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ESTABLISHING THE FUNDAMENTALS OF A SURFACE SHIP SURVIVABILITY DESIGN DISCIPLINE

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1994年第1期106卷 71-74页

作者： BALL, RE CALVANO, CN Robert E. Ball:attended Northwestern University where he received BS and MS degrees in civil engineering in 1958 and 1959 and a Ph.D. in structural mechanics in 1962. From 1962 to 1967 he worked in the aerospace industry. In 1967 he joined the faculty of the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) Monterey Ca. and is currently a professor in the department of aeronautics and astronautics. In 1976 Dr. Ball began developing an educational program in aircraft combat survivability at NPS. Approximately 3500 Navy Marine Army and Air Force officers DoD civilians and civilians from the US aircraft industry attended his NPS graduate level and short courses since 1977. He has conducted short courses for NATO and the governments of Canada and Greece. He has also developed similar graduate level courses at NPS in air defense lethality and surface ship combat survivability. He has conducted an extensive research program in survivability and lethality at NPS directing over 110 theses and in 1985 his 400 page textbook The Fundamentals of Aircraft Combat Survivability Analysis and Designwas published by AIAA. He is a Fellow of AIAA. Charles N. Calvano:is a 1963 graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and a 1970 graduate of MIT with an MS in ocean engineering and a naval engineer's degree. His active duty Navy career spanned twenty-eight years culminating in assignments in the Naval Sea Systems Command as the director of the ship design group and as the director for ship concepts and technology. He joined the faculty of the Naval Postgraduate School in October 1991 and is developing and teaching the total ship systems engineering curriculum discussed in this paper. He is a member of ASNE and of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

This paper describes a conceptual structure of ship survivability definitions and concepts and deals with the need to incorporate a total-ship approach to surface ship combat survivability as part of the philosophy used to guide a ship's design. Included are: A discussion of the increasing emphasis placed on ship survivability during the ship system development process. Definitions of the different aspects of ship survivability, in order to suggest a coordinated and coherent understanding of their relationships. A discussion of the value of making survivability considerations an integral part of the ship design philosophy, to ensure a requirements-based systems approach to all of the ship's required attributes, including survivability.

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The human exploration of the solar system

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AIP Conference Proceedings 1991年第1期242卷 159-216页

作者： Lisa Bell Curt Bilby John W. Boyd George Davis David Korsmeyer Hans Mark Todd McCusker Brendan O’Connor Elfego Pinon Andrew Frizzell Harlan J. Smith Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas Humanities Program The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas Department of Astronomy The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas

In this paper we propose a detailed program plan for the human exploration of the solar system. This thrust is clearly the next step in the long history of human exploration of the unknown. The program proposed here contemplates a return to the Moon by 1995. The principal purpose of the return mission is to look for water that might be used to fuel subsequent missions to Mars and to other planets in the solar system. Alternative program plans are developed in detail for the first trip to the planet Mars in case water is found on the Moon (Case A) and in case it is not found as well (Case B). In both cases, the first trip to Mars would be made in the year 2003. The total run out cost of the proposed program is between $90 billion (Case B) and $125 billion (Case A) for the next fourteen years.

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FLAMMABILITY AND TOXICITY OF COMPOSITE-MATERIALS FOR MARINE VEHICLES

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第5期102卷 45-54页

作者： SEVART, JL GRIFFIN, OH GURDAL, Z WARNER, GA Jeffrey L. Sevart:is a native of Kansas and a 1985 graduate of Kansas State University with a B.S. in mechanical engineering (magna cum laude). After working as a stress analysis engineer at Boeing Military Airplane Company in Wichita Kans. he attended Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and received an M.S. in engineering mechanics in February 1988. He currently resides in Akron Ohio working as a research engineer in tire composites research at The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. O. Hayden Griffin Jr.:received his B.S. and M.S. in mechanical engineering from Texas Tech University in 1970 and 1971 respectively. He received his Ph.D. in engineering mechanics from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1980. Prior to joining the faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University as associate professor of engineering science and mechanics in September 1985 he was employed at the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center (Dahlgren Virginia) BF Goodrich Tire Group (Akron Ohio) the Bendix Advanced Technology Center (Columbia Maryland) and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (Laurel Maryland). He is currently an associate director of the Virginia Institute for Material Systems. He is a registered professional engineer in Virginia and is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Society for Composites. Zafer Gürdal:received his M.S. in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Illinois Institute of Technology in 1981 and his Ph.D. in aerospace engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1985. He worked as a research associate in the Aerospace and Ocean Engineering Department at Virginia Tech before joining the Engineering Science and Mechanics Department as an assistant professor in September 1985. Professor Gürdal's research interests include: composite structures failure mechanics of composites structural optimization and damage tolerant design. He is a member of the American Institute

