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International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing (EcoDesign)

作者： Y. Naka A. Aoyama R. Batres A. Shimizu K. Hamada K. Kameda T. Kagiyama I. Matsumoto M. Hirao H. Hayashi A. Inaba Frontieer Collaborative Research Center Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama Japan Japan Chemical Innovation Institute Chiyoda Tokyo Japan Department of Chemical Systems Engineering University of Tokyo Bunkyo Tokyo Japan The Society of Chemical Engineering of Japan Bunkyo Tokyo Japan Research Center for Life Cycle Assessment National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan

ISBN: (纸本)0769512666

It becomes a widely accepted consensus that every human activity has to be designed or redesigned from the viewpoint of the sustainability. In the field of product manufacturing, development and improvement of products and manufacturing processes that reduce environmental impacts become very important issues and their implementation has become a mandatory as a public concern on environmental impacts of manufacturing industries heightened. In order to support those activities for sustainability, an evaluation of environmental impacts (e.g. global warming, ozone layer depletion) of new products and new processes are crucial. This paper proposes an expansion of technological information infrastructure concept and defines process units that are basic building blocks of recycling systems. The proposed scheme is a basis for life cycle engineering and enables a model-based engineering and a PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Action) based management in designs and operation of recycling systems.

关键词： Recycling Chemical technology Manufacturing processes Chemical engineering Chemical industry Design engineering Manufacturing industries Humans Global warming Supply chains

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Learning a coordinate transformation for a human visual feedback controller based on disturbance noise and the feedback error signal

Learning a coordinate transformation for a human visual feed...

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IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： E. Oyama Nak Young Chong A. Agah T. Maeda S. Tachi K.F. MacDorman National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA School of Engineering University of Tokyo Bunkyo Tokyo Japan Department of Systems and Human Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka Japan

ISBN: (纸本)0780365763

The speed, accuracy, and adaptability of human movement depends on the brain performing an inverse kinematics transformation-that is, a transformation from visual to joint angle coordinates-based on learning from experience. In human motion control, it is important to learn a feedback controller for the hand position error in the human inverse kinematics solver. This paper proposes a novel model that uses disturbance noise and the feedback error signal to learn coordinate transformations of the human visual feedback controller. The proposed model redresses drawbacks in current models because it does not rely on complex signal switching, which does not seem neurophysiologically plausible. Numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the model.

关键词： Humans Adaptive control Biological system modeling Error correction Thumb Fingers Inverse problems Kinematics Feedback Acceleration

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Survey of reduced workload and crewing strategies for ocean patrol vessels

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2001年第2期113卷 29-44页

作者： Baker, C Krull, R Snyder, G Lincoln, W Malone, TB Clifford C. Baker CIE CHFEP is a senior staff scientist at Carlow International Incorporated. He has applied most of his 24 years of experience in the application of human engineering technology to maritime systems. Mr. Baker has directed much of Carlow's efforts to reduce ship workload and to improve human performance and maritime safety through application of human factors methods and data. He is a Certified Industrial Ergonomist (CIE) as well as a Certified Human Factors Engineering Professional (CHFEP). Both certifications were granted by Oxford Research where Mr. Baker also serves as an Advisory Board member. Russell D. Krull P.E. is a senior engineer with A&T/Proteus Engineering with more than 18 years of experi-ence in marine engineering naval architecture and program management including 16 years of active duty in the U.S. Coast Guard. Recent experience includes advanced ship design studies engineering software development technical support for the USMC Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle propulsion systems analyses ship structural engineering and cargo handling systems engineering. Mr. Krull has an M.S.E. in naval architecture and marine engineering and an M.S.E. in industrial and operations engineering from University of Michigan and a B.S. in ocean engineering from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy. Capt. Glenn L. Snyder USCG. Regrettably since this paper was originally written Capt. Snyder has passed away. At the time of his death he was an operations specialist assigned to the Coast Guard's Deepwater Capabilities Replacement Project as Chief of Human Systems Integration. He served as commanding officer of the patrol boat Cape George (WPB-95306) the icebreaking tug Biscayne Bay (WTGB-104) and the cutter Legare (WMEC-911). A 1975 graduate of the U.S. Coast Guard Academy Capt. Snyder held an M.A. in national security and strategic studies from the U.S. Naval War College and an M.A. in international relations from Salve Regina College. In addition he was a 1998 fellow of the Foreign Service

