 J/mol.K, ∆H^≠ = 124.44 KJ/mol, ∆G^≠ = -23.91 KJ/mol. The standard thermodynamic parameters of the process at 70 °C were ∆H = 0.09 KJ/mol, ∆S = 70.06 J/mol.K and ∆G = -7.19 KJ/mol. These indicated that the extraction of avocado oil is an irreversible reaction and the reaction is endothermic. Furthermore, it was proven that the reaction is spontaneous. © 2021 The Authors

关键词： Avocado oil Endothermic reaction Extraction Irreversible Kinetics Reaction rate Spontaneous

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Post inflationary evolution of inflation-produced, large-scale magnetic fields using a generalised cosmological Ohm's law and both standard and modified Maxwell's equations

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Oreta, Timothy Osano, Bob Cosmology and Gravity Group Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics University of Cape Town South Africa Academic Development Programme Science Centre for Higher Education Development University of Cape Town Rondebosch Cape Town7701 South Africa

In most of the literature on evolution of cosmological magnetic fields, it is found that large-scale magnetic fields evolve as B2 ∝ a−4 (adiabatic magnetic decay) where a is the cosmological scale factor and B is the cosmological magnetic field. This rapid decay has been considered as the main obstacle against magnetic fields produced during the inflationary epoch from surviving until today and seeding the observed fields. However, recent reports of first ever detection of intergalactic fields, with strengths around 10−6G are a mystery [1–4]. One possible explanation is that large-scale magnetic fields could have been superadiabatically amplified in their evolutionary history. Superadiabatic amplification may mean that there is an actual increase in the strength of the magnetic field or that magnetic decay-rates are slower than the standard adiabatic magnetic decay rate [5] . This can be demonstrated if we use the generalised cosmological Ohm’s law and both standard and modified Maxwell field equations;this is the goal of this study. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Magnetic fields

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Cross-sectional study of students’ knowledge of sizes and distances of astronomical objects

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Physical Review Physics Education Research 2018年第2期14卷 020108-020108页

作者： Vinesh M. Rajpaul Christine Lindstrøm Megan C. Engel Morten Brendehaug Saalih Allie University of Cambridge Astrophysics Group Cavendish Laboratory J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE United Kingdom Department of Physics University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3RH United Kingdom Faculty of Education and International Studies Oslo Metropolitan University PB 4 St. Olavs plass N-0130 Oslo Norway Centre for Computing in Science Education Department of Physics University of Oslo Sem Sælands vei 24 N-0316 Oslo Norway Department of Physics and Academic Development Programme University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa 7701

This paper reports on the results from administering a modified version of the Introductory Astronomy Questionnaire (IAQ) to middle school students and preservice science teachers in Norway. Ranking tasks formed a key part of the instrument, and we detail a new method for analyzing ranking task data. One of our main findings was that even after instruction, a significant proportion of students held erroneous views and conceptions regarding sizes, distances, and the nature of basic astronomical entities, such as stars and planets. We argue that the commonalities between some of the issues we identified and those presented in extant studies—from a variety of countries, with samples ranging from junior high school students and undergraduates to primary school teachers—may point to deeper cognitive issues inherent in, and possibly unique to, engaging with astronomy.

关键词： Assessment Concepts & principles Epistemology, attitudes, & beliefs

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Adolescent self-construal across cultures: Measurement invariance of the Aspects of Identity Questionnaire-IV in 30 countries

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Journal of Research on Adolescence 2025年第2期35卷 e70017页

