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Entropy-Mediated Polymer–Cluster Interactions Enable Dramatic Thermal Stiffening Hydrogels for Mechanoadaptive Smart Fabrics

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Angewandte Chemie 2022年第34期134卷

作者： Jia Wu Baohu Wu Prof. Jiaqing Xiong Shengtong Sun Prof. Peiyi Wu State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials Donghua University Shanghai 201620 China Contribution: Data curation (lead) Investigation (lead) Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) Forschungszentrum Jülich Lichtenbergstr. 1 85748 Garching Germany Contribution: Investigation (supporting) Software (lead) Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 China Contribution: Methodology (equal) Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Funding acquisition (equal) Supervision (equal) Writing - original draft (lead) Writing - review & editing (equal) Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Funding acquisition (equal) Project administration (lead) Supervision (equal) Writing - original draft (supporting) Writing - review & editing (lead)

Thermal stiffening materials that are naturally soft but adaptively self-strengthen upon heat are intriguing for load-bearing and self-protection applications at elevated temperatures. However, to simultaneously achieve high modulus change amplitude and high mechanical strength at the stiffened state remains challenging. Herein, entropy-mediated polymer–mineral cluster interactions are exploited to afford thermal stiffening hydrogels with a record-high storage modulus enhancement of 13 000 times covering a super wide regime from 1.3 kPa to 17 MPa. Such a dramatic thermal stiffening effect is ascribed to the transition from liquid-liquid to solid–liquid phase separations, and at the molecular level, driven by enhanced polymer–cluster interactions. The hydrogel is further processed into sheath–core fibers and smart fabrics, which demonstrate self-strengthening and self-powered sensing properties by co-weaving another liquid metal fiber as both the joule heater and triboelectric layer.

关键词： Adaptive Materials Hydrogels Sensing Smart Fabrics Thermal Stiffening

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Impact of Strain Relaxation on 2D Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskite Solar Cells

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Angewandte Chemie 2022年第36期134卷

作者： Qian Cheng Boxin Wang Gaosheng Huang Yanxun Li Dr. Xing Li Dr. Jieyi Chen Shengli Yue Kang Li Dr. Hong Zhang Prof. Yuan Zhang Prof. Huiqiong Zhou CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100191 China Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Contribution: Data curation (lead) Investigation (lead) Methodology (lead) Writing - original draft (lead) Contribution: Investigation (supporting) Supervision (supporting) Contribution: Investigation (supporting) Software (supporting) Contribution: Methodology (supporting) School of Chemistry Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 China Contribution: Investigation (supporting) Contribution: Investigation (supporting) Methodology (supporting) Contribution: Investigation (supporting) Writing - review & editing (supporting) Contribution: Funding acquisition (supporting) Supervision (supporting) Writing - review & editing (supporting) Contribution: Funding acquisition (lead) Project administration (lead) Writing - review & editing (lead)

Although the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has reached the commercial standards, the unsatisfactory stability limits their further application. Hydrophobic interface and encapsulation can block the damage of water and oxygen, while the instability induced by intrinsic residual strain remains inevitable. Here, the residual strain in a two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskite film is investigated by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. It's found that the spacer cations contribute to the residual strain even though they are not in the inorganic cages. Benefited from strain relaxation, the film quality is improved, leading to suppressed recombination, promoted charge transport and enhanced efficiency. More significantly, the strain-released devices maintain 86 % of the initial efficiency after being kept in air with 85 % relative humidity (RH) for 1080 h, 82 % under maximum power point (MPP) tracking at 50 °C for 804 h and 86 % after continuous heating at 85 °C for 1080 h.

关键词： Perovskites Ruddlesden–Popper Solar Cells Stability Strain Relaxation

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Controllability analysis of transcriptional regulatory networks for Saccharomyces cerevisiae 44

Controllability analysis of transcriptional regulatory netwo...