The U.S. Coast Guard is in the concept exploration phase of its Integrated Deepwater System (IDS) acquisition project. This project will define the next generation of surface, air and command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) assets used to perform the Coast Guard's missions in the IDS environment (>50 NM off the U. S. coastline). As part of early technology investigations, the needs exist to: (1) analyze the workload requirements of the IDS, (2) identify alternative means to perform ship's work, and (3) optimize ship manning consistent with ship workload, performance criteria, and the available tools and equipment aboard. To reduce shipboard work requires an understanding of the mission and support requirements placed on the vessel and crew, how these requirements are currently met, and how requirements might otherwise be met to reduce workload and crew size. This study examined currently implemented workload and manpower reducing approaches of commercial maritime fleets, U.S. and foreign navies, and foreign coastguards. These approaches were analyzed according to evaluation criteria approved by the IDS acquisition project team. From this, strategies for shipboard work reduction that may be considered for adoption by the IDS were identified and analyzed according to performance and costs factors. Ten workload-reducing strategies were identified: damage control, bridge, multiple crewing, engineering, risk acceptance, modularity, deck, enabling technologies, ship/personnel readiness, and operability and maintainability.

关键词： Naval vessels

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engineering the environmentally sound warship for the twenty-first century

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 189-217页

作者： Markle, SP Gill, SE McGraw, PS Udr. Stephen P. Markle USN is a career Engineering Duty officer assigned to Naval Sea Systems Command Arlington Virginia where he is Deputy Directs Environmental Programs Division (SEA 03L1 B). He is responsible fm program management activities associated with all ahat environmental protection equipment design and selection of environmental protection equipment and systems fm future surface ship designs (DD 21 CVN 7Z CW LPD 17) and serves on several teams designed to promote Nay wide awarmss of environmental protection requirements and Nay programs to meet these challenges. He is a 1993 graduate of the Naval Construction and Engineering Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he received a naval engineers degree and master of science in mechanical engineering. His interest in environmental issues predates his undergraduate studies at Syracuse Universityl State University of New Ymk College of Environmental Science and Fmestry where he received a bachelm of science degree in fmest engineering from the School of Environmental and Resource Engineering. LCdx Markle has qualified as a Surface Warfare Officer and in submarines through the Engineering Duty Dolphin Program he is a member of the Acquisition Professional Community and a graduate of the Defense Systems Management College Advanced Program Managers Course. He is a professional engineer registered in the State of New York and is a member ofthe American Society of Naval Engineers National Society of Professional Engineers American Society for Testing and Materials Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and Society of Automotive Engineers. Peter 5. McGraw is current the Acting Branch Head ofthe Solid Waste Management Branch (Code 634) of the Environmental Quality Dwrtment of the Naval Surfice Warfare Centel: Carderock Division. As such he is responsible for among other things: the Shipboard Advanced Incinerator RDT&E Program the Submarine Plastic Waste RDT&E Program Solid Waste Processing Equipment Design Acquisitio

The past twenty-five years has been marked by the introduction ed marine environmental regulations that have had a profound effect on how ships are designed, built and operated. Ships being designed and built today must accommodate not only current regulations but anticipate those enacted over their thirty to fifty year life cycles. U.S. Chief of Naval Operations, Office of Environmental, Safety and Health (CNO N45) has articulated a vision for the Environmentally Sound Warship of the Twenty-first Century. This vision incorporates the "Sense of Congress" for a naval ship designed to operate in full compliance with environmental regulations worldwide. The task of the Navy engineering team is to translate this vision into reality;a ship capable of prevailing in time of war and able to conduct operations in all areas of the globe, unencumbered by special procedures for environmental compliance. The keys to this warship design are the early integration of environmentally sound principles, materials, and processes into the ship acquisition process;minimization of both hazardous materials and generation of post shipboard consumer waste during operation;adaptation of integrated systems to reduce the volume of wastes and enhance processing efficiency;reduced manpower requirements;and crew indoctrination in environmental protection.

