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Effects of Welding Factors on Liquid Metal Embrittlement Cracking during Resistance Spot Welding of Zinc-coated High-strength Steel

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ISIJ International 2025年第1期65卷 117-126页

作者： Yu, Yang Zhang, Yongqiang Zhang, Tianyue Cao, Guangxiang Chen, Weixuan Research Institute of Technology of Shougang Group Co. Ltd. Beijing100043 China Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling Process for Iron & Steel Production Technology Beijing100043 China Beijing Engineering Research Center of Energy Steel Beijing100043 China Shougang Jingtang United Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. Tangshan063200 China National Key Laboratory of Advanced Vehicle Integration & Control China FAW Group Co. Ltd Changchun130013 China

During resistance spot welding of zinc-coated advanced high-strength steels (AHSS), cracks which are promoted by liquid metal embrittlement (LME) may occur. According to previous researches, welding current, welding time, electrode tip diameter and electrode misalignment angle are significant factors on LME cracking. In this study, the effects of these four factors on LME cracking were compared with an orthogonal design experiment. After welding, numbers and lengths of cracks were measured, and Crack Index (CI) of each experiment group was calculated for comparison. As the result, two types of LME cracks, i.e., Type A cracks located at the indentation of electrode tip and Type B cracks located at the indentation of electrode shoulder were observed. The order of influence degree on CI of Type A crack from high to low was welding current > electrode tip diameter > electrode misalignment angle > welding time. The order of influence degree on CI of Type B crack was electrode tip diameter > electrode misalignment angle > welding time > welding current. The result reveals that modifying welding current is the most effective way to reduce Type A cracks and optimizing the electrode tip diameter is significant for preventing Type B cracks. © 2025 The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan.

关键词： Zinc coatings

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Design and Simulation of Hinge-type Ro-Ro (Roll-on/Roll-off) Ship Car Deck Structure 33rd

Design and Simulation of Hinge-type Ro-Ro (Roll-on/Roll-off)...

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33rd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE 2023

作者： Kim, Hyun Soo Cho, Min Goo Kang, Sung Wook Kim, Jae Woong Pyo, Chang Min Ji, Chang Wook Park, Jang Ik Precision Mechanical Process and Control R&D Group Korea Institute of Industrial Technology Gyeongsangnam-do Jinju Korea Republic of Automotive Materials & Components R&D Group Korea Institute of Industrial Technology Gwangju Korea Republic of Advanced Forming Process R&D Group Korea Institute of Industrial Technology Ulsan Korea Republic of Research center Dae Lyun Engineering Co. Ltd. Busan Korea Republic of

ISBN: (纸本)9781880653807

Ro-Ro ships can roll-on or roll-off cargo with self-driving power such as passenger cars and trucks, and container cargo on transport devices such as trucks or trailers on a ramp. The representative types of Ro-Ro ships are PCC (Pure Car Carrier) and PTCT (Pure Car & Truck Carrier). Ro-Ro ship is configured to load as many cargoes as possible by dividing the cargo hold into multiple card decks up and down. It is necessary to adjust the height of the car deck according to the type of vehicle being loaded. For this purpose, a number of fillers are installed on the inner deck of the Ro-Ro ship. In other words, to load high cargo such as heavy equipment on the car deck, the height between the decks must be high. At this time, the liftable car deck is adjusted using the deck lifter installed on the pillar. Existing liftable car deck structures are made of a single large plate, so it takes a lot of time and money to install and dismantle them. In this study, a hinge-type liftable car deck was designed. In addition, the overall structural integrity including the hinge was evaluated through structural analysis in accordance with the classification regulations. © 2023 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE).

关键词： Arctic engineering

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Properties Evaluation of Copper-Titanium Composites by a Spark Plasma Sintering process

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Funtai Oyobi Fummatsu Yakin/Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 2025年 72卷 S931-S937页

作者： Yang, Min-Hyeok Park, Bum-Soon Oh, Ik-Hyun Moon, Hyoung-Seok Park, Hyun-Kuk Purpose Built Mobility Group Korea Institute of Industrial Technology Gwangju61012 Korea Republic of Extreme Process Control Group Korea Institute of Industrial Technology Busan46938 Korea Republic of Division of Advanced Materials Engineering Chonnam National University Gwangju61186 Korea Republic of

The Copper (Cu) - Titanium (Ti) powders with varying of Ti content(0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 wt.%) were mixed using a horizontal ball milling. The milling process was performed for 6 hrs at 300 rpm. The Cu-Ti composites were fabricated by a spark plasma sintering process at a sintering temperature of 850℃ and heating rate of 30 ℃/min under a pressure of 40 MPa. The relative density of the composites was all densified to more than 99%. The Cu and Ti in the Cu matrix are unstable to exist in a single phase at temperature range of 800-875°C and a Ti content of 4-8 at.% (3.04-6.15 wt.%). Thus, each element is stabilized by forming a secondary phase. The phase of Cu3Ti was detected upon the Ti content was 4 wt.% or higher, which affected the thermal properties. The thermal conductivity decreased from 262.74 to 46.10 W/m·K according to increase the Ti contents. The Ti present in the heat transfer path in Cu matrix acted as an obstacle to heat diffusion. Furthermore, as the Ti contents increased, the Vickers hardness of Cu-Ti composite increased from 60.19 to 205.20 kg/mm2. In contrast, the crystallite size decreased from 66.63 to 22.43 nm. The Ti particles suppressed the grain growth of the Cu matrix, resulting in a decrease in crystallite size, which contributed to the improvement of the mechanical properties. ©2025 Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy.

