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Health burden and inequities of urban environmental stressors in Sofia, Bulgaria

Environmental Research 2025年第Pt 1期279卷 121782页

作者： Khomenko, Sasha Burov, Angel Dzhambov, Angel M. de Hoogh, Kees Helbich, Marco Mijling, Bas Hlebarov, Ivaylo Popov, Ivaylo Dimitrova, Donka Dimitrova, Reneta Markevych, Iana Germanova, Nevena Brezov, Danail Iungman, Tamara Montana, Federica Chen, Xuan Gehring, Ulrike Khreis, Haneen Mueller, Natalie Zapata-Diomedi, Belen Zhang, Jiawei Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark Barcelona Spain Barcelona Spain Madrid Spain Health and Quality of Life in a Green and Sustainable Environment Research Group Strategic Research and Innovation Program for the Development of MU – Plovdiv Medical University of Plovdiv Plovdiv Bulgaria Environmental Health Division Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv Medical University of Plovdiv Plovdiv Bulgaria Department of Urban Planning Faculty of Architecture University of Architecture Civil Engineering and Geodesy Sofia Bulgaria Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Allschwil Switzerland University of Basel Basel Switzerland Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University Utrecht Netherlands De Bilt Netherlands Clean Air Team Environmental Association Za Zemiata/FoE Bulgaria Department of Health Management and Health Economics Faculty of Public Health Medical University of Plovdiv Plovdiv Bulgaria Department of Meteorology and Geophysics Faculty of Physics Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" Bulgaria National Institute of Geophysics Geodesy and Geography Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Bulgaria Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland Department of Spatial and Strategic Planning of Sofia Municipality Sofiaplan Bulgaria Department of Mathematics Faculty of Transportation Engineering University of Architecture Civil Engineering and Geodesy Bulgaria Utrecht University Utrecht Netherlands MRC Epidemiology Unit University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine Cambridge United Kingdom Texas A&M Transportation Institute Texas A&M University System College StationTX United States Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Background: The number of studies on the health impacts of urban environmental stressors has been growing. However, research for South-Eastern Europe remains limited. We conducted a baseline Health Impact Assessment for Sofia, Bulgaria, focusing on air pollution, green space, road-traffic noise, and urban heat island (UHI) exposure aiming to promote discussions on sustainable, health-centric urban and transport planning policies. Methods: The analysis was conducted at the neighbourhood level (n = 4969). The study population included 1,168,382 inhabitants, considering adults and children. Data were retrieved from Europe-wide and local exposure models, local censuses and surveys. We used comparative risk assessment methodology, comparing baseline with optimal scenarios for health, such as meeting World Health Organization (WHO) air quality and road-traffic noise guidelines, green space recommendations, and no UHI effect. We also examined exposure and health impact distributions by area-level socioeconomic status (SES). We approximated differences in baseline disease rates by SES using data from local surveys. The results were stratified by SES quartiles and analysed spatially using global and local bivariate Moran's I statistics, the latter to identify priority areas for intervention based on SES, environmental exposures, and health outcomes. Results: All Sofia residents lived in neighbourhoods where particulate matter with diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels exceeded the WHO air quality guidelines, with mean noise levels of 62.2 dB(A) Lday, 77 % lacking sufficient availability of green space, and an average summer UHI of 2.5 °C. The largest mortality burden was from PM2.5 exposure (1939 annual deaths (95 % CI: 1349–2571)), followed by NO2 (1172 annual deaths (444-2027)), road-traffic noise (902 annual deaths (556-1311)), insufficient green space (217 annual deaths (169–262)), and UHI (95 summer deaths (58–130)). PM2.5 contributed to 17–21 % of

关键词： Air quality

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Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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LANCET 2025年第10481期405卷 785-812页

作者： Kerr, Jessica A. Patton, George C. Cini, Karly I. Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abbas, Nasir Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H. A. Abd ElHafeez, Samar Abd-Elsalam, Sherief Abdollahi, Arash Abdoun, Meriem Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdullahi, Auwal Abeywickrama, Hansani Madushika Abie, Alemwork Abiodun, Olumide Abohashem, Shady Abtahi, Dariush Abualruz, Hasan Abubakar, Bilyaminu Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J. Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E. Aburuz, Salahdein Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Adams, Lisa C. Adane, Mesafint Molla Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adedokun, Kamoru Ademola Adegoke, Nurudeen A. Adesola, Ridwan Olamilekan Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adiga, Usha Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afify, Abdelrahman Yousry Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika Aghamiri, Shahin Sobrinho, Cesar Agostinis Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahlstrom, Austin J. Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Fuzail Ahmad, Muayyad M. Ahmad, Noah Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A. Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh Ahmed, Syed Anees Ajami, Marjan Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Akrami, Ashley E. Al Hamad, Hanadi Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Al Ta'ani, Zain Al Thaher, Yazan Alalwan, Tariq A. Al-Aly, Ziyad Alam, Khurshid Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa Alansari, Amani Al-Ashwal, Fahmi Y. Albashtawy, Mohammed Alemayehu, Bezawit Abeje Algammal, Abdelazeem M. Alhabib, Khalid F. Alhuwail, Dari Ali, Abid Ali, Endale Alemayehu Ali, Mohammad Daud Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Waad Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Alimohamadi, Yousef Al-Jabi, Samah W. Aljofan, Mohamad Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Alkhatib, Ahmad Almahmeed, Wael Al-Marwani, Sabah Alomari, Mahmoud A. Alqahtani, Saleh A. Alqarni, Abdullah A. Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Alrimawi, Intima Alrousan, Sahel Majed Alshahrani, Najim Z. Altaany, Zaid Altaf, Awais Alvi, Farrukh Jawad Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed Aly, Hany Aly, Safwat Alzoubi, Karem H. Mohammadi, Masoud Aman A Centre for Adolescent Health Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia Department of Psychological Medicine University of Otago Christchurch New Zealand Population Health Theme Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Aleta Wondo General Hospital Aleta Wondo Ethiopia Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health Chinese Academy of Sciences Hong Kong Department of Neuroscience City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran College of Pharmacy Ajman United Arab Emirates Department of Epidemiology Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Tanta University Tanta Egypt Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Medicine University of Setif Algeria Sétif Algeria Department of Health Sétif Algeria Community and Maternity Nursing Unit University of Duhok Duhok Iraq National Institute of Epidemiology Indian Council of Medical Research Chennai India Department of Physiotherapy Bayero University Kano Kano Nigeria Department of Physiotherapy Federal University Wukari Wukari Nigeria School of Health Sciences Niigata University Niigata Japan Midwifery Department Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia Department of Community Medicine Babcock University Ilishan-Remo Nigeria Cardiovascular Research Center Boston MA United States Department of Radiology Harvard University Boston MA United States Department of Anesthesiology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Nursing Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan Amman Jordan Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Usmanu Danfodiy