作者： Jovanović, Veljko Adams, Sabirah Al Banna, Md. Hasan Aritio-Solana, Rebeca Aryanto, Christ Billy Avsec, Andreja Bakhshi, Ali Bender, Michael Berjot, Sophie Betancourth Zambrano, Sonia Brajša-Žganec, Andreja Broche-Pérez, Yunier Buzea, Carmen Cabello, Rosario Carreca, Valentina Cassibba, Rosalinda Cavazos-Arroyo, Judith Daemi, Fatemeh Díaz-Guerra, Diego D. Džida, Marija Eidelsburger, Mona Fernández-Berrocal, Pablo Fernández-Castillo, Evelyn Fonseca-Pedrero, Eduardo Frackowiak, Tomasz Freire, Teresa Gavrilov-Jerković, Vesna Gjoneska, Biljana Guerrero-Alcedo, Jesús Hillekens, Jessie Höfer, Stefan Kabir, Md. Humyon Iqbal, Naved Jámbori, Szilvia Joshanloo, Mohsen Kaliterna Lipovčan, Ljiljana Kavčič, Tina Kowal, Marta Krstevska Taseva, Marija Tong, Kwok Kit Lazić, Milica Manrique-Millones, Denisse Misiak, Michal Musso, Pasquale Obradović, Vojana Ortuño Sierra, Javier Orzea, Ioana Özaslan, Ahmet Park, Joonha Pašić, Marija Pilkauskaitė Valickienė, Rasa Puente-Díaz, Rogelio Puerta-Sierra, Lizbeth Ristevska Dimitrovska, Gordana Roberts, S. Craig Ronauli, Puji Tania Savahl, Shazly Serapinas, Danielius Kuan, Sok Ian Sorokowska, Agnieszka Sorokowski, Piotr Sulejmanović, Dijana Sultana, Mst Sadia Yuen, Sze Man Szél, Erzsébet Šakan, Dušana Tilga, Henri Tomašević, Aleksandar Unanue, Wenceslao Unanue, Jesús van Egmond, Marieke Yıldırım, Murat Zager Kocjan, Gaja Zamarian, Laura Zotović-Kostić, Marija Department of Psychology Faculty of Philosophy University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia Academic Development Programme University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science Patuakhali Science and Technology University Patuakhali Bangladesh Educational Sciences Department University of La Rioja Logroño Spain Faculty of Psychology Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia Jakarta Indonesia Department of Psychology Faculty of Arts University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia State Welfare Organization of Iran Tehran Iran Department of Social Psychology Tilburg University Tilburg Netherlands Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne C2S Reims France Teacher University of Nariño Nariño Pasto Colombia Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar Zagreb Croatia Prisma Behavioral Center West Palm Beach FL United States Department of Social Sciences and Communication Faculty of Sociology and Communication Transilvania University of Brasov Brasov Romania Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology Faculty of Psychology University of Málaga Málaga Spain Department of Education Psychology Communication University of Bari Bari Italy Centro Interdisciplinario de Posgrados Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla Puebla Mexico Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch Tehran Iran Psychology Department Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas Villa Clara Cuba Department of Psychology Leopold Franzens University Innsbruck Austria Department of Basic Psychology Faculty of Psychology University of Málaga Málaga Spain Institute of Psychology University of Wroclaw Wroclaw Poland School of Psychology University of Minho Braga Portugal Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts Skopje North Macedonia Carrera de Psicología Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Peru Department of Developmental Psychology Tilburg University Tilburg Netherla

Despite the critical role of culture in understanding adolescent self and identity, there is a lack of cross-culturally validated measures of adolescent self-construal. The present study evaluated cross-national measurement invariance of the Aspects of Identity Questionnaire-IV (AIQ-IV), assessing four dimensions of self-construal: personal, relational, public, and collective. The sample included 16,795 adolescents aged 14–19 years from 30 countries across four continents. The four-factor structure of the AIQ-IV obtained using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) was supported in the vast majority of countries. Exact invariance testing using multi-group ESEM supported configural invariance, indicating that the overall structure of the AIQ-IV was similar across countries. Full scalar invariance was supported only on a subset of countries (i.e., when tests were conducted using European countries grouped by UN geographical regions). An alignment approach provided evidence for the approximate invariance of the ESEM model, with 15.6% of parameters showing noninvariance and allowing for comparison of latent means. The largest number of noninvariant parameters was evident in Asian countries, with items assessing collective-interdependent aspects of identity showing the most variation across countries. A comparison of mean levels of identity orientations across countries revealed that culture-level dimensions of collectivism–individualism do not translate simply into individual-level dimensions of self-construal. © 2025 Society for Research on Adolescence.