关键词： Thermal conductivity

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Non-Monotonic Lyapunov-Krasovskii Functional Approach to Stability Analysis and Stabilization of Discrete Time-Delay Systems

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2020年第3期7卷 752-763页

作者： Younes Solgi Alireza Fatehi Ala Shariati Advanced Process Automation and Control Research Group Industrial Control Center of ExcellenceFaculty of Electrical EngineeringK.N.Toosi University of TechnologyTehran 16317-14191Iran IEEE

In this paper, a novel non-monotonic Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional approach is proposed to deal with the stability analysis and stabilization problem of linear discrete time-delay systems. This technique is utilized to relax the monotonic requirement of the Lyapunov-Krasovskii theorem. In this regard, the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional is allowed to increase in a few steps, while being forced to be overall decreasing. As a result, it relays on a larger class of Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals to provide stability of a state-delay system. To this end, using the non-monotonic Lyapunov-Krasovskii theorem, new sufficient conditions are derived regarding linear matrix inequalities(LMIs)to study the global asymptotic stability of state-delay ***, new stabilization conditions are also proposed for time-delay systems in this article. Both simulation and experimental results on a p H neutralizing process are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.

关键词： Linear matrix inequality(LMI) non-monotonic Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional(NMLKF) pH neutralization plant stabilization state-delay system time-delay system

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Distributed Energy Seheduling of Islanded Microgrid Based on Potential Game

Distributed Energy Seheduling of Islanded Microgrid Based on...

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2020 Chinese Automation Congress, CAC 2020

作者： Chen, Lei Niu, Yugang Jia, Tinggang East China University of Science and Technology The Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Process Shanghai China Shanghai Electric Automation Group Shanghai200023 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781728176871

Microgrid is an advanced application of distributed renewable energy utilization. With the development of energy Internet technology, microgrid is characterized by strong decentralization and high intelligence. The operation optimization of microgrid requires higher individual autonomy and rational ability, and the traditional centralized optimization is difficult to meet this development trend. In this paper, in order to better reflect the high autonomy of microgrid energy management, a distributed optimization based on potential game is proposed by comprehensively considering multiple independent individuals in the microgrid. Under this strategy, each individual makes decisions with the goal of maximizing their own profits, and completes the iterative solution of the strategy through communication with each other. Finally, a simulation example of islanded microgrid is used to verify the results, which shows that the individual autonomy and intelligence of the microgrid were improved, and the feasibility and effectiveness of the strategy are verified. © 2020 IEEE.

关键词： Energy management

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Advancements in Amorphous Oxides For Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction

Materials Today Catalysis

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Materials Today Catalysis 2024年 7卷

作者： Meng, Youcai Ding, Junyang Liu, Yifan Hu, Guangzhi Feng, Yanhong Wu, Yinghong Liu, Xijun MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials School of Resources Environment and Materials Guangxi University Nanning530004 China Institute of Advanced Science Facilities Guangdong Shenzhen518107 China Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes School of Ecology and Environmental Science Yunnan University Kunming650504 China National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China Group Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zürich Zürich8008 Switzerland

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECR) is a crucial energy conversion technology that transforms CO2 into value-added chemicals, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and advancing energy transitions. Designing high-performance catalysts is pivotal for widespread adoption of CO2 reduction reactions, aiming for high activity, selectivity, and stability. Amorphous oxides represent a burgeoning frontier in this field, attracting attention due to their abundant active sites that refine the catalyst structure-performance relationship. This paper aims to provide an overview of recent advances in using amorphous oxides for ECR. We begin by introducing the basic theory of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, followed by discussing current synthesis approaches for amorphous oxides in CO2 reduction, focusing on optimization strategies for these catalysts. Finally, we address challenges and future perspectives of amorphous oxides in ECR, aiming to foster the development of more efficient catalyst designs. © 2024 The Authors

关键词： Catalyst selectivity

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Combining Attractor Propagation with Differential Evolution for Three-echelon logistics distribution optimization

SSRN

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Zhang, Haifei Ge, Hongwei Yang, Jieming Su, Shuzhi Tong, Yubing School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Jiangnan University Jiangsu Wuxi214122 China Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry Jiangnan University Ministry of Education Wuxi214122 China School of Computer Science and Engineering Anhui University of Science & Technology Anhui Huainan232001 China Medical Image Processing Group Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States