Background Despite the well documented consequences of obesity during childhood and adolescence and future risks of excess body mass on non-communicable diseases in adulthood, coordinated global action on excess body mass in early life is still insufficient. Inconsistent measurement and reporting are a barrier to specific targets, resource allocation, and interventions. In this Article we report current estimates of overweight and obesity across childhood and adolescence, progress over time, and forecasts to inform specific actions. Methods Using established methodology from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021, we modelled overweight and obesity across childhood and adolescence from 1990 to 2021, and then forecasted to 2050. Primary data for our models included 1321 unique measured and self-reported anthropometric data sources from 180 countries and territories from survey microdata, reports, and published literature. These data were used to estimate age-standardised global, regional, and national overweight prevalence and obesity prevalence (separately) for children and young adolescents (aged 5-14 years, typically in school and cared for by child health services) and older adolescents (aged 15-24 years, increasingly out of school and cared for by adult services) by sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Prevalence estimates from 1990 to 2021 were generated using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models, which leveraged temporal and spatial correlation in epidemiological trends to ensure comparability of results across time and geography. Prevalence forecasts from 2022 to 2050 were generated using a generalised ensemble modelling approach assuming continuation of current trends. For every age-sex-location population across time (1990-2050), we estimated obesity (vs overweight) predominance using the log ratio of obesity percentage to overweight percentage. Findings Between 1990 and 2021, the combined preva

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Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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The Lancet 2023年第10397期402卷 203-234页

作者： Ong, Kanyin Liane Stafford, Lauryn K. McLaughlin, Susan A. Boyko, Edward J. Vollset, Stein Emil Smith, Amanda E. Dalton, Bronte E. Duprey, Joe Cruz, Jessica A. Hagins, Hailey Lindstedt, Paulina A. Aali, Amirali Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Melsew Dagne Abbasian, Mohammadreza Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen ElHafeez, Samar Abd Abd-Rabu, Rami Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abdullah, Abu Yousuf Md Abedi, Vida Abidi, Hassan Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abolhassani, Hassan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Adane, Tigist Demssew Adane, Denberu Eshetie Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adegboye, Oyelola A. Adekanmbi, Victor Adepoju, Abiola Victor Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afolabi, Rotimi Felix Agarwal, Gina Aghdam, Zahra Babaei Agudelo-Botero, Marcela Arriagada, Constanza Elizabeth Aguilera Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmadi, Ali Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmed, Ali Ahmed, Luai A. Ahmed, Syed Anees Ajami, Marjan Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola Al Hamad, Hanadi Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz AL-Ahdal, Tareq Mohammed Ali Alalwan, Tariq A. Al-Aly, Ziyad AlBataineh, Mohammad T. Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alemi, Sharifullah Ali, Hassam Alinia, Tahereh Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almustanyir, Sami Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amare, Firehiwot Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amiri, Sohrab Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anjana, Ranjit Mohan Ansar, Adnan Ansari, Golnoosh Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Arabloo, Jalal Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Areda, Demelash Arifin, Hidayat Arkew, Mesay Armocida, Benedetta Arnlov, Johan Artamonov, Anton A. Arulappan, Judie Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo Arumugam, Ashokan Aryan, Zahra Asemu, Mulu Tiruneh Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad Askari, Elaheh Asmelash, Daniel Astell-Burt, Thomas Athar, Mohammad Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Avila-Burgos, Leticia Awaisu, Ahmed Azadnajafabad, Sina Darshan, B.B. Babamohamadi, Hassan Badar, Muhammad Badawi, Alaa Badiye, Ashish D. Baghcheghi, Nayereh Baghe Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation School of Medicine General Medicine Service Department of Veterans Affairs Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine France Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Aleta Wondo Hospital Aleta Wondo Ethiopia Department of Nursing Woldia University Woldia Ethiopia Department of Nursing Department of Orthopedic Surgery Orthopaedic Surgery Social Determinants of Health Research Center Non-communicable Diseases Research Center Epidemiology Department Evidence-Based Practice Center Community and Maternity Nursing Unit University of Duhok Duhok Iraq School of Planning Faculty of Environment Department of Public Health Sciences Penn State College of Medicine Pennsylvania State University Hershey PA United States Biocomplexity Institute Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA United States College of Medicine Department of Public Health Laboratory Technology Sciences Department Department of Family and Community Health University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Department of Biosciences and Nutrition Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Sweden Clinical Sciences Department Department of Surgery Department of Surgery Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology College of Graduate Health Sciences University of Tennessee Memphis TN United States Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Centre for Social Research in Health Quality and Systems Performance Unit Cancer Institute NSW Sydney NSW Australia Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine HIV and Infectious Diseases Department Jhpiego Abuja Nigeria Adolescent Research and Care Department Adolescent Friendly Research Initiative and Care Ado Ekiti Nigeria Department of Epidemiology Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Department of Family Medicine McMaster University

