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Modeling a Phased Array of Parametric Array Loudspeakers Using the Spherical Wave Expansion

IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing 2025年 33卷 309-318页

作者： Tao Zhuang Jia-Xin Zhong Guilin Ma Feng Niu Jing Lu Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics Nanjing University Nanjing China NJU-Horizon Intelligent Audio Lab Horizon Robotics Beijing China Graduate Program in Acoustics Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA Audfly Technology Suzhou Company Ltd. Suzhou China Division of Mechanics and Acoustics National Institute of Metrology Beijing China

Parametric array loudspeakers (PALs) that utilize the phased array technique are receiving considerable attention because of their ability to electronically control and manipulate highly directional audio beams with great flexibility. However, accurately modeling the phased array PAL poses significant challenges due to the complex nature of the nonlinear processes involved, which results in the demodulated audio sound generated by the array not simply being a superposition of that generated by each individual array element. In addition, the nonlinear interaction between the ultrasound generated by any two distinct elements creates a coupled audio sound component that also contributes to the total audio sound field. Based on the quasilinear solution of the Westervelt equation as well as the spherical wave expansion method, this paper proposed a computationally efficient and accurate method to include the coupled audio sound component. Both simulations and experiments for a uniform linear PAL array are conducted to validate the method. The proposed method paved the way for simulating and designing phased array PAL systems.

关键词： Ultrasonic imaging Phased arrays Mathematical models Loudspeakers Harmonic analysis Field emitter arrays Acoustic beams Speech processing Computational modeling Transducers

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Experimentally Probing Non-Hermitian Spectral Transition and Eigenstate Skewness

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Zhong, Jia-Xin Kim, Jeewoo Chen, Kai Lu, Jing Ding, Kun Jing, Yun Graduate Program in Acoustics The Pennsylvania State University University ParkPA16802 United States Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics Institute of Acoustics Nanjing University Nanjing210093 China Fudan University Shanghai200438 China NJU-Horizon Intelligent Audio Lab Horizon Robotics Beijing100094 China

Non-Hermitian (NH) systems exhibit intricate spectral topology arising from complex-valued eigenenergies, with positive/negative imaginary parts representing gain/loss. Unlike the orthogonal eigenstates of Hermitian systems, NH systems feature left and right eigenstates that form a biorthogonal basis and can differ significantly, showcasing pronounced skewness between them. These characteristics give rise to unique properties absent in Hermitian systems, such as the NH skin effect and ultra spectral sensitivity. However, conventional experimental techniques are inadequate for directly measuring the complex-valued spectra and left and right eigenstates—key elements for enhancing our knowledge of NH physics. This challenge is particularly acute in higher-dimensional NH systems, where the spectra and eigenstates are highly sensitive to macroscopic shapes, lattice geometry, and boundary conditions, posing greater experimental demands compared to one-dimensional systems. Here, we present a Green’s function-based method that enables the direct measurement and characterization of both complex-valued energy spectra and the left and right eigenstates in arbitrary NH lattices. Using active acoustic crystals as the experimental platform, we observe spectral transitions and eigenstate skewness in two-dimensional NH lattices under both nonreciprocal and reciprocal conditions, with varied geometries and boundary conditions. Our approach renders complex spectral topology and left eigenstates experimentally accessible and practically meaningful, providing new insights into these quantities. The results not only confirm recent theoretical predictions of higher-dimensional NH systems but also establish a universal and versatile framework for investigating complex spectral properties and NH dynamics across a wide range of physical platforms. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Topology

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ATTENUATION OF SOUND BY TURBULENCE

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JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1976年第4期60卷 788-794页

作者： BROWN, EH CLIFFORD, SF NOAA ENVIRONM RES LABATMOSPH ACOUSTICS PROGRAMBOULDERCO 80302

We present a theory of attenuation of sound by turbulence. The mechanism underlying this theory is the turbulence‐induced broadening of finite beams of sound. It is thus conjectured that attenuation of sound by turbulence is not an intrinsic property of the medium, nor even of its dynamic state, but depends on the particular details of the experiment, such as beamwidth, beam orientation, etc. This point of view is at odds with that of some other theories, in which attenuation by turbulence is regarded primarily as a scattering process. Some conceptual flaws in these other theories are pointed out. It is shown that the present theory yields results which are in qualitative agreement with *** Classification: [43]28.40, [43]28.60; [43]20.35.

