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Are spacecraft cheaper or more expensive now, and why? Spacecraft innovation trends

Are spacecraft cheaper or more expensive now, and why? Space...

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AIAA Space 2007 Conference

作者： Szajnfarber, Zoe Weigel, Annalisa L. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 United States Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Technology and Policy Program 77 Massachusetts Ave. 17-110 United States AIAA Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems 77 Massachusetts Ave. 33-404 United States

ISBN: (纸本)1563479079

A general conceptual approach to measuring innovation in complex systems is developed;specifically defining innovation as a measure of the rate of change of function per cost over time. This notion is applied in the context of communication satellites with the associated challenges discussed. Given the constraints on data availability, a highest-lowerbound estimator is proposed as a surrogate for function. The cost of functionality is address through the use of historical price data. The analysis reveals that innovation has, in fact, occurred over time: Communication satellites are cheaper now.

关键词： Spacecraft

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Solar power satellites: Historical perspectives with a look to the future

Solar power satellites: Historical perspectives with a look ...

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AIAA Space 2007 Conference

作者： Laracy, Joseph R. Bador, Damien Adams, Danielle Weigel, Annalisa Chambers, Richard Kwon, Daniel Proudfoot, David Qu, Shen Shoepe, Ted Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 United States Complex Systems Research Laboratory Engineering Systems Division Bldg. 33-407 AIAA Lean Aerospace Initiative Aeronautics/Astronautics and Engineering Systems Division Bldg. 41-205 Aeronautics/Astronautics and Technology and Policy Program 28 Forest Street Somerville MA 02143 United States Aeronautics/Astronautics and Engineering Systems Bldg. 33-404

ISBN: (纸本)1563479079

Since the late 1960s, there has been interest in the United States, and later in other nations, to capture solar energy in space and efficiently transmit it back to Earth. Starting with his seminal paper in 1968, Dr. Peter Glaser began architecting a prototype system that was further explored by the US Department of Energy in the Concept Development and Evaluation program. This initial study showed that the project was very ambitious and fraught with technical, social, and economic uncertainties. Energy economics and the lack of a reliable, high frequency space launch capability brought most research to a halt in the 1990s. This paper proposes a rational technical strategy to refocus Solar Power Satellite (SPS) research. It suggests a 30 year timeline for program milestones and analyzes potential technical performance. Real options analysis is used to manage uncertainty and permits the exploration of possible futures that are dependent on launch costs and electricity market prices. We propose that the U.S. can make progress toward implementing a small scale SPS system within several decades if work is begun now on technology development and on addressing societal concerns.

关键词： Satellites

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Development and validation of a multidisciplinary spacesuit model

Development and validation of a multidisciplinary spacesuit ...

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44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting 2006

作者： Jordan, Nicole C. Smith, Cristin A. Saleh, Joseph H. Newman, Dava J. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Technology Policy Program 77 Massachusetts Avenue 37-219 AIAA Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 33-309 Ford-MIT Alliance E40-247 Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Technology and Policy Program 33-307

ISBN: (纸本)1563478072

In this paper, we develop a novel multidisciplinary spacesuit model. Many models exist for individual spacesuit subsystems, for example the thermal subsystem;however, no one model yet exists that incorporates all subsystems simultaneously. Although a partial understanding of the operation and performance of a spacesuit at the subsystem level can be attained using existing models, the spacesuit is a highly-interdependent, human-sized spacecraft, and an integrated model is needed to aid in the understanding, design, and operation of the spacesuit as a complex engineering system. First, we describe the overall operation of the model, then go into details of the four subsystems: thermal, structures, oxygen flow, and power. Next, we validate the model against the current U.S. spacesuit, the Extra-Vehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), at the system and subsystem level. This model is used in a companion paper to conduct multi-objective optimization. These results should prove useful in the design of the next-generation spacesuit.

关键词： Aircraft models

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Political sustainability in space exploration architectures

Political sustainability in space exploration architectures

引用

Space 2006 Conference

作者： Broniatowski, D.A. Weigel, A.L. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 Aeronautics and Astronautics/Technology and Policy Program 77 Massachusetts Ave. AIAA Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems 77 Massachusetts Ave.

ISBN: (纸本)1563478242

Political and technical concerns are tightly intertwined in toe design of modern space systems. The political environment often responds harshly associated high costs of these endeavors. Political sustainability is therefore at least as important as the technical performance parameters of new space systems under development. This paper outlines a methodology by which a system architect may trace the recursive impacts of political choice on technical choice, and vice versa. Using the implementation of the Vision for Space Exploration as a case study, a policy-technology feedback loop is outlined. This paper then demonstrates toow political sustainability may be incorporated into the design process such that a politically savvy system architect may appropriately trade present costs against future costs.