Background: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. Methods: Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined;these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs;defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims;type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative r

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Fungal diversity notes 1611-1716: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on fungal genera and species emphasis in south China

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Fungal Diversity 2023年第5期122卷 161-403页

作者： Indunil C.Senanayake Walter Rossi Marco Leonardi Alex Weir Mark McHugh Kunhiraman C.Rajeshkumar Rajnish K.Verma Samantha C.Karunarathna Saowaluck Tibpromma Nikhil Ashtekar Sreejith K.Ashtamoorthy Sanjay Raveendran Gurmeet Kour Aishwarya Singh Saúl De la Peña-Lastra Antonio Mateos Miroslav Kolařík Vladimír Antonín HanaŠevčíková Fernando Esteve-Raventós Ellen Larsson Fermín Pancorbo Gabriel Moreno Alberto Altés Yolanda Turégano Tian-Ye Du Li Lu Qi-Rui Li Ji-Chuan Kang Sugantha Gunaseelan Kezhocuyi Kezo Malarvizhi Kaliyaperumal Jizhen Fu Milan C.Samarakoon Yusufjon Gafforov Shakhnoza Teshaboeva Pradeep C.Kunjan Arya Chamaparambath Adam Flakus Javier Etayo Pamela Rodriguez-Flakus Mikhail P.Zhurbenko Nimali Ide Silva Danushka S.Tennakoon KPDeepna Latha Patinjareveettil Manimohan KNAnil Raj Mark S.Calabon Abdollah Ahmadpour Zeinab Heidarian Zahra Alavi Fatemeh Alavi Youbert Ghosta Razmig Azizi Mei Luo Min-Ping Zhao Nuwan D.Kularathnage Li Hua Yun-Hui Yang Chun-Fang Liao Hai-Jun Zhao Anis S.Lestari Subashini C.Jayasiri Feng-Ming Yu Lei Lei Jian-Wei Liu Omid Karimi Song-Ming Tang Ya-Ru Sun Yong Wang Ming Zeng Zin H.Htet Benedetto T.Linaldeddu Artur Alves Alan J.L.Phillips Carlo Bregant Lucio Montecchio AndréDe Kesel Vincent P.Hustad Andrew N.Miller Anna G.Fedosova Viktor Kučera Mubashar Raza Muzammil Hussain Yan-Peng Chen Vinodhini Thiyagaraja Deecksha Gomdola Achala R.Rathnayaka Asha J.Dissanayake Nakarin Suwannarach Sinang Hongsanan Sajeewa S.N.Maharachchikumbura Lakmali S.Dissanayake Nalin N.Wijayawardene Rungtiwa Phookamsak Saisamorn Lumyong E.B.Gareth Jones Neelamanie Yapa Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe Ning Xie Mingkwan Doilom Ishara S.Manawasinghe Jian-Kui(Jack)Liu Qi Zhao Biao Xu Kevin D.Hyde Jiage Song Innovative Institute for Plant Health/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control On Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsZhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringHaizhu DistrictGuangzhou 510225GuangdongChina Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics College of Life Science and OceanographyShenzhen University3688Nanhai AvenueNanshanShenzhen 518055GuangdongChina Sect.Environmental Sciences Department MeSVAUniversity of L’AquilaVia Vetoio67100 CoppitoAQItaly Department of Environmental Biology SUNY-ESF241 Illick Hall1 Forestry DriveSyracuseNY 13210USA National Fungal Culture Collection of India MACS Agharkar Research InstitutePuneMaharashtra 411004India Department of Plant Pathology Punjab Agricultural UniversityLudhianaPunjab 141004India Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization College of Biological Resource and Food EngineeringQujing Normal UniversityQujing 655011YunnanChina Department of Forest Ecology Kerala Forest Research InstitutePeechiThrissurKerala 680653India Department of Botany The American CollegeTallakkulamMaduraiTamil Nadu 625002India Department of Zoology Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityGaneshkhind RdGaneshkhindPuneMaharashtra 411007India University of Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de CompostelaSpain Sociedad Micológica Extremeña C/Sagitario 1410001 CáceresSpain Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská108314220 Prague 4Czech Republic Department of Botany Moravian MuseumZelnýtrh 665937 BrnoCzech Republic Department of Life Sciences(Botany Unit) University of Alcalá28805 Alcaláde HenaresMadridSpain Biological and Enviromental Sciences University of Gothemburgand Gothemburg Global Biodiversity CentreBox 46140530 GöteborgSweden Madrid Mycological Society Real Jardín BotánicoC/Claudio Moyano 128014 MadridSpain State Ke

