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arXiv 2024年

作者： Carlisle, David Libbrecht, Paul Schubotz, Moritz Soiffer, Neil Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd Oxford United Kingdom IU International University of Applied Science Erfurt Germany FIZ Karlsruhe Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure Berlin Germany Talking Cat Software Inc PortlandOR United States

MathML has been successful in improving the accessibility of mathematical notation on the web. All major screen readers support MathML to generate speech, allow navigation of the math, and generate braille. A troublesome area remains: handling ambiguous notations such as |x|. While it is possible to speak this syntactically, anecdotal evidence indicates most people prefer semantic speech such as "absolute value of x" or "determinant of x" instead of "vertical bar x vertical bar" when first hearing an expression. Several heuristics to infer semantics have improved speech, but ultimately, the author is the one who definitively knows how an expression is meant to be spoken. The W3C Math Working group is in the process of allowing authors to convey their intent in MathML markup via an intent attribute. This paper describes that work. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Semantics

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Latest Developments in Network RTK Modeling to Support GNSS Modernization

Latest Developments in Network RTK Modeling to Support GNSS ...

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2007 National Technical Meeting of the Institute-of-Navigation

作者： Landau, Herbert Chen, Xiaoming Kipka, Adrian Vollath, Ulrich Trimble Terrasat GmbH Trimble Terrasat GmbH Germany Trimble GNSS Algorithms and Infrastructure Software Group Trimble Terrasat

Global Navigation Satellite Systems like the US Global Positioning System GPS and the Russian GLONASS system are currently going through a number of modernization steps. The first satellites of the type GPS-IIR-M with L2C support were launched and from now on all new GPS satellites will transmit this new civil L2 signal. The first launch of a GPS-IIF satellite with L5 support is announced for spring 2008. Russia has started to launch GLONASS-M satellites with an extended life-time and a civil L2 signal and has announced to build up a full 18 satellite system by 2007 and a 24 satellite system by 2009. Independently of that the European Union together with the European Space Agency and other partnering countries are going to launch the new European satellite system Galileo, which will also provide worldwide satellite navigation service at some time after 2011. As a consequence we can expect to have very heterogeneous receiver hardware in these reference station networks for a transition period which could last until 2015. Network server software computing network corrections will have to deal with an increased number of signals, satellites and heterogeneity of the available data. The complexity but also the CPU load for this server software will increase dramatically. With the increasing number of signals and satellites the demands for the network server software is growing rapidly. The progress on the satellite system side is going hand in hand with the tendency of the customers to operate growing numbers of reference station receivers resulting in higher demands for CPU power. The paper presents a new approach, which allows us to process data from a large number of reference stations and multiple signals via a new federated Kalman filter approach. With the newest improvements in the GLONASS satellite system, more and more Network RTK service providers have started to use GLONASS capable receivers in their networks. Today, practically all service providers, who are u

关键词： Global positioning system

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GRAPE - An industrial distributed system for computer vision

GRAPE - An industrial distributed system for computer vision

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19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, IPDPS 2005

作者： Minor, David Rippa, Shmuel Orbotech Algorithms Infrastructure Group Algorithms Infrastructure Group Orbotech Inc. #1 Rechov Ha-Yam Yavne 81102 Israel

ISBN: (纸本)0769523129

GRAPE (Graph Processing Environment) is an industrial distributed computer vision system currently in use in Orbotech's Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) machines. These machines are designed for the automatic detection of defects in Flat Panel Displays (FPD), Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) and Ball Grid Arrays (BGA). The GRAPE system is designed to be easy to use for algorithm and systems engineers with little or no special training in parallel or distributed systems. algorithms are written in standard C++ and joined together in a visual dataflow graph. The user then partitions the graph into "contexts" which are used by the system to automatically parallelize the computation. The underlying execution model of GRAPE is based on a large-grained dynamic data-flow paradigm. In contrast to traditional dataflow engines GRAPE algorithms can hold "state" over multiple executions while also making use of data parallelism. This is useful for computer vision applications, which typically need to assemble and process data collected over many execution cycles. In this paper we present an overview of the GRAPE system with its context oriented parallelism and synchronization.

关键词： Distributed computer systems

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On the influence of different network correction formats on network RTK performance

On the influence of different network correction formats on ...

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18th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, ION GNSS 2005

作者： Chen, Xiaoming Deking, Alois Landau, Herbert Stolz, Ralf Vollath, Ulrich Trimble Terrasat GmbH Trimble Terrasat Trimble Terrasat GmbH Germany Trimble GPS Algorithms and Infrastructure Software Group Algorithm Development Team

A large variety of countries all over the world have established GPS reference station networks in the last years and are using network software today to provide a correction stream to the user as a routine service. These data streams are corrected for regional atmospheric effects, orbit errors and other systematic effects derived from the network solution. Currently most of these installations are using the VRS (Virtual Reference Station) technique to transport the correction stream in form of RTCM 2.3, RTCM 3.0 or CMR from the server to the field user. The VRS technique requires bidirectional communication, which is available via GSM, GPRS and other cell phone based data transmission methods. While the VRS method is the most common technique used, the RTCM committee is currently discussing a network proposal for broadcast transmission of network corrections, which will be useful for radio systems and Internet based multicast solutions. The focus of the paper is on the characterization of the influence of different interpolation schemes and the ability to derive tropospheric and ionospheric models. In the VRS case these models and interpolation schemes are applied in the server while they are applied in the rover in the RTCM network format case. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are presented. Other aspects discussed are the required bandwidth for the different formats, the influence of the network message update rates, the influence of the scheduling on the start up of the RTK rover and the effect of different network shapes on the rover performance. The paper presents results of performance analyses performed to compare the VRS solution with the RTCM network solution in different networks. Accuracy, initialization performance and reliability of RTK systems working with the formats are compared to quantify the performance differences.

关键词： Global positioning system

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GRAPE - an industrial distributed system for computer vision

GRAPE - an industrial distributed system for computer vision

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International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing (IPDPS)

作者： D. Minor S. Rippa Orbotech Algorithms Infrastructure Group Orbotech Inc. Yavne Israel

GRAPE (graph processing environment) is an industrial distributed computer vision system currently in use in Orbotech's automated optical inspection (AOI) machines. These machines are designed for the automatic detection of defects in flat panel displays (FPD), printed circuit boards (PCB) and ball grid arrays (BGA). The GRAPE system is designed to be easy to use for algorithm and systems engineers with little or no special training in parallel or distributed systems. algorithms are written in standard C++ and joined together in a visual dataflow graph. The user then partitions the graph into "contexts" which are used by the system to automatically parallelize the computation. The underlying execution model of GRAPE is based on a large-grained dynamic data-flow paradigm. In contrast to traditional dataflow engines GRAPE algorithms can hold "state" over multiple executions while also making use of data parallelism. This is useful for computer vision applications, which typically need to assemble and process data collected over many execution cycles. In this paper we present an overview of the GRAPE system with its context oriented parallelism and synchronization.

关键词： Pipelines Computer industry Computer vision Partitioning algorithms Parallel processing Automatic optical inspection Flat panel displays Printed circuits Electronics packaging Algorithm design and analysis

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