关键词： Space applications

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Applying K-8 science and technology curricula to engineering education: What can be learned from the Educator Resource Center at the Museum of Science, Boston

Applying K-8 science and technology curricula to engineering...

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113th Annual ASEE Conference and Exposition, 2006

作者： Newman, Dava Bethke, Kristen Massachusetts Institute of Technology United States Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Massachusetts Institute of Technology United States MIT Technology and Policy Program United States

The National Research Council and the International technology Education Association have established standards for technological literacy, and several states require engineering concepts to be taught and assessed on state tests. Each year sees the publication of more curricular materials to address these standards, but many teachers and districts lack the resources or time to determine which curriculum is most appropriate for the learning needs of their students. The primary goal of this study is to consider the usefulness of traditional science and technology curricular materials for K-8 educators who are interested in addressing engineering content standards. This paper describes an analysis of selected K-8 science and technology curricula in the context of teaching engineering. The set of curricula considered here is a convenience sample: an online database of K-8 science and technology textbooks and teacher's guides that have been reviewed by the Educator Resource Center at the Museum of Science, Boston, according to their appropriateness for teaching about engineering. Each curriculum was previously evaluated according to 20 criteria by the Educator Resource Center (ERC). These 20 evaluation parameters measure six key characteristics: coverage of national and state standards, usability by K-8 teachers, adequacy of background information and educator support, availability of different amounts of scaffolding for student activities, variety of instructional approaches to the design process, and provision of assessment tools. In this meta-analysis, evaluations of 44 different curricular modules are compiled, and summary statistics of the entire sample set and specific subsets are computed and compared. The paper concludes with recommendations for the application of ERC-reviewed science and technology curricula to K-8 engineering education. It also identifies the national and state engineering/technology standards that are currently not addressed by the ERC science

关键词： Engineering education

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Assessing the fractionated spacecraft concept

Assessing the fractionated spacecraft concept

引用

Space 2006 Conference

作者： Mathieu, C. Weigel, A.L. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 Technology Policy Program 77 Massachusetts Ave. AIAA Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems 77 Massachusetts Ave.

ISBN: (纸本)1563478242

This paper assesses the concept of fractionated spacecraft Spacecraft fractionation transforms the traditional monolithic spacecraft into a set of free-flying modules, where infrastructure modules provide a payload module with power, communications, etc. Once launched, the supporting modules could be reused for other missions, and if standardized, they could form a whole on-orbit infrastructure that could support different payloads. First, models were developed to assess different fractionated architectures and compare them with traditional ones in terms of cost and value derived by potential customers using multi-attribute analysis. This evaluation is done in terms of traditional attributes such as mass and cost, but also in terms of non-traditional attributes such as maintainability, flexibility, scalability, and responsiveness. This architectural analysis demonstrates that if these non-traditional attributes are valued enough, customers would choose fractionated spacecraft over traditional ones. Second, this paper examines a new industrial paradigm that may be created by fractionation, its impact on the aerospace industry, and the major barriers that prevent its implementation. It makes policy recommendations to enable the shift from today's paradigm to the fractionated spacecraft paradigm.

关键词： Spacecraft

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Multi-objective optimization approaches in spacesuit design

Multi-objective optimization approaches in spacesuit design

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44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting 2006

作者： Smith, Cristin A. Jordan, Nicole C. Hassan, Rania A. Saleh, Joseph H. Newman, Dava J. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 United States Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 77 Massachusetts Avenue 33-309 United States AIAA United States Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Technology Policy Program 77 Massachusetts Avenue 37-219 United States Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering Systems Division 77 Massachusetts Avenue 33-412 United States Ford-MIT Alliance 77 Massachusetts Avenue E40-247 United States Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Technology and Policy Program 77 Massachusetts Avenue 33-307 United States

ISBN: (纸本)1563478072

In this paper, we use a multidisciplinary spacesuit model developed in a companion paper and an N-Branch Tournament Genetic Algorithm to optimize spacesuit designs for a Mars environment. The spacesuit design is optimized to minimize mass, stowage volume, and pre-breathe time prior to a spacewalk, and to maximize spacesuit mobility. These four objectives represent the primary measures of utility for a spacesuit design. This paper describes both a framework and process for spacesuit optimization, and demonstrates a new multi-objective visualization method for this four-objective design challenge. We discuss the preliminary optimization results as they relate to spacesuit design considerations. This initial investigation suggests that the power and CO2 removal technologies have little impact on the spacesuit architecture, whereas suit hardness and suit pressure have a far greater impact. Often suit pressure and hardness are determined at the beginning of the design effort and these early choices greatly influence the overall characteristics of the spacesuit. These results should be useful in the design of the next generation of spacesuits.