This article is the 15th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 115 taxa from three phyla,nine classes,28 orders,48 families,and 64 genera are *** taxa described and illustrated in the present study include a new family,five new genera,61 new species,five new combinations,one synonym,one new variety and 31 records on new hosts or new geographical *** *** introduced and accommodated in *** new genera introduced in this study are Ageratinicola,Kevinia,Pseudomultiseptospora(Parabambusicolaceae),Marasmiellomycena,and Vizzinia(Porotheleaceae).Newly described species are Abrothallus altoandinus,Ageratinicola kunmingensis,Allocryptovalsa aceris,Allophoma yuccae,Apiospora cannae,***,***,Boeremia wisteriae,Calycina papaeana,Clypeo-coccum lichenostigmoides,Coniochaeta riskali-shoyakubovii,Cryphonectria kunmingensis,Diaporthe angustiapiculata,***,***,Diatrypella guangdongense,Dothiorella franceschinii,Endocalyx phoenicis,Epicoc-cum terminosporum,Fulvifomes karaiensis,***,Ganoderma ghatensis,Hysterobrevium baoshanense,Inocybe avellaneorosea,***,Jahnula oblonga,Kevinia lignicola,Kirschsteiniothelia guangdongensis,Laboulbenia caprina,***,***,***,***,***,***,***,***,Laccaria rubriporus,Lasiodiplodia morindae,Lyophyllum agnijum,Marasmiellomycena pseudoomphaliiformis,Melomastia beihaiensis,Nemania guangdongensis,Nigrograna thailandica,Nigrospora ficuum,Oxydothis chinensis,***,Petriella thailandica,Phaeoacremonium chinensis,Phialocephala chinensis,Phytophthora debattistii,Polyplosphaeria nigrospora,Pronectria loweniae,Seriascoma acutispora,Setoseptoria bambusae,Stictis anomianthi,Tarzetta tibetensis,Tarzetta urceolata,Tetraploa obpyriformis,Trichoglossum beninense,and Tricoderma *** provide an emendation for Urnula ailaoshanensis Agaricus duplocingulatoides *** i

关键词： Agaricomycetes Ascomycota Basidiomycota Dothideomycetes Eurotiomycetes Fungal diversity Geoglossomycetes Geographical distribution Host records Incertae sedis Laboulbeniomycetes Lecanoromycetes Leotiomycetes Novel taxa New combination Oomycota Peronosporea Pezizomycetes Phylogeny Sordariomycetes South Chinese fungi Taxonomy

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The overlapping burden of the three leading causes of disability and death in sub-Saharan African children

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Nature Communications 2022年第1期13卷 1-14页

作者： Reiner, Robert C. Welgan, Catherine A. Troeger, Christopher E. Baumann, Mathew M. Weiss, Daniel J. Deshpande, Aniruddha Blacker, Brigette F. Miller-Petrie, Molly K. Earl, Lucas Bhatt, Samir Abolhassani, Hassan Abosetugn, Akine Eshete Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adekanmbi, Victor Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Aghaali, Mohammad Aji, Budi Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Saqib Alizade, Hesam Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almasi-Hashiani, Amir Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amare, Azmeraw T. Amini, Saeed Amugsi, Dickson A. Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Ansari, Fereshteh Anvari, Davood Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Atout, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Floriane Ayanore, Martin Amogre Aynalem, Yared Asmare Azene, Zelalem Nigussie Badawi, Alaa Baig, Atif Amin Banach, Maciej Bedi, Neeraj Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhandari, Dinesh Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bijani, Ali Birhanu, Tesega Tesega Mengistu Bitew, Zebenay Workneh Boloor, Archith Brady, Oliver J. Butt, Zahid A. Car, Josip Carvalho, Felix Casey, Daniel C. Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chu, Dinh-Toi Coelho, Camila H. Cook, Aubrey J. Damiani, Giovanni Daoud, Farah Gela, Jiregna Darega Darwish, Amira Hamed Daryani, Ahmad Das, Jai K. Davis Weaver, Nicole Deribe, Kebede Desalew, Assefa Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Dorostkar, Fariba Dubljanin, Eleonora Duko, Bereket Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura Effiong, Andem El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enany, Shymaa Fattahi, Nazir Feigin, Valery L. Fernandes, Eduarda Ferrara, Pietro Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A. Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Foroutan, Masoud Frostad, Joseph Jon Fukumoto, Takeshi Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji Gebrekrstos, Hailemikael Gebrekidan G. K. Gebremeskel, Leake Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Gething, Peter W. Gezae, Kebede Embaye Ghadiri, Keyghobad Ghashghaee, Ahmad Golechha, Mahaveer Gubar Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Malaria Atlas Project University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Sweden Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Public Health Debre Berhan University Debre Berhan Ethiopia Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Population Health Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa Department of Global Health Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Qom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran Faculty of Medicine and Public Health Jenderal Soedirman University Purwokerto Indonesia Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO United States Clinical Epidemiology Center Department of Veterans Affairs St Louis MO United States Institute of Health Research University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Information Systems College of Economics and Political Science Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran Department of Health Policy and Management Kuwait University Safat Kuwait International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding National University of Malaysia Bandar Tun Razak Malaysia Department of Epidemiology Arak University of Medical Sciences Arak Iran Medical Research Center

Despite substantial declines since 2000, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), diarrhoeal diseases, and malaria remain among the leading causes of nonfatal and fatal disease burden for children under 5 years of age (under 5), primarily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The spatial burden of each of these diseases has been estimated subnationally across SSA, yet no prior analyses have examined the pattern of their combined burden. Here we synthesise subnational estimates of the burden of LRIs, diarrhoea, and malaria in children under-5 from 2000 to 2017 for 43 sub-Saharan countries. Some units faced a relatively equal burden from each of the three diseases, while others had one or two dominant sources of unit-level burden, with no consistent pattern geographically across the entire subcontinent. Using a subnational counterfactual analysis, we show that nearly 300 million DALYs could have been averted since 2000 by raising all units to their national average. Our findings are directly relevant for decision-makers in determining which and targeting where the most appropriate interventions are for increasing child survival. © 2022, The Author(s).