关键词： adolescence culture identity measurement invariance self self-construal

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Afri-Can Forum 2 Johannesburg, South Africa. 16-18 February 2015 Abstracts

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BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016年第2期16卷 29-45页

作者： [Anonymous] Khula Ndoda Mass Male Circumcision Project Perinatal HIV Research Unit Chris Hani-Baragwanath Academic Hospital Johannesburg South Africa Perinatal HIV Research Unit Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital Soweto South Africa Medical Research Council of South Africa Cape Town South Africa Université Laval Québec Canada Medical Research Council/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda Desmond Tutu Foundation University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa Department of Medicine Edendale Hospital KwaZulu Natal South Africa National Institute for Communicable Diseases Sandringham South Africa Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago USA National Health Laboratory Services Cape Town South Africa McMaster Immunology Research Centre Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster University Hamilton Canada McMaster Immunology Research Centre Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore USA KAVI Institute of Clinical Research University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology of Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital Dakar Senegal Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit Serrekunda The Gambia Clinic of Infectious Disease of Fann University Hospital Dakar Senegal Department of Immunology and Infection London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK Univeristy of Manitoba and Public Health Agency of Canada Winnipeg Canada BCCDC University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada Department of Medical Microbiology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Dispensaire IST Centre de santé communal de Cotonou 1 Cotonou Bé

A1 Introduction to the 2nd synchronicity forum of GHRI/CHVI-funded Canadian and African HIV prevention and vaccine teams O1 Voluntary medical male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV in adult males in Soweto: What do indicators and incidence rate show? Hillary Mukudu, Neil Martinson, Benn Sartorius O2 Developing a peer-led community mobilization program for sex workers in Soweto: HIV risk and demographics Jenny Coetzee, Janan Dietrich, Kgaugelo Mokgatswana, Rachel Jewkes, Glenda E. Gray O3 Salient beliefs about adherence: A qualitative survey conducted as part of the demonstration study on "treatment as prevention" (TasP) and "pre-exposure prophylaxis" (PrEP) among female sex workers (FSWS) in Cotonou, Benin Marylène Dugas, Luc Béhanzin, Fernand A. Guédou, Marie-Pierre Gagnon, Michel Alary O4 Relative perception of risk as a driver of unsafe sexual practices among key populations: Cases of fisherfolk and women and their partners involved in multiple sexual partnerships in Uganda Rwamahe Rutakumwa, Martin Mbonye, Thadeus Kiwanuka, Sarah Nakamanya, Richard Muhumuza, Winfred Nalukenge, Janet Seeley O5 Exploring the acceptability of new biomedical HIV prevention technologies among MSM, adolescents and heterosexual adults in South Africa Millicent Atujuna, Melissa Wallace, Ben Brown, Linda Gail Bekker, Peter A. Newman O6 HIV-susceptible target cells in foreskins after voluntary medical male circumcision in South Africa Rushil Harryparsad, Abraham J. Olivier, Heather B. Jaspan, Douglas Wilson, Janan Dietrich, Neil Martinson, Hillary Mukudu, Nonhlanhla Mkhize, Lynn Morris, Gianguido Cianci, Minh Dinh, Thomas Hope, Jo-Ann S. Passmore, Clive M. Gray O7 HIV-1 proteins activate innate immune responses via TLR2 heterodimers Bethany M. Henrick, Xiao-Dan Yao, Kenneth L. Rosenthal, the INFANT Study Team O8 Characterization of an innate factor in human milk and mechanisms of action against HIV-1 Bethany M. Henrick, Xiao-Dan Yao, Anna G. Drannik, Alash’le

关键词： Sexual Minority Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Medical Male Circumcision International development Research Centre Human Virology

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BioTIME 2.0: Expanding and Improving a Database of Biodiversity Time Series

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Global Ecology and Biogeography 2025年第5期34卷