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44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2018

作者： Liu, Suling Wang, Pei Xu, Qiong Chen, Aimin Lü, Jinhu School of Mathematics and Statistics Henan University Kaifeng China School of Mathematics and Statistics Institute of Applied Mathematics Laboratory of Data Analysis Technology Henan University Kaifeng China School of Mathematics and Statistics Institute of Applied Mathematics Henan University Kaifeng China School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data Brain Machine Intelligence Beihang University Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781509066841

Structural controllability of complex networks has been a research focus in recent years. However, few works considered the structural controllability of biological networks, especially for dynamic biological networks. In this paper, structural controllability of one static and five dynamic transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) for Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) have been investigated. The five dynamic networks included two endogenous and three exogenous ones. We clarified the controllability properties of these networks, as well as explored the differences among different types of networks. Our results revealed that the structural properties of different types of networks are significantly different. We found that the TRNs are rather difficult to be fully controlled. However, the dynamic TRNs were relatively easier to be controlled than the static one, and one needs relatively more external inputs to control the exogenous TRNs than the endogenous ones. Based on the structural controllability analysis of subnetworks with the same sizes, as well as randomly perturbed networks by preserving degree distributions, we further illustrated that the structural controllability of the six networks may be mainly dominated by their degree distributions. Our investigations clarify the control properties of TRNs in S. cerevisiae, it provides some insights on real-world control of biological networks. © 2018 IEEE.

关键词： Complex networks

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INTRODUCTION

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Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2024年第8期105卷 S1-S11页

作者： Boyer, T. Blunden, J. Dunn, R.J.H. NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information Silver Spring Maryland NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information Asheville North Carolina Met Office Hadley Centre Exeter United Kingdom European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reading United Kingdom University of Maryland College Park Maryland Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla California NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center College Park Maryland Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus-Senftenberg Germany Servicio Meteorológico Nacional Buenos Aires Argentina NOAA/OAR Physical Sciences Laboratory Boulder Colorado European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Bonn Germany Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics University of Costa Rica San José Costa Rica Department of Meteorology and National Centre for Earth Observation University of Reading Reading United Kingdom Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN São Paulo Brazil Université Grenoble Alpes Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement IRD CNRS Grenoble INP Grenoble France Hampton University Hampton Virginia Seychelles Meteorological Authority Mahe Seychelles Section for Glaciers Ice and Snow Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate Oslo Norway National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE) CARRTEL Université Savoie Mont Blanc Thonon les Bains France Graduate School of Agriculture Osaka Metropolitan University Sakai Japan Science Faculty Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá Colombia University of Bremen Bremen Germany NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory Boulder Colorado Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú Lima Perú Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación – Spanish National Research Council (CSIC-UV-GVA) Valencia Spain Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL) Ghent University Ghent Belgium Department o

In 2023, La Niña conditions that generally prevailed in the eastern Pacific Ocean from mid-2020 into early 2023 gave way to a strong El Niño by October. Atmospheric concentrations of Earth’s major greenhouse gases—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—all increased to record-high levels. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere rose to 419.3±0.1 ppm, which is 50% greater than the pre-industrial level. The growth from 2022 to 2023 was 2.8 ppm, the fourth highest in the record since the 1960s. The combined short-term effects of El Niño and the long-term effects of increasing levels of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere contributed to new records for many essential climate variables reported here. The annual global temperature across land and oceans was the highest in records dating as far back as 1850, with the last seven months (June–December) having each been record warm. Over land, the globally averaged temperature was also record high. Dozens of countries reported record or near-record warmth for the year, including China and continental Europe as a whole (warmest on record), India and Russia (second warmest), and Canada (third warmest). Intense and widespread heatwaves were reported around the world. In Vietnam, an all-time national maximum temperature record of 44.2°C was observed at Tuong Duong on 7 May, surpassing the previous record of 43.4°C at Huong Khe on 20 April 2019. In Brazil, the air temperature reached 44.8°C in Araçuaí in Minas Gerais on 20 November, potentially a new national record and 12.8°C above normal. The effect of rising temperatures was apparent in the cryosphere, where snow cover extent by June 2023 was the smallest in the 56-year record for North America and seventh smallest for the Northern Hemisphere overall. Heatwaves contributed to the greatest average mass balance loss for Alpine glaciers around the world since the start of the record in 1970. Due to rapid volume loss beginning in 2021, St. A

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A Causal Roadmap for Generating High-Quality Real-World Evidence