关键词： Biogeography Epidemiology Infectious diseases Malaria

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National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic (vol 13, 517, 2022)

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NATURE COMMUNICATIONS 2022年第1期13卷 517-517页

作者： Van Bavel, Jay J. Cichocka, Aleksandra Capraro, Valerio Sjastad, Hallgeir Nezlek, John B. Pavlovic, Tomislav Alfano, Mark Gelfand, Michele J. Azevedo, Flavio Birtel, Michele D. Cislak, Aleksandra Lockwood, Patricia L. Ross, Robert Malcolm Abts, Koen Agadullina, Elena Aruta, John Jamir Benzon Besharati, Sahba Nomvula Bor, Alexander Choma, Becky L. Crabtree, Charles David Cunningham, William A. De, Koustav Ejaz, Waqas Elbaek, Christian T. Findor, Andrej Flichtentrei, Daniel Franc, Renata Gjoneska, Biljana Gruber, June Gualda, Estrella Horiuchi, Yusaku Huynh, Toan Luu Duc Ibanez, Agustin Imran, Mostak Ahamed Israelashvili, Jacob Jasko, Katarzyna Kantorowicz, Jaroslaw Kantorowicz-Reznichenko, Elena Krouwel, Andre Laakasuo, Michael Lamm, Claus Leygue, Caroline Lin, Ming-Jen Mansoor, Mohammad Sabbir Marie, Antoine Mayiwar, Lewend Mazepus, Honorata McHugh, Cillian Minda, John Paul Mitkidis, Panagiotis Olsson, Andreas Otterbring, Tobias Packer, Dominic J. Perry, Anat Petersen, Michael Bang Puthillam, Arathy Riano-Moreno, Julian C. Rothmund, Tobias Santamaria-Garcia, Hernando Schmid, Petra C. Stoyanov, Drozdstoy Tewari, Shruti Todosijevic, Bojan Tsakiris, Manos Tung, Hans H. Umbres, Radu G. Vanags, Edmunds Vlasceanu, Madalina Vonasch, Andrew Yucel, Meltem Zhang, Yucheng Abad, Mohcine Adler, Eli Akrawi, Narin Mdarhri, Hamza Alaoui Amara, Hanane Amodio, David M. Antazo, Benedict G. Apps, Matthew Ay, F. Ceren Ba, Mouhamadou Hady Barbosa, Sergio Bastian, Brock Berg, Anton Bernal-Zarate, Maria P. Bernstein, Michael Bialek, Michal Bilancini, Ennio Bogatyreva, Natalia Boncinelli, Leonardo Booth, Jonathan E. Borau, Sylvie Buchel, Ondrej Cameron, C. Daryl Carvalho, Chrissie F. Celadin, Tatiana Cerami, Chiara Chalise, Hom Nath Cheng, Xiaojun Cian, Luca Cockcroft, Kate Conway, Jane Cordoba-Delgado, Mateo Andres Crespi, Chiara Crouzevialle, Marie Cutler, Jo Cypryanska, Marzena Dabrowska, Justyna Daniels, Michael A. Davis, Victoria H. Dayley, Pamala N. Delouvee, Sylvain Denkovski, Ognjan Dezecache, Guillaume Dhaliwal, Nathan A. Diato, Department of Psychology and Neural Science New York University New York NY USA School of Psychology University of Kent Canterbury England Department of Economics Middlesex University London London England Department of Strategy and Management Norwegian School of Economics Bergen Norway SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Poznań Poland Department of Psychological Sciences College of William and Mary Williamsburg VA USA Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar Zagreb Croatia Department of Philosophy Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia Stanford Graduate School of Business Stanford University Stanford CA USA Institute of Communication Science Friedrich-Schiller University Jena Jena Germany School of Human Sciences Institute for Lifecourse Development University of Greenwich London England Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford Oxford England Center for Human Brain Health School of Psychology University of Birmingham Birmingham England Department of Psychology Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia KU Leuven Leuven Belgium National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE) Moscow Russia De La Salle University Manila Philippines Department of Psychology University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa Department of Political Science Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark X University Toronto Canada Department of Government Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA Department of Psychology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada Gatton College of Business and Economics University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA Department of Mass Communication National University of Science and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan Department of Management Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences Comenius University Bratislava Slovakia IntraMed Buenos Aires Argentina Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts North Macedonia Republic of North Macedonia University of Colorado Boulder Bould

Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated self-reported factors associated with public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public policy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic (April-May 2020). Respondents who reported identifying more strongly with their nation consistently reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies. Results were similar for representative and non-representative national samples. Study 2 (N = 42 countries) conceptually replicated the central finding using aggregate indices of national identity (obtained using the World Values Survey) and a measure of actual behaviour change during the pandemic (obtained from Google mobility reports). Higher levels of national identification prior to the pandemic predicted lower mobility during the early stage of the pandemic (r = −0.40). We discuss the potential implications of links between national identity, leadership, and public health for managing COVID-19 and future pandemics. Understanding collective behaviour is an important aspect of managing the pandemic response. Here the authors show in a large global study that participants that reported identifying more strongly with their nation reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies in the context of the pandemic.

