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arXiv 2024年

作者： Liu, Yuan Singh, Shraddha Smith, Kevin C. Crane, Eleanor Martyn, John M. Eickbusch, Alec Schuckert, Alexander Li, Richard D. Sinanan-Singh, Jasmine Soley, Micheline B. Tsunoda, Takahiro Chuang, Isaac L. Wiebe, Nathan Girvin, Steven M. Department of Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Carolina State University RaleighNC27606 United States Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University RaleighNC27606 United States Yale Quantum Institute Yale University New HavenCT06511 United States Departments of Applied Physics and Physics Yale University New HavenCT06520 United States Brookhaven National Laboratory UptonNY11973 United States Joint Quantum Institute QuICS NIST University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison MadisonWI53706 United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Department of Computer Science University of Toronto TorontoONM5S1J7 Canada Canadian Institute for Advanced Research TorontoON Canada Pacific Northwest National Laboratory RichlandWA United States

Quantum computing with discrete variable (DV, qubit) hardware is approaching the large scales necessary for computations beyond the reach of classical computers. However, important use cases such as quantum simulations of physical models containing bosonic modes, and quantum error correction are challenging for DV-only systems. Separately, hardware containing native continuous-variable (CV, oscillator) systems has received attention as an alternative approach, yet the universal control of such systems is non-trivial. In this work, we show that hybrid CV-DV hardware offers a great advantage in meeting these challenges, offering a powerful computational paradigm that inherits the strengths of both DV and CV processors. We provide a pedagogical introduction to CV-DV systems and the multiple abstraction layers needed to produce a full software stack connecting applications to hardware. We present a variety of new hybrid CV-DV compilation techniques, algorithms, and applications, including the extension of quantum signal processing concepts to CV-DV systems and strategies to simulate systems of interacting spins, fermions, and bosons. To facilitate the development of hybrid CV-DV processor systems, we introduce formal Abstract Machine Models and Instruction Set architectures – essential abstractions that enable developers to formulate applications, compile algorithms, and explore the potential of current and future hardware for realizing fault-tolerant circuits, modules, and processors. Hybrid CV-DV quantum computations are beginning to be performed in superconducting, trapped ion, and neutral atom platforms, and large-scale experiments are set to be demonstrated in the near future. We present a timely and comprehensive guide to this relatively unexplored yet promising approach to quantum computation and provide an architectural backbone to guide future development. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Trapped ions

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Machine Learning and Transformers for Thyroid Carcinoma Diagnosis

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Habchi, Yassine Kheddar, Hamza Himeur, Yassine Ghanem, Mohamed Chahine 1 Institute of Technology University Center Salhi Ahmed Naama Algeria. 2 LSEA Laboratory Electrical Engineering Department University of Medea 26000 Algeria. 3 College of Engineering and Information Technology University of Dubai Dubai UAE. 4 Cybersecurity Institute Department of Computer Science University of Liverpool Liverpool UK.

The growing interest in developing smart diagnostic systems to help medical experts process extensive data for treating incurable diseases has been notable. In particular, the challenge of identifying thyroid cancer (TC) has seen progress with the use of machine learning (ML) and big data analysis, incorporating Transformers to evaluate TC prognosis and determine the risk of malignancy in individuals. This review article presents a summary of various studies on AI-based approaches, especially those employing Transformers, for diagnosing TC. It introduces a new categorization system for these methods based on artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, the goals of the framework, and the computing environments used. Additionally, it scrutinizes and contrasts the available TC datasets by their features. The paper highlights the importance of AI instruments in aiding the diagnosis and treatment of TC through supervised, unsupervised, or mixed approaches, with a special focus on the ongoing importance of Transformers and large language models (LLMs) in medical diagnostics and disease management. It further discusses the progress made and the continuing obstacles in this area. Lastly, it explores future directions and focuses within this research field. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Deep learning

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Low-Dimensional Solid-State Single-Photon Emitters