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Generating Localized Audible Zones Using a Single-Channel Parametric Loudspeaker

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Zhuang, Tao Li, Shaozhe Niu, Feng Zhong, Jia-Xin Lu, Jing Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics Nanjing University Nanjing210093 China NJU-Horizon Intelligent Audio Lab Horizon Robotics Beijing100094 China Division of Mechanics and Acoustics National Institute of Metrology Beijing100029 China Graduate Program in Acoustics The Pennsylvania State University University ParkPA16802 United States

Advanced sound zone control (SZC) techniques typically rely on massive multi-channel loudspeaker arrays to create high-contrast personal sound zones, making single-loudspeaker SZC seem impossible. In this Letter, we challenge this paradigm by introducing the multi-carrier parametric loudspeaker (MCPL), which enables SZC using only a single loudspeaker. In our approach, distinct audio signals are modulated onto separate ultrasonic carrier waves at different frequencies and combined into a single composite signal. This signal is emitted by a single-channel ultrasonic transducer, and through nonlinear demodulation in air, the audio signals interact to virtually form multi-channel outputs. This novel capability allows the application of existing SZC algorithms originally designed for multi-channel loudspeaker arrays. Simulations validate the effectiveness of our proposed single-channel MCPL, demonstrating its potential as a promising alternative to traditional multi-loudspeaker systems for achieving high-contrast SZC. Our work opens new avenues for simplifying SZC systems without compromising performance. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Array processing

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Design optimization and performance comparison of three styles of one-dimensional acoustic black hole vibration absorbers

Design optimization and performance comparison of three styl...

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作者： McCormick, Cameron A. Shepherd, Micah R. Graduate Program in Acoustics/Applied Research Lab The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA16802 United States

Structures whose thickness is tapered according to a power law exhibit the ‘acoustic black hole’ (ABH) effect, which can be leveraged for effective vibration reduction without a net increase in weight. However, classic ABH theory is not explicit about the precise topology of the taper, which may have significant practical effects in structures containing ABHs. In this paper, three styles of one-dimensional ABH vibration absorbers are examined, referred to herein as ‘standard symmetric’, ‘standard nonsymmetric’, and ‘double-leaf’. Each style of ABH is embedded in a beam and a multi-objective approach is used to identify the set of ABH designs that optimally minimize the beam's vibration response and its overall mass. Comparison of the results show that each style of ABH has a similar trade-off between the two objectives, but that the choice of style – particularly as regards the application of added damping – can have significant effects on overall performance. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Economic and social effects

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Heat transfer enhancement through thermoacoustically-driven streaming

Heat transfer enhancement through thermoacoustically-driven ...

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21st International Congress on acoustics, ICA 2013 - 165th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America

作者： Ali, Randall A. Garrett, Steven L. Graduate Program in Acoustics Penn State University Applied Research Lab. State College PA 16804 United States

We recently reported on a simple standing-wave thermoacoustic engine that was intended for use as a self-powered monitor of temperature within a resonator that was similar to a nuclear fuel rod [JASA 132 (3) Pt. 2, 1993-1994 (2012)]. An additional potential benefit of such a device is the enhanced heat transfer between the heat source and the surrounding coolant produced by the acoustic streaming generated by the high-amplitude acoustic standing wave within the resonator. By adding a remotely-operated linear actuator that can depresses a valve at the ambient-temperature end of the resonator, we are able to squelch the acoustic resonance by modification of that boundary condition without changing any other operating parameters (e.g., heater power). We will report heat transfer measurements made in a calorimeter at several input thermal power levels with and without the presence of the thermoacoustic oscillations. © 2013 Acoustical Society of America.

关键词： Elastic waves

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Acoustic scattering in bubbly water at frequencies below individual bubble resonances

Acoustic scattering in bubbly water at frequencies below ind...

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11th European Conference on Underwater acoustics, ECUA 2012

作者： Culver, Richard L. McElhone, Dale J. Smith, Robert W. Applied Research Lab and Grad Program in Acoustics Pennsylvania State University P.O. Box 30 State College PA 16804 United States

We are interested in acoustic scattering by bubble clouds in water at frequencies and densities such that the acoustic wavelength is large relative to the average distance between bubbles and large relative to that corresponding to the bubble resonance frequency. At high frequency and moderate bubble density, bubble scattered intensity is proportional to N (the number density of the bubbles, m 4), which corresponds to incoherent scattering. Effective medium theory has been shown to predict predominantly incoherent scattering at high frequencies, but coherent scattering (scattered intensity proportional to N2) at lower frequencies. Applying incoherent scattering at low frequencies can substantially under predict the bubble scattered signal. Coherent (low frequency) scattering from bubble assemblages has also been explained in terms of collective shape, but this approach does not provide a means of predicting the temporal extent of the scattered signal in low frequency regimes. The literature apparently does not provide precise guidance as to when and how bubble scattering transitions from incoherent to coherent scattering in response to increasing wavelength, and the relationship between the acoustic wavelength and average bubble separation. Modeling and a tank experiment are underway that we hope will provide some answers to this question. © 2012 Acoustical Society of America.