关键词： Viral infection Human behaviour

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A global survey on the use of the international classification of diseases codes for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

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Hepatology international 2024年第4期18卷 1178-1201页

作者： Huai Zhang Giovanni Targher Christopher D Byrne Seung Up Kim Vincent Wai-Sun Wong Luca Valenti Myer Glickman Jaime Ponce Christos S Mantzoros Javier Crespo Henning Gronbaek Wah Yang Mohammed Eslam Robert J Wong Mariana Verdelho Machado Ming-Lung Yu Omar M Ghanem Takeshi Okanoue Jun-Feng Liu Yong-Ho Lee Xiao-Yuan Xu Qiuwei Pan Meili Sui Amedeo Lonardo Yusuf Yilmaz Li-Yong Zhu Christophe Moreno Luca Miele Monica Lupsor-Platon Lei Zhao Teresa LeAnn LaMasters Robert G Gish Huijie Zhang Marius Nedelcu Wah Kheong Chan Ming-Feng Xia Fernando Bril Jun-Ping Shi Christian Datz Stefano Romeo Jian Sun Dan Liu Silvia Sookoian Yi-Min Mao Nahum Méndez-Sánchez Xiao-Yan Wang Nikolaos T Pyrsopoulos Jian-Gao Fan Yasser Fouad Dan-Qin Sun Cosimo Giannini Jin Chai Ze-Feng Xia Dae Won Jun Guo-Jing Li Sombat Treeprasertsuk Ying-Xu Li Tan To Cheung Faming Zhang George Boon-Bee Goh Masato Furuhashi Wai-Kay Seto Hui Huang Anna Di Sessa Qing-Hong Li Evangelos Cholongitas Le Zhang Themis Reverbel Silveira Giada Sebastiani Leon A Adams Wei Chen Xiaolong Qi Ivan Rankovic Victor De Ledinghen Wen-Jie Lv Masahide Hamaguchi Radwan Kassir Dirk Müller-Wieland Manuel Romero-Gomez Ying Xu Yi-Cong Xu Shi-Yao Chen Mohammad Kermansaravi Mohammad Shafi Kuchay Sander Lefere Chetan Parmar Gregory Y H Lip Chun-Jen Liu Fredrik Åberg George Lau Jacob George Shiv Kumar Sarin Jing-Ya Zhou Ming-Hua Zheng Department of Medical Record the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China. Metabolic Diseases Research Unit IRCCS Sacro Cuore - Don Calabria Hospital Negrar di Valpolicella Italy. Southampton National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre University Hospital Southampton and University of Southampton Southampton General Hospital Southampton UK. Department of Internal Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea. Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China. Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation University of Milan Milan Italy. Precision Medicine Biological Resource Center Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy. Health Analysis and Pandemic Insight Division Office for National Statistics London UK. Department Bariatric Surgery CHI Memorial Hospital Chattanooga TN USA. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Boston VA Healthcare System Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department Clinical and Traslational Research in Digestive Diseases Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL) Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital Santander Spain. Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology Aarhus University Hospital 8200 Aarhus N Denmark. Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University Guangzhou China. Storr Liver Centre Westmead Institute for Medical Research Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Stanford University School of Medicine Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System Palo Alto USA. Department of Gastroenterology Hospital de Vila Franca de Xira Vila Franca de Xira Portugal. School of Medicine and Doctoral Program of Clinical and Experimental Medicine College of Medicine and Center of Excellence for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease National Sun Yat-sen Univers

BACKGROUND:With the implementation of the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and the publication of the metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) nomenclature in 2020, it is important to establish consensus for the coding of MAFLD in ICD-11. This will inform subsequent revisions of ICD-11. METHODS:Using the Qualtrics XM and WJX platforms, questionnaires were sent online to MAFLD-ICD-11 coding collaborators, authors of papers, and relevant association members. RESULTS:A total of 890 international experts in various fields from 61 countries responded to the survey. We also achieved full coverage of provincial-level administrative regions in China. 77.1% of respondents agreed that MAFLD should be represented in ICD-11 by updating NAFLD, with no significant regional differences (77.3% in Asia and 76.6% in non-Asia, p = 0.819). Over 80% of respondents agreed or somewhat agreed with the need to assign specific codes for progressive stages of MAFLD (i.e. steatohepatitis) (92.2%), MAFLD combined with comorbidities (84.1%), or MAFLD subtypes (i.e., lean, overweight/obese, and diabetic) (86.1%). CONCLUSIONS:This global survey by a collaborative panel of clinical, coding, health management and policy experts, indicates agreement that MAFLD should be coded in ICD-11. The data serves as a foundation for corresponding adjustments in the ICD-11 revision.