关键词： Ships Environmental regulations engineering ARTICULATED Navy environmental security

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Operational systems, logistics engineering and technology insertion

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 205-220页

作者： Grubb, MJ Skolnick, A Michael J. Grubb:has perfomzed naval engineering at the Crane Division Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) for more than twenty-five years. He currently the program manager for the Sustainable Hardware and Affordable Readiness Practice Program (SHARP). is a Navy-wide logistics research and development prgram aimed at the successful transiton of proved technologies inot the fleet. SHARP focuses on reducing acquisition performance capability reliability maintainability and readiness of these systems. Mr. Grubb has served as a department director for the past eleven years. His most recent assignment was as director of the Tactical Computer Resources and Test Equipment Department. This organization provided acquisition and in-service engineering support of the Navy's tectical embedded computers priphirals displays and mass memory storage devices. The organization also provided a complete range of product engineering and metrology engineerig services for SSP NevSeaSysCom and the Trident Program. Prior to this appointment Mr. Grubb was deptuy director psysical security programs department and site responsible for program management and system integration of ashore integrated security systems. Mr. Grubb holds a B.S. degree in industrial engineering from Iowa State Universtiy an M.S. degree in industrial engineering from Purdue University and has copleted the course work (Dec.'96 for a master's degree in public and environment affairs at Indiana University-Purdue Univeristy Indianapolis. Dr. Alfred Skolnick operates System Science Consultants (SSC) specilizing in strategic planning technical program definiton technology assessment and engineering analyses on selected matters of national interest. He has taught physics mathematics and management sciences at University of Virginia and Marymount University and is currently adjunct professor of mathematics at Northern Virginia Community College. Form 1985 to 1989 he was president of the American Society of Noval Engineers. Dr. Skolnick served at Applied Physic

In an era of fiscal austerity, downsizing and unforgiving pressure upon human and economic capital, it is an Augean task to identify resources for fresh and creative work. The realities of the day and the practical demands of more immediate fleet needs can often dictate higher priorities. Yet, the Navy must avoid eating its seed corn. Exercising both technical insight and management foresight, the fleet, the R&D community, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OpNav) and the product engineering expertise of the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) are joined and underway with integrated efforts to marry new, fully demonstrated technologies and operational urgencies. Defense funding today cannot sponsor all work that can be mission-justified over the long term because budgets are insufficient to support product maturation within the classical development cycle. However, by rigorous technical filtering and astute engineering of both marketplace capabilities and currently available components, it is possible in a few select cases to compress and, in effect, integrate advanced development (6.3), engineering development (6.4), weapon procurement (WPN), ship construction (SCN), operation and maintenance (O&M,N) budgetary categories when fleet criticalities and technology opportunities can happily meet. In short, 6.3 funds can be applied directly to ''ripe gateways'' so modern technology is inserted into existing troubled or aging systems, sidestepping the lengthy, traditional development cycle and accelerating practical payoffs to recurrent fleet problems. To produce such constructive results has required a remarkable convergence of sponsor prescience and engineering workforce excellence. The paper describes, extensively, the philosophy of approach, transition strategy, polling of fleet needs, technology assessment, and management team requirements. The process for culling and selecting specific candidate tasks for SHARP sponsorship (matching operational need with t

关键词： Naval vessels

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PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED TLM COMPUTATION WITH SIGNAL-PROCESSING FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC-FIELD MODELING

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INTERnational JOURNAL OF NUMERICAL MODELLING-ELECTRONIC NETWORKS DEVICES AND FIELDS 1995年第3-4期8卷 169-185页