In the process of urban logistics distribution, how to achieve efficiently and timely logistics distribution within the distribution time limit has become an urgent problem to be solved in logistics management. Three-echelon logistics distribution is considered to be an effective strategy to alleviate urban congestion, improve liquidity and reduce pollution. In this paper, a mathematical model of three-echelon logistics distribution problem considering time window constraint is established based on directed graph, and a double-tier intelligent algorithm coordinated by Distance Entropy-based Attractor Propagation (DEBAP) clustering algorithm - Crossover-and-Selection based Differential Evolution (CSBDE) is proposed. DEBAP is responsible for the optimization of region partitioning and facility allocation. The obtained region partitioning and facility allocation scheme are transmitted to CSBDE for path planning. CSBDE feeds back the optimized path planning scheme to DEBAP, and the two-tier intelligent algorithm cooperates to complete the optimization of three-echelon logistics distribution system. In addition, this paper proposes a search strategy based on reachable distribution region and a facility allocation optimization strategy based on path length as weight to improve the efficiency of the algorithm. The example calculation shows that the mathematical model and combined intelligent algorithm proposed in this paper can effectively solve 3-echelon logistics distribution problem(3E-LDP), provide theoretical and methodological guidance for multi-echelon logistics distribution, and can be well implemented in practice to help logistics operators reduce operation costs and improve customer service. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Clustering algorithms

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Distributed Energy Seheduling of Islanded Microgrid Based on Potential Game

Distributed Energy Seheduling of Islanded Microgrid Based on...

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Chinese Automation Congress (CAC)

作者： Lei Chen Yugang Niu Tinggang Jia The Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Process East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China Shanghai Electric Automation Group Shanghai China

ISBN: (数字)9781728176871

ISBN: (纸本)9781728176888

关键词： Microgrids Games Optimization Optical wavelength conversion Oils Market research Energy management

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Implementation of adaptive fault-tolerant tracking control for robot manipulators with integral sliding mode

Research Square

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Research Square 2021年

作者： Liu, Linzhi Zhang, Liyin Hou, Yinlong Tang, Dafeng Liu, Hui Xi’an Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Process School of Automation Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications Xi’an China China Ship Scientific Research Center China China State Shipbuilding Corporation Limited Xi’an Dong Yi Science Technology and Industry Group Co. Ltd Xi’an China

This paper addresses an adaptive fault-tolerant tracking control for robot manipulators. By fully considering the effects of uncertainties and actuator effectiveness faults (UAEFs), a robust fault-tolerant tracking control combining with an auxiliary function and an integral sliding manifold is first developed for uncertain robot manipulators. Then, an adaptive law for unknown parameters of the upper bounded uncertainties is constructed to obtain a robust fault-tolerant approach with the elimination of the reaching phase of sliding mode control (SMC). The stability of the proposed approaches is accomplished by Lyapunov stable theory. The key contributions of the proposed approach are as follows: i) the reaching phase of SMC is removed in the control design and then the sliding mode starts at very beginning;(ii) the nominal control term is eliminated in the design of integral sliding surface and then the algebraic loop problem is also avoided in the proposed approach for robot manipulators;(iii) the simple control structure with an adaptive law is obtained for improving chattering-restraining ability of the proposed approach and then the effects of time delay and computational burden are also restrained from the proposed approach. Simulation and experimental comparisons have been accomplished for verifying the effectiveness of the proposed approach. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Sliding mode control

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Time-delay assisted mechanism and adaptive LSTM hybrid train braking model of heavy haul trains

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control Engineering Practice 2025年 163卷

作者： Qiang Liu Kexuan Xu Yating Fu Jiang Liu Ling Liu State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries (Northeastern University) Shenyang 110819 China Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization of Jiangxi Province Nanchang 330013 China School of Electrical and Automation Engineering East China Jiaotong University Nanchang 330013 China Frontiers Science Center for Smart High-speed Railway System Beijing 100044 China School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China Beijing National Railway Research & Design Institute of Signal Communication Group Company Beijing 100070 China

The train braking model (TBM) that describes the dynamic relations of operation speed, mileage, and control force is essential for achieving stable operation and precise stopping of heavy haul trains (HHTs). However, it is difficult to establish the TBM of HHTs due to complex characteristics: (i) the long body and air braking process of the HHTs may lead to unexpected time-delays of control force; and (ii) there are significant unmodeled dynamics caused by rough tracks and external poor environment. Traditional TBM does not take into account the unmodeled dynamics and time-delays caused by air transmission during braking. To address these issues, this study proposes a data mechanism hybrid modeling strategy, which incorporates a braking time-delay assisted mechanism model and an adaptive long and short-term memory (LSTM) model. A new Bayesian optimization based time-delay estimation method is first proposed to determine unknown time-delays of each carriage and the estimated time-delays are incorporated to generate the multi-point-mass kinetic mechanism model. Moreover, the error of the mechanism-driven model is adaptively compensated by a sliding window LSTM model to conduct the unmodeled dynamics. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using the field data.

关键词： Railroad transportation

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