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Chen, Jinli Cui, Chaohan Lawrie, Ben Xue, Yongzhou Guha, Saikat Eichenfield, Matt Zhao, Huan Yan, Xiaodong Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Arizona TucsonAZ85721 United States James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences University of Arizona TucsonAZ85721 United States Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak RidgeTN37831 United States Materials Sciences and Technology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak RidgeTN37831 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Arizona TucsonAZ85721 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States

Solid-state single-photon emitters (SPEs) are attracting significant attention as fundamental components in quantum computing, communication, and sensing. Low-dimensional materials-based SPEs (LD-SPEs) have drawn particular interest due to their high photon extraction efficiency, ease of integration with photonic circuits, and strong coupling with external fields. The accessible surfaces of LD materials allow for deterministic control over quantum light emission, while enhanced quantum confinement and light-matter interactions improve photon emissive properties. This review examines recent progress in LD-SPEs across four key materials: zero-dimensional (0D) semiconductor quantum dots, one-dimensional (1D) nanotubes, two-dimensional (2D) materials, including hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). We explore their structural and photophysical properties, along with techniques such as spectral tuning and cavity coupling that enhance SPE performance. Finally, we address future challenges and suggest strategies for optimizing LD-SPEs for practical quantum applications. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Semiconductor quantum dots

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Shaping Quantum Noise through Cascaded Nonlinear Processes in a Dissipation-Engineered Multimode Cavity

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PRX Quantum 2024年第4期5卷 040345-040345页

作者： Sahil Pontula Yannick Salamin Charles Roques-Carmes Marin Soljačić Department of Physics MIT Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science MIT Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA Research Laboratory of Electronics MIT Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA CREOL The College of Optics and Photonics University of Central Florida Orlando Florida 32816 USA E. L. Ginzton Laboratories Stanford University 348 Via Pueblo Stanford California USA

Multimode quantum light is enticing for several applications, spanning imaging, spectroscopy, communication, and more. Parametric nonlinear processes have been vital in realizing squeezed and other quantum states of light. However, most work exploiting these processes has focused on generating multimode squeezed vacua and squeezing in mode superpositions (supermodes). Bright squeezing in multiple discrete frequency modes, if realized, could unlock novel applications in quantum-enhanced spectroscopy and optical quantum computing. Here, we show how dissipation engineering of a multimode nonlinear cavity with cascaded three-wave-mixing processes allows us to shape above-threshold frequency combs that feature strong single-mode output amplitude noise squeezing over 10 dB below the shot-noise limit, tunable across the comb. In addition, we demonstrate squeezing for multiple discrete frequency modes above threshold. This bright squeezing arises from enhancement of the (noiseless) nonlinear rate relative to decay rates in the system due to the cascaded generation of photons in a single idler “bath” mode. A natural consequence of the strong nonlinear coupling in our system is the creation of an effective cavity in the synthetic frequency dimension that sustains Bloch oscillations in the modal energy distribution. Bloch mode engineering could provide an opportunity to better control nonlinear energy flow in the synthetic frequency dimension, with exciting applications in quantum random walks and topological photonics. Lastly, we show evidence of long-range correlations in amplitude noise between discrete frequency modes, enabling long-range entanglement in a synthetic frequency dimension and providing a new resource for quantum communication.

关键词： Quantum noise

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ACDMSR: Accelerated Conditional Diffusion Models for Single Image Super-Resolution

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Niu, Axi Trung, Pham Xuan Zhang, Kang Sun, Jinqiu Zhu, Yu Kweon, In So Zhang, Yanning School of Computer Science Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi’an710072 China National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology Xi’an710072 China School of Electrical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Korea Republic of School of Astronautics Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi’an710072 China