作者： Maria Dornelas Laura H. Antão Amanda E. Bates Viviana Brambilla Jonathan M. Chase Cher F. Y. Chow Ada Fontrodona-Eslava Anne E. Magurran Inês S. Martins Faye Moyes Alban Sagouis Samuel Adu-Acheampong Daniel Acquah-Lamptey Dušan Adam Penelope A. Ajani Aitor Albaina Pablo Almaraz Jeongseop An Roger Sigismund Anderson Madelaine Jean Robertson Anderson Alexsander Z. Antunes Ivan Arismendi Linda Armbrecht Pedro Aros-Mardones Sreejith Kalpuzha Ashtamoorthy Narayanan Ayyappan Gal Badihi Joseph J. Bailey Andrew H. Baird Mark Edward Baird Sreekumar Vadakkethil Balakrishnan José António L. Barão-Nóbrega Adi Barash Miguel Barbosa Jos Barlow Claus Bässler Matthieu Beaumont Natalie Beenaerts Tiago Octavio Begot Wallace Beiroz Ricardo Beldade David M. Bell Alecia Bellgrove Jonathan Belmaker Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi Cassandra E. Benkwitt Pamela Medina-van Berkum Brandon T. Bestelmeyer Matthew G. Betts Maxwell Kelvin Billah Anne D. Bjorkman Magdalena Błażewicz Christopher P. Bloch Shane A. Blowes Antonio Bode Juliano A. Bogoni Thomas Bolger Timothy C. Bonebrake Erik Bonsdorff Roberta Bottarin Luke N. Brokensha Rob W. Brooker Andrew J. Brooks Helge Bruelheide Thiago Almeida Bueno Claire Laguionie Mariana Lopes Campagnoli James Cant Erica Pellegrini Caramaschi Alexandre Caron Tadhg Carroll Tancredi Caruso Juan Carvajal-Quintero Giuseppe Castaldelli Edward Castañeda-Moya Pedro V. Castilho Sonia Zanini Cechin Shahar Chaikin Uchangi Manjunatha Chandrashekara Tory J. Chase Chaolun Allen Chen Jorge José Cherem Sei-Woong Choi Erica M. Christensen Alexander V. Christianini Jackson Wing Four Chu Peter Coad Carl Van Colen Lise Comte Elisabeth J. Cooper J. Hans C. Cornelissen Eddy Cosson Unai Cotano Luc Crevecoeur Shannan Kyle Crow Graeme S. Cumming Vanessa S. Daga Gabriella Damasceno Gergana N. Daskalova Claire H. Davies Robert A. Davis Frank P. Day Sussy De-La-Zerda Amy Elizabeth Deacon Indradatta de Castro-Arrazola Steven Degraer Kharran Deonarinesingh Juan C. Diaz-Ricaurte Christopher R. Dickman Tara Dirilgen Ciaran John Dolan J. Emmet Centre for Biological Diversity School of Biology University of St Andrews Fife UK MARE—Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal Research Centre for Ecological Change Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland Department of Biology University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany Department of Computer Science Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity Department of Biology University of York York UK Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science University of Ghana Accra Ghana Philipps Universität Marburg Marburg Germany Department of Forest Ecology Silva Tarouca Research Institute Brno Czech Republic School of Life Sciences University of Technology Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia Zoology and Animal Cell Biology Department University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa Spain Grupo de Oceanografía de Ecosistemas Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía CSIC Campus Universitario de Puerto Real Puerto Real Spain National Institute of Ecology Seocheon Republic of Korea African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science University of Ghana Accra Ghana Département de Biologie Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Quebec Canada Núcleo de Conservação da Biodiversidade Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais Secretaria de Meio Ambiente Infraestrutura e Logística do Estado de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil Department of Fisheries Wildlife and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies Ecology & Biodiversity Centre University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia Graduate Program in Oceanography Department of Oceanography Faculty of Natural Scienc

Motivation Here, we make available a second version of the BioTIME database, which compiles records of abundance estimates for species in sample events of ecological assemblages through time. The updated version expands version 1.0 of the database by doubling the number of studies and includes substantial additional curation to the taxonomic accuracy of the records, as well as the metadata. Moreover, we now provide an R package (BioTIMEr) to facilitate use of the database. Main Types of Variables Included The database is composed of one main data table containing the abundance records and 11 metadata tables. The data are organised in a hierarchy of scales where 11,989,233 records are nested in 1,603,067 sample events, from 553,253 sampling locations, which are nested in 708 studies. A study is defined as a sampling methodology applied to an assemblage for a minimum of 2 years. Spatial Location and Grain Sampling locations in BioTIME are distributed across the planet, including marine, terrestrial and freshwater realms. Spatial grain size and extent vary across studies depending on sampling methodology. We recommend gridding of sampling locations into areas of consistent size. Time Period and Grain The earliest time series in BioTIME start in 1874, and the most recent records are from 2023. Temporal grain and duration vary across studies. We recommend doing sample-level rarefaction to ensure consistent sampling effort through time before calculating any diversity metric. Major Taxa and Level of Measurement The database includes any eukaryotic taxa, with a combined total of 56,400 taxa. Software Format csv and. SQL.