作者： SO, PPM ESWARAPPA, C HOEFER, WJR NSERC/MPR Teltech Research Chair in RF Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia V8W 3P6 Canada Poman So received his B.Sc. degree in computer science and physics from the University of Toronto Toronto Onatario Canada in 1985. He obtained his B.A. Sc. and M.A.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering (summa cum laude) from the University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada in 1987 and 1989 respectively. Mr So was a research engineer in the University of Ottawa from January 1989 to October 1991 his research interests included CAD techniques of microwave circuits and numerical methods for electromagnetic wave modelling. He specialized in the development of electromagnetic engineering CAD software and successfully implemented a number of electromagnetic wave simulators based on the two-dimensional and three-dimensional transmission-line matrix methods. From August 1990 to February 1991 he accompanied Professor W. J. R. Hoefer to Rome Italy and Sophia Antiopolas France. During that time he implemented a parallel version of the 3D-TLM simulator for the CM-2 Connection Machine using C-Star and X Windows Library. He is a research engineer and a Ph.D. student at the University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada. He ported the 2D- and 3D-TLM simulators to DECmpp 1200 massively parallel computer using MPL C and C++. He also combined OSA90/hope a commercially available microwave CAD program with a 2D-TLM simulation module for geometry optimization using the Datapipe technique of OSA90/hope. Recently he has developed a distributed client-server computing technique for the TLM method this technique could accelerate the TLM simulation by more than an order of magnitude. Channabasappa Eswarappa received the M.Tech. degree in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur India in 1983 and Ph. D. degree from the University of Ottawa Canada in 1990. He worked as an Assistant Executive Engineer and later as

This paper describes the implementation of transmission-line matrix (TLM) method algorithms on a massively parallel computer (DECmpp 12000), the technique of distributed computing in the UNIX environment, and the combination of TLM analysis with Prony's method as well as with autoregressive moving average (ARMA) digital signal processing for electromagnetic field modelling. By combining these advanced computation techniques, typical electromagnetic field modelling of microwave structures by TLM analysis can be accelerated by a few orders of magnitude.

关键词： Mathematical models

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ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM) OPERATION VIA SATELLITE - ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND RESOLUTIONS

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INTERnational JOURNAL OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 1994年第3期12卷 211-222页

作者： CHITRE, DM GOKHALE, DS HENDERSON, T LUNSFORD, JL MATHEWS, N COMSAT Laboratories 22300 Comsat Drive Clarksburg MD 20871 USA. Received his B.Sc. from the University of Bombay India an M.A. in mathematics from the University of Cambridge U.K. and a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Maryland. He is currently an Associate Executive Director of the Network Technology Division at COMSAT Laboratories. He has been involved in research and development activities in ISDN VSAT networks data communications and network systems and architectures. Prior to his current positions Dr. Chitre was a Principal Scientist in the Network Technology Division at COMSAT Laboratories. Dr. Chitre joined COMSAT Laboratories in 1980. He has made major contributions to the analysis and architecture of data communication ISDN and BISDN via satellite. Dr. Chitre directs and participates in the international and national standards activities in ISDN BISDN and data communication as they apply to satellite communication. He was Chairman of the Working Group on Protocols and Network Timing Function of the CCIR/CCITT Joint Ad Hoc Group on ISDN-Satellite Matters during 1990–1992. Currently he is the Chairman of the Working Group on New Technologies in the ITU Intersector Coordinating Group (ICG) on Satellite Matters. Dr. Chitre was a programme manager during 1990 and 1991 on a contract from INTELSAT on systems studies on satellite communications systems architectures for ISDN and broadband ISDN systems. Currently he is the technical manager of the DoD Contract on ATM via satellite demonstration and the programme manager for the INTELSAT contract on analysis and top-level specification of INTELSAT ISDN subnetworks and SDH compatible transport network. Department manager for ISDN/Data Communications in the Network Technology Division of COMSAT Laboratories. His responsibilities include managing the implementation of next generation telecommunication systems for fixed and mobile satellite systems. Current projects include the development of a high data rate gateway switch that provides for the

Key issues regarding the operation of the broadband integrated services digital network (BISDN) via satellite are presented herein. The specific issues, challenges, and their resolutions are detailed. In particular, the impact of error characteristics and propagation delay on the operation of BISDN via satellite is discussed. Solutions are presented for removing adverse effects and providing high-quality service to users of BISDN via satellite.