Characteristics of both thermoplastic and thermoset composite materials as they pertain to marine vehicle applications are discussed. Comparison of various material selection factors such as strength, damage and moisture resistance, and flammability and toxicity as well as cost and availability of thermoset and thermoplastic composite materials are presented. Methods for testing and reducing the flammability and toxicity are discussed. Many commercially available composite systems are reported to provide favorable characteristics for marine applications. Although there seems to be a need for improved production technology for thermoplastics, they present potential advantages in physical properties over thermoset composites.

关键词： Composite Materials

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ROCKET MOTOR DESIGN FOR UNDERWATER SHOCK

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 215-225页

作者： YAGLA, JJ The authorreceived his B.A. degree in science (physics) from the Slate College of Iowa in 1965. He received his M.S. degree in engineering mechanics in 1968 and his Ph.D. in aerospace engineering and engineering science in 1981 from Arizona State University. He has done analytical and experimental research in the field of weapons blast and dynamical response since 1965 at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Dahlgren Virginia. As a supervisory research mechanical engineer he was previously head of the Physical Response Analysis Branch Blast Effects Branch and Ship Engineering Branch. Dr. Yagla is the test development agent and was test conductor for the gun and missile structural test firings in USSIowaclass battleships. He is a consultant to the Naval Sea Systems Command battleship combat system engineer and the Naval Air Systems Command Cruise Missile Project for blast and structural response. He has been involved in the development of Standard missile and its launching systems since 1969. He participated in the design of shock tests for the Mk 104 rocket motor and analyzed the data. He is presently analyzing shock and vibration problems for the Standard Missile Program Office.

Naval ships and equipment are designed to survive underwater shock. The underwater shock can result from a nearby explosion of a bomb or missile, or the underwater detonation of a nuclear weapon. The shock wave travels through the water and applies an impulsive pressure load to the ship. The ship responds by a sudden acceleration in a direction up and away from the explosion. The motion of the ship is imparted to its weapons and equipment. In the case of Standard missile, impulsive loads are applied to the missiles stowed in the magazines. The evolutionary design of rocket motor chambers and launch shoes for Standard missile for underwater shock is traced from the early Tartar missile to the latest version of Standard missile. As the weight of the missile has increased and the performance requirements have become more demanding, the design of the weapon for underwater shock has become more difficult. The paper explains the design approaches and techniques. Theoretical and experimental methods have been required. Finally, the paper highlights the experiences and problems in conducting underwater shock experiments with production systems in ships at sea.

关键词： WARSHIPS

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16-IN GUN BLAST AND THE BATTLESHIP REACTIVATION program

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1987年第3期99卷 227-238页

作者： YAGLA, JJ The authorreceived his B. A. degree in science (physics) from the State College of Iowa in 1965. He received his M. S. degree in engineering mechanics in 1968 and his Ph.D in aerospace engineering and engineering science in 1981 from Arizona State University. He has done analytical and experimental research in the field of weapons blast since 1965 at the Naval Surface Weapons Center in Dahlgren Virginia. As a supervisory research mechanical engineer he was previously head of the Physical Response Analysis Branch Blast Effects Branch and Ship Engineering Branch. Dr. Yagla is the test development agent and was test conductor for the gun and missile structural test firings in USS Iowa class battleships. He is a consultant to the Naval Sea Systems Command battleship combat system engineer and the Naval Air Systems Command Cruise Missile Project for blast and structural response. He is presently analyzing shock and vibration problems for the Standard Missile Program Office.

Reactivated and modernized USS Iowa class battleships employ many new systems, none of which were designed to withstand blast from 16-inch guns. Placement of the new equipment was driven by the need to impose the smallest possible restrictions on the guns. The design problem was complicated by two factors: first, the blast overpressure field surrounding the gun had not been accurately measured with modern instruments. Second, the blast overpressure tolerance of several important systems was unknown. The problem was solved through judicious placement of the equipment so that work could begin on the ship. Meanwhile the pressure surrounding a 16-inch gun was measured at the Dahlgren Laboratory. Mathematical functions describing the blast field were then used to design shipboard experiments in which the guns were fired at progressively more severe angles of train and elevation, while the equipment performance was carefully monitored. Four sets of shipboard experiments were required. Limiting values for the firing arcs have been determined, and the consequences of exceeding the recommended limits are now known.