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Dang, Lauren E. Gruber, Susan Lee, Hana Dahabreh, Issa Stuart, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Brian D. Wyss, Richard Díaz, Iván Ghosh, Debashis Kıcıman, Emre Alemayehu, Demissie Hoffman, Katherine L. Vossen, Carla Y. Huml, Raymond A. Ravn, Henrik Kvist, Kajsa Pratley, Richard Shih, Mei-Chiung Pennello, Gene Martin, David Waddy, Salina P. Barr, Charles E. Akacha, Mouna Buse, John B. van der Laan, Mark Petersen, Maya Department of Biostatistics University of California BerkeleyCA United States TL Revolution CambridgeMA United States Office of Biostatistics Office of Translational Sciences Center for Drug Evaluation and Research U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver SpringMD United States Department of Epidemiology Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health BostonMA United States Department of Mental Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health BaltimoreMD United States Biostatistics Division Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute SeattleWA United States Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School BostonMA United States Division of Biostatistics Department of Population Health New York University Grossman School of Medicine New YorkNY United States Department of Biostatistics and Informatics Colorado School of Public Health University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus AuroraCO United States Microsoft Research RedmondWA United States Global Biometrics and Data Management Pfizer Inc. New YorkNY United States Department of Epidemiology Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University New YorkNY United States Syneos Health Clinical Solutions Amsterdam Netherlands Syneos Health Clinical Solutions MorrisvilleNC United States Novo Nordisk Søborg Denmark AdventHealth Translational Research Institute OrlandoFL United States Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center VA Palo Alto Health Care System Palo AltoCA United States Department of Biomedical Data Science Stanford University StanfordCA United States Division of Imaging Diagnostics and Software Reliability Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories Center for Devices and Radiological Health U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver SpringMD United States Global Real World Evidence Group Moderna CambridgeMA United States National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences BethesdaMD United States G

Increasing emphasis on the use of real-world evidence (RWE) to support clinical policy and regulatory decision-making has led to a proliferation of guidance, advice, and frameworks from regulatory agencies, academia, professional societies, and industry. A broad spectrum of studies use real-world data (RWD) to produce RWE, ranging from randomized controlled trials with outcomes assessed using RWD to fully observational studies. Yet many RWE study proposals lack sufficient detail to evaluate adequacy, and many analyses of RWD suffer from implausible assumptions, other methodological flaws, or inappropriate interpretations. The Causal Roadmap is an explicit, itemized, iterative process that guides investigators to pre-specify analytic study designs;it addresses a wide range of guidance within a single framework. By requiring transparent evaluation of causal assumptions and facilitating objective comparisons of design and analysis choices based on pre-specified criteria, the Roadmap can help investigators to evaluate the quality of evidence that a given study is likely to produce, specify a study to generate high-quality RWE, and communicate effectively with regulatory agencies and other stakeholders. This paper aims to disseminate and extend the Causal Roadmap framework for use by clinical and translational researchers, with companion papers demonstrating application of the Causal Roadmap for specific use cases. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Decision making

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Assignment-preference ant colony optimization for the two-echelon vehicle routing problem

IPPTA: Quarterly Journal of Indian Pulp and Paper Technical ...

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IPPTA: Quarterly Journal of Indian Pulp and Paper Technical Association 2018年第2期30卷 497-507页

作者： Yan, Xueming Hao, Zhifeng Huang, Han Li, Bi Jiang, Shengyi School of Information Science and Technology and School of Cyber Security Guangdong University of Foreign Studies China School of Mathematics and Big Data Foshan University China School of Software Engineering South China University of Technology China

Ant colony optimization (ACO) can be used to find approximate solutions to difficult optimization problems. Many implementations of ACO have been presented for a variety of combinatorial optimization problems. In this paper, we propose assignment-preference ant colony optimization (AP-ACO) to deal with the two-echelon vehicle routing problem (2E-VRP). 2E-VRP is a combinatorial optimization problem, where the delivery from a depot to the customers is managed by routing and consolidating the freight through satellites, and the objective is to minimize the total cost. Due to the uncertainty of satellite-to-customer assignment, it might be difficult for ACO to search for different routing subproblems. We introduce assignment preferences to ACO to provide solutions for 2E-VRP. A multi-player game is used to analyze the mutual relationships among routing subproblems to obtain assignment preferences for satellites and customers. Assignment preferences estimation, the pheromone updating rule, and solution construction are exploited to improve the search efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The computational results from three test sets with sizes ranging from 20 to 50 customers indicate the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed algorithm for solving 2E-VRPs. © 2018 Indian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. All rights reserved.

