In the wet semiconductor process, abrasive nanoparticles are widely used in the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process to polish wafer surfaces for high planarization. During polishing, nanoparticles move with a ...
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This article proposes a novel Peeling of Nano-Particle (PNP) process to locally remove material on a hard material surface using controllable magnetic fields. Fe3O4 particles in the size range of 50-100 nm in aqueous ...
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At the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (NPS), robots are used to propel the decommissioning work. Creating a 3D map of the internal environment of the decommissioning work is a necessary technology for improvi...
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ISBN:
(数字)9781728160788
ISBN:
(纸本)9781728160795
At the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (NPS), robots are used to propel the decommissioning work. Creating a 3D map of the internal environment of the decommissioning work is a necessary technology for improving the working efficiency of a decommissioning robot. The purpose of this research is to realize a 3D map creating a system using a camera by operating the humanoid general-purpose robot Pepper using the Robot Operating system (ROS) and implementing and executing Visual SLAM. The system aims to be applied to a decommissioning robot in the future. In this study, we implemented Visual SLAM methods R-tab Map, which is a method for constructing 3D maps in real-time, and Large-Scale Direct SLAM, which is method that generates a map using luminance with a large gradient between frames without using features for map generation. We also compared and evaluated the effectiveness of the generated maps. Besides, the robot was manually operated using nao_teleop, which can operate Pepper from the ROS library with the PS3 controller, the visualization software rviz, and the point cloud visualization library PointCloudViewer. Using two Visual SLAM's methods, we implemented the experiment. During the experiment, a chair was placed in front of Pepper as an obstacle. In this environment, Pepper was rotated 360 [deg] by manual operation. However, nao_teleop and Visual SLAM methods caused a conflict between the manual operation of Pepper and the 3D map generation process, and both processes stopped. Therefore, the 3D map wasn't generated. To resolve the conflict with operation, Pepper was moved by human and the experiment was again. As a result, the camera image obtained from Pepper was distorted, the map could not be optimized. Therefore, the part of 3D map was only generated. For this reason, to realize a 3D map generation system, it was important to properly calibrate the camera that could acquire a flat image without distortion.
Range verification of therapeutic proton beam is crucial in proton therapy to confirm the irradiation field for ensuring effects and safety of the treatment. The irradiation field reconstruction using prompt gamma-ray...
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ISBN:
(数字)9781728141640
ISBN:
(纸本)9781728141657
Range verification of therapeutic proton beam is crucial in proton therapy to confirm the irradiation field for ensuring effects and safety of the treatment. The irradiation field reconstruction using prompt gamma-rays generated from excited nuclides by proton beam has being studied for the purpose of precision medicine. A simulation tool based on fundamental physics processes employs an important role to understand intermediate relationship between physics interactions and detected observables, and to optimize a detector system with its analysis method. Previously, we reported on the simulation study about an irradiation field reconstruction by using prompt gamma-rays of whole energy range. In this study, we analyzed the energy spectrum and reconstructed the image of irradiation field by using prompt gamma-rays corresponding to a particular energy peak. The simulation was performed for proton beam with a target placed at the isocenter by using Geant4 based particle therapy system simulation framework. A simple tubular detector was placed around the target, in which the kinetic energy and the detected position of each gamma-ray were recorded. The irradiation field was then reconstructed in the ordered subset expectation maximization method. The reconstructed irradiation fields were compared with the dose distribution in the target. The peak positions of these depth distributions were compared each other and discussed about the range verification of therapeutic proton beam.
Thousands of resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging(RS-f MRI)articles have been published on brain *** precise localization of abnormal brain activity,a voxel-level comparison is *** of the large number o...
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Thousands of resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging(RS-f MRI)articles have been published on brain *** precise localization of abnormal brain activity,a voxel-level comparison is *** of the large number of voxels in the brain,multiple comparison correction(MCC)must be performed to reduce false positive rates,and a smaller P value(usually including either liberal or stringent MCC)is widely recommended[1].
Background: Hearing loss affects access to spoken language, which can affect cognition and development, and can negatively affect social wellbeing. We present updated estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) ...
Background: Hearing loss affects access to spoken language, which can affect cognition and development, and can negatively affect social wellbeing. We present updated estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study on the prevalence of hearing loss in 2019, as well as the condition's associated disability. Methods: We did systematic reviews of population-representative surveys on hearing loss prevalence from 1990 to 2019. We fitted nested meta-regression models for severity-specific prevalence, accounting for hearing aid coverage, cause, and the presence of tinnitus. We also forecasted the prevalence of hearing loss until 2050. Findings: An estimated 1·57 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·51–1·64) people globally had hearing loss in 2019, accounting for one in five people (20·3% [19·5–21·1]). Of these, 403·3 million (357·3–449·5) people had hearing loss that was moderate or higher in severity after adjusting for hearing aid use, and 430·4 million (381·7–479·6) without adjustment. The largest number of people with moderate-to-complete hearing loss resided in the Western Pacific region (127·1 million people [112·3–142·6]). Of all people with a hearing impairment, 62·1% (60·2–63·9) were older than 50 years. The Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index explained 65·8% of the variation in national age-standardised rates of years lived with disability, because countries with a low HAQ Index had higher rates of years lived with disability. By 2050, a projected 2·45 billion (2·35–2·56) people will have hearing loss, a 56·1% (47·3–65·2) increase from 2019, despite stable age-standardised prevalence. Interpretation: As populations age, the number of people with hearing loss will increase. Interventions such as childhood screening, hearing aids, effective management of otitis media and meningitis, and cochlear implants have the potential to ameliorate this burden. Because the burden of moderate-to-complete hearing loss is concentrated in countries with low health-ca
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disease that develops through diverse pathophysiological processes and molecular mechanisms that are often specific to cell type. Here, to characterize the genetic contribution...
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disease that develops through diverse pathophysiological processes and molecular mechanisms that are often specific to cell type. Here, to characterize the genetic contribution to these processes across ancestry groups, we aggregate genome-wide association study data from 2,535,601 individuals (39.7% not of European ancestry), including 428,452 cases of T2D. We identify 1,289 independent association signals at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10) that map to 611 loci, of which 145 loci are, to our knowledge, previously unreported. We define eight non-overlapping clusters of T2D signals that are characterized by distinct profiles of cardiometabolic trait associations. These clusters are differentially enriched for cell-type-specific regions of open chromatin, including pancreatic islets, adipocytes, endothelial cells and enteroendocrine cells. We build cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores in a further 279,552 individuals of diverse ancestry, including 30,288 cases of T2D, and test their association with T2D-related vascular outcomes. Cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores are associated with coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and end-stage diabetic nephropathy across ancestry groups, highlighting the importance of obesity-related processes in the development of vascular outcomes. Our findings show the value of integrating multi-ancestry genome-wide association study data with single-cell epigenomics to disentangle the aetiological heterogeneity that drives the development and progression of T2D. This might offer a route to optimize global access to genetically informed diabetes care.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of ...
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic;characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic;and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting system (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019;293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided
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