关键词： WARSHIPS

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AN INNOVATIVE ENERGY SAVING PROPULSION SYSTEM FOR NAVAL SHIPS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1982年第2期94卷 200-213页

作者： SCHLAPPI, HC The authorhas diversified experience in the marine naval weapons and aerospace fields mainly in the area of research and development. After serving four years in theU.S. NAVYhe attended Oregon State University where he received BSME and MSME degrees in Mechanical Engineering specializing in fluid and solid mechanics. Following graduation he worked on naval weapon development at the Naval Ordnance Test Station in Pasadena California where he headed the Structural Test Laboratory and at the Naval Nuclear Weapons Evaluation Facility in Albuquerque New Mexico where he headed the underwater weapons department. The last 20 years of Mr. Schlappi's career have been in the area of high technology rotating machinery development which started with development of turbopumps for liquid rocket engines at the Aerojet Liquid Rocket Company in Sacramento California in 1961. With the decline in the aerospace market he was instrumental in the application of high technology from aerospace to marine propulsion. He was responsible for the conceptual design and directed the development and application of ten different marine jet propulsion systems while at Aerojet. As project engineer and program manager he directed the development and manufacture of the 6000 SHP marinejets which propelled the Navy Surface Effect Testcraft SES-100A to over 80 knots and the two marine jet propulsion systems 20000 SHP foilborne and 900 SHP hullborne which currently propel the highly successful Navy PHM (PEGASUS Class) Hydrofoil. Before joining Ingalls Shipbuilding in 1978 Mr. Schlappi worked as a consultant on marine propulsion and as Manager of Marine Products at Jacuzzi Brothers Inc. at Little Rock Arkansas. The author has presented many technical papers and reports in the past and is a member of ASNE and AIAA.

The propulsion system on most naval combatants is inherently wasteful of fuel since the propellers, shafts, and engines are sized for dash speed, but operate most of the time at low speed cruiser power. Energy consumption is particularly high on twin shaft, gas turbine driven ships which use controllable reversible pitch (CRP) propellers for reversing. On a typical destroyer such as DD 963, the drag of the propulsion appendages is very high, 10–15% of the total ship drag. This drag is present even when operating at low cruise speed where a system with much lower drag could provide the required thrust. This study evaluates several alternate propulsion systems which could be used on a DD 963 type ship to reduce annual fuel consumption. An innovative system, which uses a single DD 963 type propeller system for cruise and two marine jet boosters for added thrust during high speed dash, shows promise of reducing annual fuel consumption by 23 percent. This fuel saving is due to reduced propulsion appendage drag and lower specific fuel consumption during cruise. Annual fuel saving can be further increased to 45% by replacing the two LM-2500 turbines which drive the propeller with a single turbine equipped with Rankine Cycle Energy Recovery System (RACER) and changing the CRP propeller to a more efficient fixed pitch (FP) propeller with reverse gear for astern operation. In addition to reduced energy consumption, the propulsion systems using marine jet boosters for dash speed show promise of significant benefits in other areas such as reduced weight and improved survivability and reliability. The marine jets, which use state-of-the-art technology and have demonstrated performance, provide the same top speed as the baseline propeller system. Improved low speed maneuvering and crash stop capability is provided by reversers on the marine jets. Improved propulsion system redundancy is provided by the three shaft system. A single marine jet will provide nineteen knots speed with