关键词： ATM BISDN

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ARCTIC TRAFFICABILITY PROGRAM - A REVIEW

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1984年第3期96卷 169-175页

作者： VOELKER, R GLEN, IF SEIBOLD, F BAYLY, I Richard Voelker:is Vice President of ARCTEC Incorporated a firm specializing in cold regions technology. He has been responsible for the management of thePolarClass Traffic-ability Program since its inception and annually participates in the field data collection in the Arctic. His prior experience includes positions with the U.S. Coast Guard in the icebreaker design project the Military Sealift Command and at Newport News Shipbuilding. He is a graduate of N. Y.S. Maritime College and has a MS degree from the University of Michigan. I.F. Glen:received his professional degrees in naval architecture from the Royal Naval Engineering College Manadon Plymouth and RN College Greenwich London entering the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors in 1967. After serving as a Constructor Lieutenant in the Royal Navy's Far East Fleet for a short period he joined the Polaris submarine project team in Bath England in 1968. In 1971 he was seconded to the Canadian Department of National Defense in Ottawa as a Constructor Lieutenant Commander under NATO exchange arrangements where he had responsibilities initially for conventional submarines and latterly for computer aided conceptual design. He ventured to Bath England in 1974 and joined Forward Design Group. In 1975 he took a position as a civilian engineer in the Canadian Defense Department and was Head of Hull Systems Engineering from 1977 to 1979. He joined ARCTEC CANADA LIMITED in 1980 and in addition to managing ice model testing projects and full scale trials has specialized in structural response of ships to ice impact. He headed ARCTEC's Kanata Laboratory from 1981 to 1983 when he was promoted to president. Frederick Seibold:is a research program manager with the Maritime Administration's Office of Advanced Ship Development and Technology. He is responsible for the marine science program which includes research in the areas of ship powering structures and propeller performance and Arctic technology. Mr. Seibold has been employed by Mar Ad since 1961 having hel

This paper describes a multiyear program to make an operational assessment on the feasibility of a year-round Arctic marine transportation system to serve Alaska. Specifically, the three objectives were to: collect meteorological and ice data along potential marine routes; instrument the hull and propulsion machinery to improve design critera for ice-worthy ships; and demonstrate that ships can operate in midwinter Alaskan Arctic ice conditions. The U.S. Coast Guard's Polar class icebreakers were used to make the operational assessment by annually extending the route northward and by operating throughout the winter season. This paper reviews some of the operational and technical achievements to date, as well as plans for future Arctic deployments.

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IS AUTOMATION THE MAGIC POTION FOR MANNING PROBLEMS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1982年第2期94卷 127-136页

作者： MELLIS, JG PLATO, AI REIN, RJ James G. Mellis:attended Central Institute in Kansas City Mo. where he graduated in Electronic Engineering Technology. He later attended the University of Minn. in Minneapolis. At present he works in the Manning and Controls Integration Section of the Naval Sea Systems Command. Mr. Mellis is responsible for developing manpower requirements for ship design and for the coordination of shipboard automation designs with the U.S. Navy's manpower policies and availability. Mr. Mellis is currently developing manpower requirements for the U.S. Navy's DDGX ship design. In this capacity he has examined proposals for shipboard manpower reductions through the use of automation and remote control techniques. Another project where Mr. Mellis is heavily engaged in is the Ship Systems Engineering Standards (SSES) development. Mr. Mellis is the assistant project manager for the test and evaluation and producibility aspects of the SSES project. Previously prior to his employment with NAVSEA Mr. Mellis worked for General Dynamics/Electronic Division as a Senior Field Engineer on the Apollo Instrumentation Ships (i.e. Vanguard Restone Mercury). He was responsible for Central Data Processing Systems on the three ships. Artis I. Plato:is the Head of the Manning and Controls Integration Section of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). He is responsible for the development of accurate manpower requirements for all new construction and major overhaul ship projects for the U.S. NAVY. In addition Mr. Plato must coordinate shipboard controls integration and automation aspects with manpower requirements to insure that a compatible solution is developed. Mr. Plato began his professional career in 1956 at the New York Naval Shipyard. There he worked in the Internal Combustion Engine and Shipboard Elevator Section. During 1957 and 1958 he was called up for active duty with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. He served in Europe with various Construction Engineers units. After release from active duty he returned to the shipyard. In 19