Diffusion models have gained significant popularity in the field of image-to-image translation. Previous efforts applying diffusion models to image super-resolution (SR) have demonstrated that iteratively refining pure Gaussian noise using a U-Net architecture trained on denoising at various noise levels can yield satisfactory high-resolution images from low-resolution inputs. However, this iterative refinement process comes with the drawback of low inference speed, which strongly limits its applications. To speed up inference and further enhance the performance, our research revisits diffusion models in image super-resolution and proposes a straightforward yet significant diffusion model-based super-resolution method called ACDMSR (accelerated conditional diffusion model for image super-resolution). Specifically, our method adapts the standard diffusion model to perform super-resolution through a deterministic iterative denoising process. Our study also highlights the effectiveness of using a pre-trained SR model to provide the conditional image of the given low-resolution (LR) image to achieve superior high-resolution results. We demonstrate that our method surpasses previous attempts in qualitative and quantitative results through extensive experiments conducted on benchmark datasets such as Set5, Set14, Urban100, BSD100, and Manga109. Moreover, our approach generates more visually realistic counterparts for low-resolution images, emphasizing its effectiveness in practical scenarios. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Image enhancement

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A Classification–Detection Approach of COVID-19 Based on Chest X-ray and CT by Using Keras Pre-Trained Deep Learning Models

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computer Modeling in engineering & sciences 2020年第11期125卷 579-596页

作者： Xing Deng Haijian Shao Liang Shi Xia Wang Tongling Xie School of Computer Science Jiangsu University of Science and TechnologyZhenjiang212003China School of Automation Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control for CSEMinistry of EducationSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang212003China School of Information Science and Technology Nantong UniversityNantong226019China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore117583Singapore The People’s Hospital of RUGAO Nantong226500China

The Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)is wreaking havoc around the world,bring out that the enormous pressure on national health and medical staff *** of the most effective and critical steps in the fight against COVID-19,is to examine the patient’s lungs based on the Chest X-ray and CT generated by radiation *** this paper,five keras-related deep learning models:ResNet50,InceptionResNetV2,Xception,transfer learning and pre-trained VGGNet16 is applied to formulate an classification-detection approaches of *** benchmark methods SVM(Support Vector Machine),CNN(Conventional Neural Networks)are provided to compare with the classification-detection approaches based on the performance indicators,i.e.,precision,recall,F1 scores,confusion matrix,classification accuracy and three types of AUC(Area Under Curve).The highest classification accuracy derived by classification-detection based on 5857 Chest X-rays and 767 Chest CTs are respectively 84%and 75%,which shows that the keras-related deep learning approaches facilitate accurate and effective COVID-19-assisted detection.

关键词： COVID-19 detection deep learning transfer learning pre-trained models

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Learning from Multi-Perception Features for Real-Word Image Super-resolution

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2023年

作者： Niu, Axi Zhang, Kang Pham, Trung X. Wang, Pei Sun, Jinqiu Kweon, In So Zhang, Yanning The School of Computer Science Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi’an710072 China The National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology Xi’an710072 China The School of Electrical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Korea Republic of The School of Astronautics Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi’an710072 China

Currently, there are two popular approaches for addressing real-world image super-resolution problems: degradation-estimation-based and blind-based methods. However, degradation-estimation-based methods may be inaccurate in estimating the degradation, making them less applicable to real-world LR images. On the other hand, blind-based methods are often limited by their fixed single perception information, which hinders their ability to handle diverse perceptual characteristics. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel SR method called MPF-Net that leverages multiple perceptual features of input images. Our method incorporates a Multi-Perception Feature Extraction (MPFE) module to extract diverse perceptual information and a series of newly-designed Cross-Perception Blocks (CPB) to combine this information for effective super-resolution reconstruction. Additionally, we introduce a contrastive regularization term (CR) that improves the model’s learning capability by using newly generated HR and LR images as positive and negative samples for ground truth HR. Experimental results on challenging real-world SR datasets demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods in both qualitative and quantitative measures. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Feature extraction

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Graph Neural Network Enabled Fluid Antenna Systems: A Two-Stage Approach