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COMPUTER AIDS FOR SHIP DESIGN, INTEGRATION AND CONTROL

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1980年第2期92卷 73-87页

作者： CARLSON, CM JOHNSON, RA HELMING, FW Mr. Craig M. Carlson received his B.S. degree in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering from the University of Michigan in 1970 and began his career with the Department of the Navy at the Naval Ship Engineering Center (NAVSEC). In 1972. he returned to the University of Michigan under the NAVSEC Long Term Training Program and received his M.S. degree in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering. After returning to the Ship Arrangements Branch at NAVSEC. he was assigned as Task Leader for General Arrangements for the PGG PCG PHM. and MCM ship designs and was awarded Outstanding Performance Awards in 1974 and 1975. In addition he was Manager of the Arrangement Subsystem of the Navy's Computer-Aided Ship Design and Construction Program (CASDAC). In October 1979. he became Manager of the CASDAC Hull Design System. Currently. he also is enrolled in the M.S. of Computer Science Program at Johns Hopkins University. Mr. Carlson previously has presented technical papers at ASNE Day 1974 and 1978 as well as at the 1979 DOD Manufacturing Technology Advisory Group Conference. Besides ASNE. which he joined in 1972. he is a member of SNAME. ASE. and the U.S. Naval Institute. Mr. Robert A. Johnson is a Naval Architect in Surface Combatants Design (SEA 03D3). Ship Design Integration Directorate Naval Sea Systems Command. He received an Associate in Engineering degree in Drafting and Design Technology in 1959. his B.S. degree in Aerospace Engineering in 1965. and his M.S. degree in Engineering Mechanics in 1970. all from the Pennsylvania State University. In 1973. he was selected for the NA VSEC Hull Division s Long Term Training Program at the University of Michigan subsequently receiving his M.S.E. degree in Naval Architecture in 1974. Mr. Johnson began his career with the Ordnance Research Laboratory at Pennsylvania State University in 1959 where he worked. on the design of hydroelastic submarine models and conducted research in the area of flow induced structural vibrations. In 1967 he joined HRB-Singer at State Colle

This paper presents an integrated approach to Computer-Aided Ship Design for U.S. Navy preliminary and contract design. An integrated Hull Design System (HDS), currently under development by the Hull Group of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA 32). is the vehicle for the discussion. This paper is directed toward practicing ship design professionals and the managers of the ship design process. Primary emphasis of this paper, and of the development effort currently under way, is on aiding ship design professionals in their work. Focus is on integration and management control of the extremely complex set of processes which make up naval ship design. The terminology of the Ship Designer and Design Manager is used. The reader needs no familiarity with the technologies of computer science.

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A TECHNOLOGY BASE FOR ALUMINUM SHIP STRUCTURES

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Naval Engineers Journal 1979年第5期91卷 33-44页

作者： POHLER, C.H. STAVOVY, A.B. BEACH, J.E. BORRIELLO, F.F. Mr. C.H. Pohler received his B.S. degree in Architectural Engineering in 1956 from the University of Houston his Master of Engineering degree in Naval Architecture in 1959 from the University of California. and his M.S. degree in Administration in 1975 from The George Washington University. In addition. he attended the Industrial College of the Armed Forces (ICAF) at the National Defense University in 1974. He has worked in ship design since 1956 in various positions in the Department of the Navy and has contributed numerous technical papers to both national and foreign literature. In addition to ASNE which he joined in 1963 Mr. Pohler is a member of AIAA. SNAME the Royal Institute of Naval Architects the Northeast Coast Institute of Engineers and Shipbuilders the Interagency Ship Structures Committee the SNAME Hull Structures Committee and Sigma Xi. At the present time he is Head of the Mechanics Branch of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Research and Development Directorate. Mr. A.B. Stovovy is Head of the Surface Ship Division Structures Department David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center (DTNSRDC) where he is responsible for research studies of ship structures. His career began with the U.S. Navy in 1952 in the Scientific Section Hull Design Division Bureau of Ships. In 1961 he joined the Staff of the Structures Department at the David Taylor Model Basin where in 1964 he was selected to head the Surface Ship Structures Program. He is a member of the U.S. Delegation to the International Ship Structures Congress in 1979. the Interagency Ship Structures Subcommittee. and a former Chairman of the SNAME Hull Structures Committee. Mr. J.E. Beach is a Senior Project Engineer in the Structures Department of DTNSRDC. Bethesda. Md. where he has been employed since 1969. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Maryland. Mr. Beach has published numerous technical papers primarily in the areas of Fatigue and Fracture and Large-Scale Testing and is

A comprehensive U.S. Navy Development program is underway to establish a sound and reliable technology base for aluminum ship structures. Central to this effort is an 85‐foot long, 17‐ton Aluminum Ship Evaluation Model (ASEM) which represents approximately a one‐third scale structure model of a conceptual all‐aluminum Destroyer Escort designed by the Naval Ship engineering Center. The overall approach taken to develop this technology base for aluminum ships is basically similar to that employed in the aircraft structures field over the last two decades, i.e., systematic testing of large‐scale structural components under simulated service loading. Underlying considerations for the design and test of the large‐scale Structural Ship Model (the ASEM) me presented with details both for the static testing and the simulated life‐cycle fatigue testing of this Model. Rational design loads applied to the ASEM were based upon 80% of the highest significant wave for the static tests and on wave spectra expected in 20 years of operation in the North Atlantic for the fatigue tests. Results expected from this overall effort include vurious Mannuals for design, fabrication, inspection, and surveillance and repair of aluminum ship structures. These results are intended to provide a mechanism for technology transfer to industry so that a sound and efficient industrial base will be established for the construction and operation of aluminum ships. © 1979 American Society of Naval Engineers