关键词： Incoherent scattering

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An assessment of noise exposure along the High Line, New York City 44

An assessment of noise exposure along the High Line, New Yor...

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44th International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, INTER-NOISE 2015

作者： Bourdeau, E.P. Zheng, X.Y.K. King, E.A. Pilla, F. Acoustics Program and Lab College of Engineering Technology and Architecture University of Hartford CT United States Department of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering Trinity College Dublin Ireland

The High Line is an elevated public park in New York City, transformed from an unused freight rail line. Pedestrians walking through Manhattan's West Side can walk either on the High Line or on a sidewalk below. It is hypothesized that pedestrian exposure to environmental noise on the High Line will be reduced due to the greater segregation of road traffic and pedestrians. In order to test this hypothesis two types of noise measurements were taken: fixed spot measurements and measurements in transit. Fixed noise measurements are standard for environmental noise assessments and offer a reliable representation of the noise level at each measurement location. Measurements in transit provide high spatial resolution and, in this case, may offer a more appropriate representation of the noise a pedestrian is exposed to in the urban environment. Measurements were analyzed to investigate if pedestrians using the High Line would have a lower exposure to those using the sidewalk. Results show statistically significant differences between noise exposure levels. This paper also discusses the potential for using measurements in transit in place of fixed spot measurements for the assessment of environmental noise exposure in urban environments. © 2015 by ASME.

关键词： Pavements

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Self driving car path planning modification with respect to rapid emergency vehicle detection 48

Self driving car path planning modification with respect to ...

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48th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering, INTER-NOISE 2019 MADRID

作者： Tatoglu, Akin King, Eoin Autonomous Mobile Robotics Lab University of Hartford Mechanical Engineering West HartfordCT United States Acoustics Program and Lab University of Hartford Mechanical Engineering West HartfordCT United States

ISBN: (纸本)9788487985317

Self-driving cars and mobile robots utilize visual sensors including cameras and Lidars to perceive the environment. Same data is utilized to generate a 3D map for localization, path planning and obstacle avoidance purposes. These vehicles are also expected to modify their path plans rapidly when an emergency vehicle such as a fire truck or an ambulance is approaching. Required steps include an early detection, determining and maneuvering to a safe spot to park. However, these steps are challenging with a visual perception only system since it requires a direct view without an obstacle in between. At this research effort, we formalized a set of experiments to analyze the robustness of location and velocity vector prediction quality of a robot equipped with a transducer array. Detection and mapping algorithms work simultaneously to mark safe and unsafe routes. Case studies include single and two robots settings with stationary, constant velocity and acceleration motion profiles while occluding planes are placed to simulate a direct and T section occlusions. Accuracy for both systems are compared with plots. It is shown that direction estimation is sufficient enough to modify the occupancy grid rapidly prior to emergency vehicle reaches to a close proximity. © INTER-NOISE 2019 MADRID - 48th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

关键词： Motion planning

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Sensors synergistic with nature for in-pile nuclear reactor measurements

Sensors synergistic with nature for in-pile nuclear reactor ...

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2012 Future of Instrumentation International Workshop, FIIW 2012

作者： Smith, James A. Kotter, Dale Garrett, Steven L. Ali, Randall A. Fundamental Fuel Properties Idaho National Lab. Idaho Falls ID United States Graduate Program in Acoustics Penn State University State College PA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781467324823

To be able to evolve fuel and structural microstructure within a nuclear power reactor in an engineered manner, an effective extreme environment sensor must exist. The development of sensor technology for nondestructive and nonintrusive measurements in harsh environments is a very active field. However most of the effort has been in adapting existing sensing technology to meet the harsh environmental requirements. A different approach is being presented. The fundamental question that we are trying to answer is how do we take advantage of the harsh environment and maintain synergy between the sensor and the environment. This paper will discuss the synergistic sensor being developed that takes advantage of harsh environments. © 2012 IEEE.

关键词： Piles

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