关键词： Ant colony optimization

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Boosting Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Using Inter-Facet Edge Rich WO3Arrays for Photoelectrochemical Conversion

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Angewandte Chemie 2022年第1期135卷

作者： He Li Cheng Lin Yilong Yang Chaoran Dong Prof. Yulin Min Prof. Xiaoqin Shi Prof. Luyang Wang Prof. Siyu Lu Prof. Kan Zhang School of Materials Science and Engineering and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China Contribution: Data curation (lead) Investigation (equal) Methodology (equal) Writing - original draft (equal) Contribution: Investigation (lead) Methodology (equal) Writing - original draft (equal) Contribution: Formal analysis (equal) Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 P. R. China Contribution: Investigation (supporting) Writing - review & editing (supporting) Contribution: Software (lead) College of New Materials and New Energies Shenzhen Technology University Shenzhen Guangdong 518118 P. R. China Contribution: Methodology (supporting) Supervision (supporting) Writing - review & editing (supporting) Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450000 P. R. China Contribution: Supervision (equal) Contribution: Supervision (lead) Writing - review & editing (lead)

Water oxidation reaction leaves room to be improved in the development of various solar fuel productions, because of the kinetically sluggish 4-electron transfer process of oxygen evolution reaction. In this work, we realize reactive oxygen species (ROS), H 2 O 2 and OH⋅, formations by water oxidation with total Faraday efficiencies of more than 90 % by using inter-facet edge (IFE) rich WO 3 arrays in an electrolyte containing CO 3 2− . Our results demonstrate that the IFE favors the adsorption of CO 3 2− while reducing the adsorption energy of OH⋅, as well as suppresses surface hole accumulation by direct 1-electron and indirect 2-electron transfer pathways. Finally, we present selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol by in situ using the formed OH⋅, which delivers a benzaldehyde production rate of ≈768 μmol h −1 with near 100 % selectivity. This work offers a promising approach to tune or control the oxidation reaction in an aqueous solar fuel system towards high efficiency and value-added product.

关键词： Charge Transfer Oxygenation Photocatalysis Radicals Water Splitting

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Cost-effective object detection: Active sample mining with switchable selection criteria

arXiv

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Wang, Keze Lin, Liang Yan, Xiaopeng Chen, Ziliang Zhang, Dongyu Zhang, Lei School of Data and Computer Science Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China Engineering Research Center for Advanced Computing Engineering Software of Ministry of Education China Department of Computing Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong

Though quite challenging, leveraging large-scale unlabeled or partially labeled data in learning systems (e.g., model / classifier training) has attracted increasing attentions due to its fundamental importance. To address this problem, many active learning (AL) methods have been proposed that employ up-to-date detectors to retrieve representative minority samples according to predefined confidence or uncertainty thresholds. However, these AL methods cause the detectors to ignore the remaining majority samples (i.e., those with low uncertainty or high prediction confidence). In this work, by developing a principled active sample mining (ASM) framework, we demonstrate that cost-effectively mining samples from these unlabeled majority data is key to training more powerful object detectors while minimizing user effort. Specifically, our ASM framework involves a switchable sample selection mechanism for determining whether an unlabeled sample should be manually annotated via AL or automatically pseudo-labeled via a novel self-learning process. The proposed process can be compatible with mini-batch based training (i.e., using a batch of unlabeled or partially labeled data as a one-time input) for object detection. In this process, the detector, such as a deep neural network, is first applied to the unlabeled samples (i.e., object proposals) to estimate their labels and output the corresponding prediction confidences. Then, our ASM framework is used to select a number of samples and assign pseudo-labels to them. These labels are specific to each learning batch, based on the confidence levels and additional constraints introduced by the AL process, and will be discarded afterward. Then, these temporarily labeled samples are employed for network fine-tuning. In addition, a few samples with low-confidence predictions are selected and annotated via AL. Notably, our method is suitable for object categories that are not seen in the unlabeled data during the learning process. Ex

关键词： Object recognition

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High-Performance Thermoelectric α-Ag9Ga1−xTe6Compounds with Ultralow Lattice Thermal Conductivity Originating from Ag9Te2Motifs

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Angewandte Chemie 2022年第36期134卷