关键词： assemblage biodiversity community database ecoinformatics species taxa time

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São Tomé and Príncipe: More than the Land of Cocoa and Coffee

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China and the World 2020年第3期3卷

作者： Francisco B. S. José Leandro Anthony Lobo Institute for Research on Portuguese-Speaking Countries City University of Macao Avenida Padre Tomás Pereira Taipa Macau Special Administrative Region P. R. China Francisco José Leandro received a Ph.D. in Political Science and International Relations from the Catholic University of Portugal in 2010. From 2016 to 2017 he took part in a Post-doctoral research program on State Monopolies in China — One Belt One Road studies. In 2014 and 2017 he was awarded the Institute of European Studies in Macau (IEEM) Academic Research Grant which is a major component of the Asia–Europe Comparative Studies Research Project. From 2014 to 2018 he was the Program Coordinator at the Institute of Social and Legal Studies Faculty of Humanities University of Saint Joseph in Macau China. He is currently an Associate Professor and Assistant Dean of the Institute for Research on Portuguese-Speaking Countries at the City University of Macau China. His most recent books published in 2018 and 2019 are respectively titled Steps of Greatness: The Geopolitics of OBOR and The Challenges Development and Promise of Timor-Leste. Anthony Filipe Lobo is a Ph.D. candidate at the Institute for Research on Portuguese-Speaking Countries City University of Macau China. He is currently working as a Research Assistant under Associate Professor Priscilla Mary Roberts — International Business Cohort Programme Coordinator at Faculty of Business. He worked as Assistant Professor of Political Science at the St. Xavier’s College Goa India for 8 years. His teaching areas mainly included International Relations Politics of Goa and India and Human Rights. His current main of area of interest and research is China and the Portuguese Speaking Countries.

The Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, a small and remote island state, located in the Gulf of Guinea, has long offered little geopolitical and geo-economic interest. This situation is however gradually changing. In fact, since 2016, interest in the country has begun to grow, after the country resumed diplomatic relations with People’s Republic of China (hereafter China) and recognized the “one-China policy”. While the island state and Cabo Verde have followed different development paths in the post-colonial era, both share common features and both have the potential to perform important geopolitical regional roles in the context of the Belt and Road initiative (BRI). This paper discusses São Tomé and Príncipe’s regional engagement in the Gulf of Guinea (GG), the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (CPLP), and in multi-level cooperation in light of the Forum for Economic and Trade Cooperation between China and Portuguese-Speaking Countries (FM) as well as bilateral cooperation. We argue that São Tomé and Príncipe is of geopolitical value to China and that the island state will serve Chinese interests in extending the BRI in the Gulf of Guinea. The microstate of São Tomé and Príncipe has the potential to transform itself to function as the “Qatar of the Gulf of Guinea”, and contribute to regional stability by providing regional services for shipping, banking, finance, high-quality education, tourism and as an engaged partner. This paper presents a methodological theoretical-inductive and constructivist perspective, combining qualitative, quantitative and non-participant observation.

关键词： Geopolitics Diplomacy Gulf of Guinea Cabo Verde Bright of Biafra São Tomé and Príncipe Qatar China and Belt and Road initiative

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The overlapping burden of the three leading causes of disability and death in sub-Saharan African children

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Nature Communications 2022年第1期13卷 1-14页