关键词： Global survey ICD-11 MAFLD

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Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990-2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2025年第5期25卷 519-536页

作者： Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe Vongpradith, Avina Dominguez, Regina-Mae Villanueva Ma, Jianing Albertson, Samuel B. Novotney, Amanda Khalil, Ibrahim A. Troeger, Christopher E. Doxey, Matthew C. Ledesma, Jorge R. Sirota, Sarah Brooke Bender, Rose Grace Swetschinski, Lucien R. Cunningham, Matthew Spearman, Sandra Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H. A. Abd ElHafeez, Samar Abdoun, Meriem Abera, Bayeh Abidi, Hassan Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abtew, Yonas Derso Abualruz, Hasan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J. Aburuz, Salahdein Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun Oluwaseun Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adhikary, Ripon Kumar Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adra, Saryia Adzigbli, Leticia Akua Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika Agide, Feleke Doyore Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmed, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Saeed Akinosoglou, Karolina Akter, Ema Al Awaidy, Salah Alajlani, Muaaz M. Alam, Khurshid Albakri, Almaza Albashtawy, Mohammed Aldhaleei, Wafa A. Algammal, Abdelazeem M. Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Syed Shujait Ali Ali, Waad Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Al-Marwani, Sabah Almazan, Joseph Uy Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Almustanyir, Sami Alqahatni, Saleh A. Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H. Alsabri, Mohammed A. Altaf, Awais Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Alyahya, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Al-Zyoud, Walid A. Amugsi, Dickson A. Andrei, Catalina Liliana Antoni, Sebastien Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anwari, Saleha Anwar Palwasha Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Areda, Demelash Aregawi, Brhane Berhe Aremu, Abdulfatai Arndt, Michael Benjamin Asgedom, Akeza Awealom Ashraf, Tahira Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atreya, Alok Ayele, Firayad Azadi, Davood Azhar, Gulrez Shah Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Taghanaki, Pegah Bahrami Bahramian, Saeed Balakrishna Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle 98195 WA United States Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Center for Biostatistics Ohio State University Columbus OH United States Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA United States Urban Indian Health Institute Seattle Indian Health Board Seattle WA United States School of Medicine Yale University New Haven CT United States Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Aleta Wondo General Hospital Aleta Wondo Ethiopia College of Pharmacy Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates Department of Epidemiology Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt Department of Medicine University of Sétif Algeria Sétif Algeria Department of Health Sétif Algeria Department of Medical Microbiology Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia Department of Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium Laboratory Technology Sciences Department Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran Department of Family and Community Health University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Biomedical Science Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Nursing Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan Amman Jordan Amman Jordan Department of Clinical Sciences Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Medical Research Center-Academic Health System Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar College of Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Department of Therapeutics United Arab Emirates University Al Ain United Arab Emirates School of Medicine University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia Centre for Social Research in Health University of New South Wales Syd

Background Diarrhoeal diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are a leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years. Comprehensive global estimates of the diarrhoeal disease burden for specific age groups of children younger than 5 years are scarce, and the burden in children older than 5 years and in adults is also understudied. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to assess the burden of, and trends in, diarrhoeal diseases overall and attributable to 13 pathogens, as well as the contributions of associated risk factors, in children and adults in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Methods We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse vital registration data, verbal autopsy data, mortality surveillance data, and minimally invasive tissue sampling data. We used DisMod-MR (version 2.1), a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews, population-based surveys, and claims and inpatient data. We calculated diarrhoeal disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for each location, year, and age-sex group. For aetiology estimation, we used a counterfactual approach to quantify population-attributable fractions (PAFs). Additionally, we estimated the diarrhoeal disease burden attributable to the independent effects of risk factors using the comparative risk assessment framework. Findings In 2021, diarrhoeal diseases caused an estimated 1.17 million (95% uncertainty interval 0.793-1.62) deaths globally, representing a 60.3% (50.6-69.0) decrease since 1990 (2.93 million [2.31-3.73] deaths). The most pronounced decline was in children younger than 5 years, with a 79.2% (72.4-84.6) decrease in diarrhoeal deaths. Global YLLs also decreased substantially, from 186 million (147-221) in 1990 to 51.4 million (39.9-65.9) in 2021. In 2021, an esti

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REGIONAL CLIMATES

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Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2022年第8期103卷 S341-S454页