作者： Yingfei Tang Yimeng Yu Na Zhao Keke Liu Haijie Chen Constantinos C. Stoumpos Yixuan Shi Shuo Chen Lingxiao Yu Jinsong Wu Qingjie Zhang Xianli Su Xinfeng Tang State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China International School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Data curation (lead) Formal analysis (lead) Investigation (equal) Methodology (equal) Visualization (equal) Writing - original draft (lead) Nanostructure Research Center Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China Contribution: Data curation (equal) Software (equal) Visualization (supporting) Contribution: Investigation (equal) Methodology (equal) Contribution: Investigation (equal) Methodology (equal) Visualization (equal) State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials Institute of Functional Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai 201620 China Contribution: Methodology (equal) Visualization (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal) Department of Materials Science and Technology Voutes Campus University of Crete Iraklio Heraklion 70013 Greece Contribution: Methodology (equal) Visualization (equal) Contribution: Investigation (equal) Visualization (equal) Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Investigation (equal) Contribution: Methodology (equal) Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Methodology (equal) Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Investigation (equal) Methodology (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal) Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Funding acquisition (lead) Methodology (equal) Supervision (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal)

We have determined the complex atomic structure of high-temperature α-Ag 9 GaTe 6 phase with a hexagonal lattice ( P 6 3 mc space group, a = b =8.2766 Å, c =13.4349 Å). The structure has outer [GaTe 4 ] 5− tetrahedrons and inner [Ag 9 Te 2 ] 5+ clusters. All of the Ag ions are disorderly distributed in the lattice. Seven types of the Ag atoms constitute the cage-like [Ag 9 Te 2 ] 5+ clusters. The highly disordered Ag ions vibrate in-harmonically, producing strong coupling between low frequency optical phonons and acoustic phonons. This in conjunction with a low sound velocity of 1354 m s −1 leads to an ultralow thermal conductivity of 0.20 W m −1 K −1 at 673 K. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Ga in Ag 9 Ga 1− x Te 6 compounds effectively optimizes the electronic transport properties. Ag 9 Ga 0.91 Te 6 attains a highest power factor of 0.40 mW m −1 K −2 at 673 K. All these contribute to a much-improved ZT value of 1.13 at 623 K for Ag 9 Ga 0.95 Te 6 , which is 41 % higher than that of the pristine Ag 9 GaTe 6 sample.

关键词： α-Ag9GaTe6 Crystal Structure Ga Deficiency Thermoelectrics Ultralow Lattice Thermal Conductivity

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Extending the π-Conjugated System in Spiro-Type Hole Transport Material Enhances the Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Modules

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Angewandte Chemie 2023年第29期135卷

作者： Xuepeng Liu Bin Ding Mingyuan Han Zhenhai Yang Jianlin Chen Pengju Shi Xiangying Xue Rahim Ghadari Xianfu Zhang Rui Wang Keith Brooks Li Tao Sachin Kinge Songyuan Dai Jiang Sheng Paul J. Dyson Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin Yong Ding Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells School of New Energy North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 P. R. China Contribution: Investigation (lead) Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland Contribution: Methodology (lead) Contribution: Methodology (equal) Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Ningbo 315201 China Contribution: Data curation (equal) Contribution: Validation (equal) School of Engineering Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China Contribution: Formal analysis (equal) Contribution: Investigation (equal) Computational Chemistry Laboratory Department of Organic and Biochemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Tabriz Tabriz *** Iran Contribution: Software (lead) Contribution: Visualization (equal) School of Microelectronic & Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China Toyota Motor Europe Toyota Motor Technical Centre Advanced Technology Div. Hoge Wei 33 1930 Zaventum Belgium Contribution: Resources (equal) Contribution: Supervision (equal) Contribution: Writing - original draft (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal) Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Writing - original draft (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal) Contribution: Supervision (equal) Writing - original draft (lead)

Hole transport materials (HTMs) are a key component of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The small molecular 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl)-amine-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD, termed “Spiro”) is the most successful HTM used in PSCs, but its versatility is imperfect. To improve its performance, we developed a novel spiro-type HTM (termed “DP”) by substituting four anisole units on Spiro with 4-methoxybiphenyl moieties. By extending the π-conjugation of Spiro in this way, the HOMO level of the HTM matches well with the perovskite valence band, enhancing hole mobility and increasing the glass transition temperature. DP-based PSC achieves high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 25.24 % for small-area (0.06 cm 2 ) devices and 21.86 % for modules (designated area of 27.56 cm 2 ), along with the certified efficiency of 21.78 % on a designated area of 27.86 cm 2 . The encapsulated DP-based devices maintain 95.1 % of the initial performance under ISOS-L-1 conditions after 2560 hours and 87 % at the ISOS-L-3 conditions over 600 hours.

关键词： Hole Transport Materials Modules Perovskite Solar Cells π-Conjugated System Stability

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