作者： Reiner, Robert C. Welgan, Catherine A. Troeger, Christopher E. Baumann, Mathew M. Weiss, Daniel J. Deshpande, Aniruddha Blacker, Brigette F. Miller-Petrie, Molly K. Earl, Lucas Bhatt, Samir Abolhassani, Hassan Abosetugn, Akine Eshete Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adekanmbi, Victor Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Aghaali, Mohammad Aji, Budi Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Saqib Alizade, Hesam Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almasi-Hashiani, Amir Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amare, Azmeraw T. Amini, Saeed Amugsi, Dickson A. Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Ansari, Fereshteh Anvari, Davood Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Atout, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Floriane Ayanore, Martin Amogre Aynalem, Yared Asmare Azene, Zelalem Nigussie Badawi, Alaa Baig, Atif Amin Banach, Maciej Bedi, Neeraj Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhandari, Dinesh Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bijani, Ali Birhanu, Tesega Tesega Mengistu Bitew, Zebenay Workneh Boloor, Archith Brady, Oliver J. Butt, Zahid A. Car, Josip Carvalho, Felix Casey, Daniel C. Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chu, Dinh-Toi Coelho, Camila H. Cook, Aubrey J. Damiani, Giovanni Daoud, Farah Gela, Jiregna Darega Darwish, Amira Hamed Daryani, Ahmad Das, Jai K. Davis Weaver, Nicole Deribe, Kebede Desalew, Assefa Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Dorostkar, Fariba Dubljanin, Eleonora Duko, Bereket Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura Effiong, Andem El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enany, Shymaa Fattahi, Nazir Feigin, Valery L. Fernandes, Eduarda Ferrara, Pietro Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A. Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Foroutan, Masoud Frostad, Joseph Jon Fukumoto, Takeshi Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji Gebrekrstos, Hailemikael Gebrekidan G. K. Gebremeskel, Leake Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Gething, Peter W. Gezae, Kebede Embaye Ghadiri, Keyghobad Ghashghaee, Ahmad Golechha, Mahaveer Gubar Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Malaria Atlas Project University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Sweden Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Public Health Debre Berhan University Debre Berhan Ethiopia Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Population Health Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa Department of Global Health Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Qom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran Faculty of Medicine and Public Health Jenderal Soedirman University Purwokerto Indonesia Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO United States Clinical Epidemiology Center Department of Veterans Affairs St Louis MO United States Institute of Health Research University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Information Systems College of Economics and Political Science Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran Department of Health Policy and Management Kuwait University Safat Kuwait International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding National University of Malaysia Bandar Tun Razak Malaysia Department of Epidemiology Arak University of Medical Sciences Arak Iran Medical Research Center

Despite substantial declines since 2000, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), diarrhoeal diseases, and malaria remain among the leading causes of nonfatal and fatal disease burden for children under 5 years of age (under 5), primarily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The spatial burden of each of these diseases has been estimated subnationally across SSA, yet no prior analyses have examined the pattern of their combined burden. Here we synthesise subnational estimates of the burden of LRIs, diarrhoea, and malaria in children under-5 from 2000 to 2017 for 43 sub-Saharan countries. Some units faced a relatively equal burden from each of the three diseases, while others had one or two dominant sources of unit-level burden, with no consistent pattern geographically across the entire subcontinent. Using a subnational counterfactual analysis, we show that nearly 300 million DALYs could have been averted since 2000 by raising all units to their national average. Our findings are directly relevant for decision-makers in determining which and targeting where the most appropriate interventions are for increasing child survival. © 2022, The Author(s).

关键词： Biogeography Epidemiology Infectious diseases Malaria

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Proceedings of the Virtual 3^rd UK Implementation science Research Conference Virtual conference. 16 and 17 July 2020

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IMPLEMENTATION science 2020年第SUPPL 4期15卷 1-22页

作者： [Anonymous] Community Pharmacy Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté) University of Lausanne Rue du Bugnon 44 1011 Lausanne Switzerland School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Geneva Rue Michel-Servet 1 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland University of Geneva University of Lausanne Rue Michel-Servet 1 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland Faculty of Health Sciences Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia Cancer Research Division Cancer Council NSW Woolloomooloo NSW Australia Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia Wolfson Palliative Care Research Centre Hull York Medical School Faculty of Health Sciences University of Hull Hull HU6 7RX UK College of Medicine and Health University of Exeter Exeter EX1 2LU UK Wellcome Centre for Cultures and Environments of Health University of Exeter Exeter EX1 2LU UK Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford Oxford OX2 6GG UK Exeter HS&DR Evidence Synthesis Centre Institute of Health Research College of Medicine and Health University of Exeter Exeter EX1 2LU UK Department of Nutrition & Dietetics The Prince Charles Hospital Brisbane Queensland Australia School of Human Movement & Nutrition Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia University of Global Health Equity Kigali Rwanda Department of Medical Social Sciences Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL USA Centre for Implementation Science Department of Health Services and Population Research Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience Kings College London London UK Centre for Global Mental Health Department of Health Services and Population Research Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience King’s College London London UK Department of Psychiatry WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Research and Capacity-Building School of Medicine College of Health Scie

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