作者： Abida, A. Agyakwah, W. Aldeco, Laura S. Alfaro, Eric J. Allen, Teddy Alves, Lincoln M. Amador, Jorge A. Andrade, B. Asgarzadeh, P. Avalos, Grinia Baez, Julian Bardin, M.Yu. Bekele, E. Bertalanic, Renato Bissolli, Peter Bochníček, Oliver Bukunt, Brandon Calderón, Blanca Campbell, Jayaka D. Chandler, Elise Charlton, Candice S. Cheng, Vincent Y.S. Clarke, Leonardo A. Correa, Kris Cortés Salazar, Catalina R. Costa, Felipe Crhová, Lenka Cunha, Ana Paula Demircan, Mesut Dhurmea, K.R. Domínguez, Diana A. Dulamsuren, Dashkhuu ElKharrim, M. Espinoza, Jhan-Carlo Fazl-Kezemi, A. Fedaeff, Nava Fenimore, Chris Fuhrman, Steven Ganter, Catherine Gleason, Karin Guard, Charles P. Hagos, Samson Hanafusa, Mizuki Heim, Richard R. Kennedy, John Hellström, Sverker Hidalgo, Hugo G. Ijampy, I.A. Im, Gyo Soon Jumaux, G. Kabidi, K. Kerr, Kenneth Khalatyan, Yelena Khan, Valentina Khiem, Mai Van Koch, Tobias Koren, Gerbrand Korshunova, Natalia N. Kruger, A.C. Lakatos, Mónika Mamen, Jostein Lam, Hoang Phuc Lander, Mark A. Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo Lee, Tsz-Cheung Leung, Kinson H.Y. Liu, Xuefeng Lu, Rui Marengo, José A. Marjan, Mohammadi Martínez, Ana E. McBride, Charlotte Mekonnen, Ademe Mietus, Mirek Misevicius, Noelia Moise, Aurel Molina-Carpio, Jorge Mora, Natali Mostafa, Awatif E. Ndiaye, O. Nieto, Juan J. Olafsdottir, Kristin Pascual Ramírez, Reynaldo Phillips, David Porat, Amos Rodriguez Guisado, Esteban Rajeevan, Madhavan Ramos, Andrea M. Recalde Coronel, Cristina Reyes Kohler, Alejandra J. Robjhon, M. Ronchail, Josyane Salinas, Roberto Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira Sato, Hirotaka Sato, Hitoshi Sayouri, Amal Sensoy, Serhat Setiawan, Amsari Mudzakir Sima, F. Smith, Adam Sorel, Matthieu Spillane, Sandra Spence, Jacqueline M. Sreejith, O.P. Srivastava, A.K. Stephenson, Tannecia S. Takahashi, Kiyotoshi Taylor, Michael A. Thiaw, Wassila M. Tobin, Skie Trescilo, Lidia Trotman, Adrian R. Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J. Vazifeh, A. Wakamatsu, Shunya Zaheer, M.F. Zeng, F. Zhang, Peiqun Zhu, Zhiwei Agence Nationale de l’Aviation Civile et de la Météorologie Senegal Climate Prediction Center National Centers for Environmental Prediction NOAA College ParkMD United States Servicio Meteorológico Nacional Buenos Aires Argentina Center for Geophysical Research School of Physics University of Costa Rica San José Costa Rica Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology Bridgetown Barbados Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN São Paulo Brazil Seychelles Meteorological Authority Mahe Seychelles National Center for Climate and Drought Crisis Management Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization Iran Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú Lima Peru Universidad Católica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción Asunción Paraguay Yu. A. Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology Institute of Geography Russian Academy of Sciences Russia Slovenian Environment Agency Slovenia Deutscher Wetterdienst WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre Network Offenbach Germany Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute Slovakia NOAA/NWS Weather Forecast Office Guam Center for Geophysical Research University of Costa Rica San José Costa Rica Department of Physics The University of the West Indies Jamaica Bureau of Meteorology MelbourneVIC Australia Environment and Climate Change Canada TorontoON Canada Dirección de Meteorológica de Chile Santiago de Chile Chile Guayaquil Ecuador Czech Hydrometeorologival Institute Czech Republic Turkish State Meteorological Service Ankara Turkey Mauritius Meteorological Service Vacoas Mauritius Institute of Meteorology Hydrology and Environment National Agency for Meteorology Ulaanbaatar Mongolia Direction de la Météorologie Nationale Maroc Rabat Morocco Université Grenoble Alpes Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement IRD CNRS Grenoble INP Grenoble France Auckland New Zealand NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information AshevilleNC United States NOAA/NWS National Cen

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Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

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The Lancet Global Health 2023年第3期11卷 e385-e413页

作者： Micah, Angela E. Bhangdia, Kayleigh Cogswell, Ian E. Lasher, Dylan Lidral-Porter, Brendan Maddison, Emilie R. Nguyen, Trang Nhu Ngoc Patel, Nishali Pedroza, Paola Solorio, Juan Stutzman, Hayley Tsakalos, Golsum Wang, Yifeng Warriner, Wesley Zhao, Yingxi Zlavog, Bianca S. Abbafati, Cristiana Abbas, Jaffar Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abdelmasseh, Michael Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abedi, Aidin Abegaz, Kedir Hussein Abhilash, E.S. Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abolhassani, Hassan Abrigo, Michael R.M. Abubaker Ali, Hiwa Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adem, Mohammed Hussien Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed Rashid, Tarik Aji, Budi Akbarialiabad, Hossein Akelew, Yibeltal Al Hamad, Hanadi Alam, Khurshid Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour Alanzi, Turki M. Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled Alhassan, Robert Kaba Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almustanyir, Sami Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Amare, Azmeraw T. Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amini-Rarani, Mostafa Amu, Hubert Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Tudorel Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Appiah, Francis Aqeel, Muhammad Arabloo, Jalal Arab-Zozani, Morteza Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Aremu, Olatunde Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Avila-Burgos, Leticia Ayanore, Martin Amogre Azari, Samad Baig, Atif Amin Bantie, Abere Tilahun Barrow, Amadou Baskaran, Pritish Basu, Sanjay Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Baune, Bernhard T. Berezvai, Zombor Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhaskar, Sonu Boachie, Micheal Kofi Bodolica, Virginia Botelho, João Silva Botelho Braithwaite, Dejana Breitborde, Nicholas J.K. Busse, Reinhard Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero Catalá-López, Ferrán Chansa, Collins Charan, Jaykaran Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chen, Simiao Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Dadras, Omid Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dargahi, Abdollah Debela, Sisay Abebe Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Desye, Belay Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Diao, Nancy Doan, Linh Phuong Dodangeh, Milad dos Santos, Wendel Mombaque Doshmangir, Leila Dube, John Eini, Ebrahim El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enyew, Daniel Berhanie Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Applied Mathematics University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Antai College of Economics Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Non-communicable Diseases Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Children’s Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Tehran Heart Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran National Institute for Health Research Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Pharmacology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Cardiology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Social Determinants of Health Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Economics and Statistics Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurosurgery Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Ophthalmic R

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic;characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic;and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting system (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019;293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided

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