关键词： Multiobjective optimization

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Balancing the needs for space research and national security in the ITAR

Balancing the needs for space research and national security...

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AIAA Space 2005 Conference and Exposition

作者： Broniatowski, David A. Jordan, Nicole C. Long, Andrew M. Richards, Matthew G. Weibel, Roland E. Massachusetts Institute of Technologv Cambridge MA 02139 Aeronautics and Astronautics/Technology and Policy Program 77 Massachusetts Ave. AIAA Aeronautics and Astronautics/Technology and Policy Program Aeronautics and Astronautics 77 Massachusetts Ave.

ISBN: (纸本)1563477386

Current export control policies, drafted during the Cold War, require reassessment, in light of fundamental changes in the international security environment. The interconnectedness of the global economy, brought about by new technologies that facilitate international collaboration and knowledge sharing, is challenging the American export control framework. Underlying is a tension between the needs for innovation, driven by the free exchange of ideas, and security needs, aiming to prevent potentially sensitive knowledge and hardware from falling into the wrong hands. Academic space research institutions are particularly affected by the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) United States Munitions List, which controls broad categories of space systems. Many members of the academic community champion a reactionary approach whereby restricting research in a given area requires that a risk be demonstrated. This stands in contrast to the precautionary approach towards the proliferation of space technology embodied in the ITAR wherein the risk of technology transfer is mitigated through the liberal use of restrictions, controls and State Department oversight. Effective export controls must balance the benefits of requiring that certain technologies be used exclusively by certain U.S. interests with the danger of undermining future innovation. A notional model, supported by interviews and analyses, describes the long- and short-term effects of ITAR upon national security. The notional model provides valuable insight into the dynamics of short- and long- term national security needs and the influence of export control on those needs. Further refinement of the model will allow the influence of potential changes in ITAR procedures to be evaluated and understood. The effects on national security of strengthening or relaxing components of export restrictions can be understood through an expansion of the model and by holding interviews with a variety of stakeholders i

关键词： Space research

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Assessing the flexibility provided by fractionated spacecraft

Assessing the flexibility provided by fractionated spacecraf...

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AIAA Space 2005 Conference and Exposition

作者： Mathieu, C. Weigel, A.L. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 Technology Policy Program 77 Massachusetts Ave. AIAA Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Aeronautics and Astronautics/Technology and Policy Program 77 Massachusetts Ave.

ISBN: (纸本)1563477386

This paper introduces the concept of spacecraft fractionation, which transforms a traditional monolithic spacecraft into a network of elements where a free-flying payload module is supported by nearby free-flying infrastructure modules supplying communications, data handling, power, etc. Models were developed from a customer-centric perspective to assess different fractionated spacecraft architectures relative to traditional spacecraft architectures using multi-attribute analysis. Along with traditional attributes of mass and cost, non-traditional attributes of maintainability, scalability, flexibility, and responsiveness were included in the assessment. A framework was created to clearly define and evaluate these non-traditional attributes, and appropriate metrics were constructed. This study demonstrates that if those non-traditional attributes are valued enough, customers would choose fractionated spacecraft rather than traditional ones.

关键词： Spacecraft

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The case for an integrated systems approach to extravehicular activity

The case for an integrated systems approach to extravehicula...

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1st Space Exploration Conference: Continuing the Voyage of Discovery

作者： Jordan, Nicole C. Saleh, Joseph H. Newman, Dava J. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Technology and Policy Program Bldg 37-219 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 Ford-MIT Alliance AIAA Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Technology and Policy Program

ISBN: (纸本)1563477270

In this paper, we make the case for an integrated systems approach to the design and implementation of Extravehicular Activity (EVA). We define the EVA system as the set of hardware that enables EVA including the spacesuit, airlock, tools and mobility aids, as well as personnel and intangibles such as training, procedures, and software. In the context of planetary EVA, the system expands to include a rover, dust mitigation devices, and scientific instruments. The EVA system is in fact a complex, system-of-systems. The traditional approach to EVA system design optimizes each individual component, and may introduce inefficiencies into the system, generate logistics and supply management problems, and create hardware legacies that are hard to change and upgrade. We propose an integrated systems approach for advanced EVA system design that seeks to optimize the overall system, rather than just the individual pieces of hardware. The integrated systems approach also designs for uncertainty by anticipating change. By considering the complete system and allowing for change, the integrated systems approach incorporates both systems-of-systems thinking and spiral development. We examine the development of the Shuttle spacesuit and illustrate the challenges designers faced in adapting the suit to changing requirements. We conclude that due to the uncertain nature of exploration-class EVA, a system designed with the integrated systems approach offers significant advantages over the traditional design approach.

关键词： Space research

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