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： He, Changpeng Lu, Yang Chen, Wei Ai, Bo Wong, Kai-Kit Niyato, Dusit State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation China School of Computer Science and Technology Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing100044 China School of Electronics and Information Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing100044 China Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University College London LondonWC1E 6BT United Kingdom Yonsei Frontier Laboratory The School of Integrated Technology Yonsei University Seoul03722 Korea Republic of College of Computing and Data Science Nanyang Technological University Singapore639798 Singapore

An emerging fluid antenna system (FAS) brings a new dimension, i.e., the antenna positions, to deal with the deep fading, but simultaneously introduces challenges related to the transmit design. This paper proposes an "unsupervised learning to optimize" paradigm to optimize the FAS. Particularly, we formulate the sum-rate and energy efficiency (EE) maximization problems for a multiple-user multiple-input single-output (MU-MISO) FAS and solved by a two-stage graph neural network (GNN) where the first stage and the second stage are for the inference of antenna positions and beamforming vectors, respectively. The outputs of the two stages are jointly input into a unsupervised loss function to train the two-stage GNN. The numerical results demonstrates that the advantages of the FAS for performance improvement and the two-stage GNN for real-time and scalable optimization. Besides, the two stages can function separately. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Graph neural networks

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Touchstone Benchmark: Are We on the Right Way for Evaluating AI Algorithms for Medical Segmentation?

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Bassi, Pedro R.A.S. Li, Wenxuan Tang, Yucheng Isensee, Fabian Wang, Zifu Chen, Jieneng Chou, Yu-Cheng Roy, Saikat Kirchhoff, Yannick Rokuss, Maximilian Huang, Ziyan Ye, Jin He, Junjun Wald, Tassilo Ulrich, Constantin Baumgartner, Michael Maier-Hein, Klaus H. Jaeger, Paul Ye, Yiwen Xie, Yutong Zhang, Jianpeng Chen, Ziyang Xia, Yong Xing, Zhaohu Zhu, Lei Sadegheih, Yousef Bozorgpour, Afshin Kumari, Pratibha Azad, Reza Merhof, Dorit Shi, Pengcheng Ma, Ting Du, Yuxin Bai, Fan Huang, Tiejun Zhao, Bo Wang, Haonan Li, Xiaomeng Gu, Hanxue Dong, Haoyu Yang, Jichen Mazurowski, Maciej A. Gupta, Saumya Wu, Linshan Zhuang, Jiaxin Chen, Hao Roth, Holger Xu, Daguang Blaschko, Matthew B. Decherchi, Sergio Cavalli, Andrea Yuille, Alan L. Zhou, Zongwei Department of Computer Science Johns Hopkins University United States Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology University of Bologna Italy Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Italy NVIDIA United States Germany Germany ESAT-PSI KU Leuven Belgium Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Germany HIDSS4Health - Helmholtz Information and Data Science School for Health Germany Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory China Pattern Analysis and Learning Group Department of Radiation Oncology Heidelberg University Hospital Germany DKFZ Germany School of Computer Science and Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University China Australian Institute for Machine Learning The University of Adelaide Australia College of Computer Science and Technology Zhejiang University China Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Guangzhou China Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong Faculty of Informatics and Data Science University of Regensburg Germany Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology RWTH Aachen University Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS Germany Electronic & Information Engineering School Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen China China The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Peking University China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Duke University United States Stony Brook University United States Department of Computer Science and Engineering Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Division of Life Science Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong Data Science and Computation Facility Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Italy Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland

How can we test AI performance? This question seems trivial, but it isn’t. Standard benchmarks often have problems such as in-distribution and small-size test sets, oversimplified metrics, unfair comparisons, and short-term outcome pressure. As a consequence, good performance on standard benchmarks does not guarantee success in real-world scenarios. To address these problems, we present Touchstone, a large-scale collaborative segmentation benchmark of 9 types of abdominal organs. This benchmark is based on 5,195 training CT scans from 76 hospitals around the world and 5,903 testing CT scans from 11 additional hospitals. This diverse test set enhances the statistical significance of benchmark results and rigorously evaluates AI algorithms across out-of-distribution scenarios. We invited 14 inventors of 19 AI algorithms to train their algorithms, while our team, as a third party, independently evaluated these algorithms. In addition, we also evaluated pre-existing AI frameworks—which, differing from algorithms, are more flexible and can support different algorithms—including MONAI from NVIDIA, nnU-Net from DKFZ, and numerous other open-source frameworks. We are committed to expanding this benchmark to encourage more innovation of AI algorithms for the medical domain. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Open systems

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A Domain-Agnostic Approach for Characterization of Lifelong Learning Systems

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Baker, Megan M. New, Alexander Aguilar-Simon, Mario Al-Halah, Ziad Arnold, Sébastien M.R. Ben-Iwhiwhu, Ese Brna, Andrew P. Brooks, Ethan Brown, Ryan C. Daniels, Zachary Daram, Anurag Delattre, Fabien Dellana, Ryan Eaton, Eric Fu, Haotian Grauman, Kristen Hostetler, Jesse Iqbal, Shariq Kent, Cassandra Ketz, Nicholas Kolouri, Soheil Konidaris, George Kudithipudi, Dhireesha Learned-Miller, Erik Lee, Seungwon Littman, Michael L. Madireddy, Sandeep Mendez, Jorge A. Nguyen, Eric Q. Piatko, Christine Pilly, Praveen K. Raghavan, Aswin Rahman, Abrar Ramakrishnan, Santhosh Kumar Ratzlaff, Neale Soltoggio, Andrea Stone, Peter Sur, Indranil Tang, Zhipeng Tiwari, Saket Vedder, Kyle Wang, Felix Xu, Zifan Yanguas-Gil, Angel Yedidsion, Harel Yu, Shangqun Vallabha, Gautam K. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd. LaurelMD20723 United States Teledyne Scientific Company Intelligent Systems Laboratory 19 T.W. Alexander Drive NC27709 United States Department of Computer Science University of Texas at Austin AustinTX United States Department of Computer Science University of Southern California Los AngelesCA United States Department of Computer Science Loughborough University Loughborough United Kingdom Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann ArborMI United States SRI International 201 Washington Rd PrincetonNJ United States University of Texas at San Antonio San AntonioTX United States Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts Amherst AmherstMA United States Sandia National Laboratories AlbuquerqueNM United States Department of Computer and Information Science University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA United States Department of Computer Science Brown University ProvidenceRI United States Information and Systems Sciences Laboratory HRL Laboratories 3011 Malibu Canyon Road MalibuCA90265 United States Department of Computer Science Vanderbilt University NashvilleTN United States Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S Cass Ave LemontIL United States

Despite the advancement of machine learning techniques in recent years, state-of-the-art systems lack robustness to "real world" events, where the input distributions and tasks encountered by the deployed systems will not be limited to the original training context, and systems will instead need to adapt to novel distributions and tasks while deployed. This critical gap may be addressed through the development of "Lifelong Learning" systems that are capable of 1) Continuous Learning, 2) Transfer and Adaptation, and 3) Scalability. Unfortunately, efforts to improve these capabilities are typically treated as distinct areas of research that are assessed independently, without regard to the impact of each separate capability on other aspects of the system. We instead propose a holistic approach, using a suite of metrics and an evaluation framework to assess Lifelong Learning in a principled way that is agnostic to specific domains or system techniques. Through five case studies, we show that this suite of metrics can inform the development of varied and complex Lifelong Learning systems. We highlight how the proposed suite of metrics quantifies performance trade-offs present during Lifelong Learning system development - both the widely discussed Stability-Plasticity dilemma and the newly proposed relationship between Sample Efficient and Robust Learning. Further, we make recommendations for the formulation and use of metrics to guide the continuing development of Lifelong Learning systems and assess their progress in the future. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Reinforcement learning

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