This paper examines the recent experience in the UNITED STATES NAVY where automation has been introduced into new ship designs. While other attributes are recognized in the introduction of automated shipboard systems, such as the ability to respond more quickly in combat situations, this paper focuses on the effects of automation upon ship manpower requirements. Specific examples show that expected reductions in manning were not achieved in recent ship designs where automation was incorporated for that purpose. While the use of shipboard automation is not without its critics, the U.S. Fleet appears to have accepted the concept. User feedback addresses the issues of reliability, the provisions for backup systems, the need for better qualified personnel and the concern about maintenance workload. The authors provide specific recommendations for improved guidance to ship designers to more effectively apply automation in the ship design process.

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USE OF COMMERCIAL SPECIFICATIONS IN THE SHIPBUILDING PROCESS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1981年第1期93卷 77-84页

作者： LISANBY, JW HAAS, J Rear Admiral James W. Lisanby USN: graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1950 at which time he received his B.S. degree and his commission as Ensign. Subseqeuntly he was ordered to Massachusetts Institute of Technology from which he received his advanced degree in Naval Engineering (Architecture) in 1956 and more recently additional training in the Harvard Business School's Management Training Program. An Engineering Duty Officer (ED) he has had wide experience in various assignments both afloat and ashore. From 1950 to 1952 he served in the USS Mississippi (AG-128) from 1952 to 1953 in the USS LST-887 and from 1959 to 1961 in the USS Antietam (CVS-36). Shore duty assignments have included Ship Superintendent at the Charleston Naval Shipyard (1956-59) Ship Material Officer Staff of Commander-in-Chief U.S. Atlantic Fleet (1961-63) Assistant for New Con struction in the Cruiser and Destroyer Branch (1963-65) at the former Naval Ship Systems Command (NA VSHIPS) Head of the Procurement and Production Branch Fast Deployment Logistic Ship Project Office (1965-68) Director of Industrial Engineering Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy-Installations and Logistics (1968-69) and Executive Assistant to the Commander NAVSHIPS (1969-70). He then reported as Supervisor of Shipbuilding at Pascagoula Miss. with contract administration responsibilities for both the DD 963 and LHA 1 Class ship acquisitions. Returning to Wash ington in 1973 he completed a brief tour as Assistant for Ship Design in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and then served as Project Manager for the LHA Class of Amphibious Assault Ships (with headquarters in Washington D.C.) from 1974 until June 1977 at which time he assumed command of the former Naval Ship Engineering Center (NA VSEC). With the merger ofNA VSEC on 1 October 1979 with its parent com mand the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) he as sumed his present duties as Deputy Commander for Ship Design and Integration NA VSEA. Rear Admiral Lisanby has been activ

This paper describes the method used by the Navy in the acquisition of ships, with particular reference to the some 2,500 documents referenced directly in the process. For such documents, initially mostly military, a concerted effort is underway to substitute “commercial specifications” where feasible. A comparison is made between the processing of military documents and industry standards. The paper then goes into details of available Industry Documents for materials and small items, noting the general absence for large items of machinery and equipment (and a possible solution). The use of “off-the-shelf” equipment also is discussed as well as advantages and disadvantages of both methods of specifying requirements. Finally, the paper summarizes the alternatives: maximum use of industry standards (either directly or indirectly); use of Commercial Item Descriptions where feasible; and retention of military documents where necessary (mission-critical systems, where marine ruggedness is required, and for truly military applications).

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