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SHIP SYSTEM SEAKEEPING EVALUATION - STOCHASTIC APPROACH

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1979年第6期91卷 33-46页

作者： JOHNSON, RA CARACOSTAS, NP COMSTOCK, EN Mr. Robert A. Johnson is currently a Naval Architect in the Hull Group (SEA 32) Ship Design and Integration Directorate Naval Sea Systems Command. He received his Associate in Engineering degree in Drafting and Design Technology in 1959 his B.S. degree in Aerospace Engineering in 1965 and his M.S. degree in Engineering Mechanics in 1970 all from Pennsylvania State University. In 1973 he was selected for the Navy's Long-Term Training Program at the University of Michigan from which he received his M.S.E. degree in Naval Architecture in 1974. Mr. Johnson began his professional career at the Ordnance Research Laboratory Pennsylvania State University in 1959 where he was involved in the design of hydroelastic submarine models and conducted research in the area of flow-induced structural vibrations. Subsequently he joined HRB-Singer at State College Pennsylvania in 1967 as a Research Engineer and in 1969 joined the former Naval Ship Engineering Center (NAVSEC) where he was employed in the Submarine Structures Branch Surface Ship Structures Branch and the Performance and Stability Branch of the Hull Division. Currently he is the CASDAC Hull System Technical Director and also Head of the Surface Ship Hydrodynamics Section (SEA 32133) Naval Architecture Division Naval Sea Systems Command a member of ASE SNAME and Tau Beta Pi and one of the Navy Subcommittee Members of the Ship Structures Committee. Mr. Nicholas P. Casacostas is currently a Section Chief for Naval Architecture in the Washington D.C. office of M. Rosenblatt & Son Inc. His professional career has been in both Navy and commercially related fields and he has had published several technical papers dealing with the subjects of Ship Propulsion and Hydrodynamics as well as Shipping Economics and Operations. A member of ASNE since 1977 he also is a member of the Royal Institute of Naval Architects and SNAME and presently serving on the latter's H-2 (Resistance and Propulsion) Panel. Mr. Edward N. Comstock is currently a Seakeeping Speciali

The recent trend in Naval Forces has been a shrinking Fleet in both numbers and ship size. This dictates that our ships must have greater operational effectiveness if the Navy is to continue to carry out its mission in the future as it has done in the past. The seakeeping performance of a ship is a major determinant of its overall operational effectiveness. The methodology presented in this paper is a comprehensive approach to the evaluation of a ship's seakeeping performance. The scope of this methodology encompasses the assessment of ship mission scenarios and the relative importance of associated mission requirements as well as the probabilistic description of the uncertainties imposed by the variable ocean environment. The methodology is presented in a general sense so that the seakeeping performance of a ship's configuration can be evaluated as a function of mission scenario, mission area, sea state, ship heading, and speed. In order to utilize the full potential of the methodology, more refined scenario descriptions and more accurate environment specifications must be obtained. A simplified example is presented in which a comparison of the operational effectiveness of two small hull forms is made, using information now available to the designer. It is anticipated that the methodology presented can be used not only as a powerful tool in the decision-making process of practical ship design, but also as the basis for parametric studies of mission strategies.

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VEHICLE-FOLLOWER LONGITUDINAL CONTROL FOR AUTOMATED TRANSIT VEHICLES

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JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME 1977年第4期99卷 241-248页

作者： CAUDILL, RJ GARRARD, WL Transportation Program Princeton Univerisity Princeton N. J. Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics and Center for Control Science University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minn.

This paper examines the effects of spacing policy and control system nonlinearities on the dynamic response of strings of automated transit vehicles operating under automatic velocity and spacing control. Both steady-state and transient responses are studied. Steady-state response is examined by a modification of the describing function technique and transient response is studied by Liapunov procedures. It is shown that a nonlinearity commonly encountered in automated transit vehicles, a limiter on acceleration and deceleration, can result in string instabilities even though a linearized analysis indicates that the string is stable. Although this paper is specifically focused on automated transit systems, some of the results obtained also appear to be applicable to strings of automobiles on freeways.

关键词： String Dynamic response Vehicles Automobiles Control systems Highways Transportation systems Steady state Transients (Dynamics)

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