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Zombie Firms and Debt Accumulation: A Theoretical Framework and Chinese Experience

China & World Economy 2019年第6期27卷 104-126页

作者： He Zhu Fan He Shennan Wang Qianlin Ye Chen Liang Peking University HSBC Business School China Department of Economics Antai College of Economics and ManagementShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityChina School of Banking and Finance University of International Business and EconomicsChina Guanghua School of Management Peking UniversityChina Arts Program in Computational Social Science University of ChicagoUSA

In recent years,as China has grappled with rising debt and broad economic restructure,the prevalence of zombie firms has become a critical *** paper provides a theoretical framework illustrating the rationale behind the occurrence of zombie firms from the perspective of *** develop differential equations to model a bank s expectation and the ex ante estimate that underlies its decision to refinance an insolvent *** optimistic expectation is essential in zombie lending and is intrinsic to the countercyclical pattern of zombie *** model also predicts that debt can build up to an unsustainable level if recovery ofprofitability is sluggish or the initial debt burden is too *** the Chinese experience of zombie firms over 2007-2017,this paper highlights two ***,the share of zombie firms among Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies demonstrates a countercyclical ***,the positive correlation between zombie share and debt accumulation across manufacturing sectors sheds light on the link between zombie firms and the rising corporate debt in *** deal with the zombie"problem,the government should carefully weigh its policies to avoid further distortions because the occurrence of zombie firms may be inevitable and impossible to eliminate.

关键词： bank credit China's debt risk debt accumulation over-capacity zombie firm

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The overlapping burden of the three leading causes of disability and death in sub-Saharan African children

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Nature Communications 2022年第1期13卷 1-14页

作者： Reiner, Robert C. Welgan, Catherine A. Troeger, Christopher E. Baumann, Mathew M. Weiss, Daniel J. Deshpande, Aniruddha Blacker, Brigette F. Miller-Petrie, Molly K. Earl, Lucas Bhatt, Samir Abolhassani, Hassan Abosetugn, Akine Eshete Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adekanmbi, Victor Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Aghaali, Mohammad Aji, Budi Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Saqib Alizade, Hesam Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almasi-Hashiani, Amir Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amare, Azmeraw T. Amini, Saeed Amugsi, Dickson A. Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Ansari, Fereshteh Anvari, Davood Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Atout, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Floriane Ayanore, Martin Amogre Aynalem, Yared Asmare Azene, Zelalem Nigussie Badawi, Alaa Baig, Atif Amin Banach, Maciej Bedi, Neeraj Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhandari, Dinesh Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bijani, Ali Birhanu, Tesega Tesega Mengistu Bitew, Zebenay Workneh Boloor, Archith Brady, Oliver J. Butt, Zahid A. Car, Josip Carvalho, Felix Casey, Daniel C. Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chu, Dinh-Toi Coelho, Camila H. Cook, Aubrey J. Damiani, Giovanni Daoud, Farah Gela, Jiregna Darega Darwish, Amira Hamed Daryani, Ahmad Das, Jai K. Davis Weaver, Nicole Deribe, Kebede Desalew, Assefa Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Dorostkar, Fariba Dubljanin, Eleonora Duko, Bereket Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura Effiong, Andem El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enany, Shymaa Fattahi, Nazir Feigin, Valery L. Fernandes, Eduarda Ferrara, Pietro Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A. Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Foroutan, Masoud Frostad, Joseph Jon Fukumoto, Takeshi Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji Gebrekrstos, Hailemikael Gebrekidan G. K. Gebremeskel, Leake Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Gething, Peter W. Gezae, Kebede Embaye Ghadiri, Keyghobad Ghashghaee, Ahmad Golechha, Mahaveer Gubar Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Malaria Atlas Project University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Sweden Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Public Health Debre Berhan University Debre Berhan Ethiopia Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Population Health Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa Department of Global Health Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Qom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran Faculty of Medicine and Public Health Jenderal Soedirman University Purwokerto Indonesia Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO United States Clinical Epidemiology Center Department of Veterans Affairs St Louis MO United States Institute of Health Research University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Information Systems College of Economics and Political Science Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran Department of Health Policy and Management Kuwait University Safat Kuwait International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding National University of Malaysia Bandar Tun Razak Malaysia Department of Epidemiology Arak University of Medical Sciences Arak Iran Medical Research Center

Despite substantial declines since 2000, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), diarrhoeal diseases, and malaria remain among the leading causes of nonfatal and fatal disease burden for children under 5 years of age (under 5), primarily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The spatial burden of each of these diseases has been estimated subnationally across SSA, yet no prior analyses have examined the pattern of their combined burden. Here we synthesise subnational estimates of the burden of LRIs, diarrhoea, and malaria in children under-5 from 2000 to 2017 for 43 sub-Saharan countries. Some units faced a relatively equal burden from each of the three diseases, while others had one or two dominant sources of unit-level burden, with no consistent pattern geographically across the entire subcontinent. Using a subnational counterfactual analysis, we show that nearly 300 million DALYs could have been averted since 2000 by raising all units to their national average. Our findings are directly relevant for decision-makers in determining which and targeting where the most appropriate interventions are for increasing child survival. © 2022, The Author(s).

关键词： Biogeography Epidemiology Infectious diseases Malaria

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Author Correction: Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies

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Nature communications 2021年第1期12卷 2483页

作者： Kimmo Eriksson Pontus Strimling Michele Gelfand Junhui Wu Jered Abernathy Charity S Akotia Alisher Aldashev Per A Andersson Giulia Andrighetto Adote Anum Gizem Arikan Zeynep Aycan Fatemeh Bagherian Davide Barrera Dana Basnight-Brown Birzhan Batkeyev Anabel Belaus Elizaveta Berezina Marie Björnstjerna Sheyla Blumen Paweł Boski Fouad Bou Zeineddine Inna Bovina Bui Thi Thu Huyen Juan-Camilo Cardenas Đorđe Čekrlija Hoon-Seok Choi Carlos C Contreras-Ibáñez Rui Costa-Lopes Mícheál de Barra Piyanjali de Zoysa Angela Dorrough Nikolay Dvoryanchikov Anja Eller Jan B Engelmann Hyun Euh Xia Fang Susann Fiedler Olivia A Foster-Gimbel Márta Fülöp Ragna B Gardarsdottir C M Hew D Gill Andreas Glöckner Sylvie Graf Ani Grigoryan Vladimir Gritskov Katarzyna Growiec Peter Halama Andree Hartanto Tim Hopthrow Martina Hřebíčková Dzintra Iliško Hirotaka Imada Hansika Kapoor Kerry Kawakami Narine Khachatryan Natalia Kharchenko Ninetta Khoury Toko Kiyonari Michal Kohút Lê Thuỳ Linh Lisa M Leslie Yang Li Norman P Li Zhuo Li Kadi Liik Angela T Maitner Bernardo Manhique Harry Manley Imed Medhioub Sari Mentser Linda Mohammed Pegah Nejat Orlando Nipassa Ravit Nussinson Nneoma G Onyedire Ike E Onyishi Seniha Özden Penny Panagiotopoulou Lorena R Perez-Floriano Minna S Persson Mpho Pheko Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman Marianna Pogosyan Jana Raver Cecilia Reyna Ricardo Borges Rodrigues Sara Romanò Pedro P Romero Inari Sakki Alvaro San Martin Sara Sherbaji Hiroshi Shimizu Brent Simpson Erna Szabo Kosuke Takemura Hassan Tieffi Maria Luisa Mendes Teixeira Napoj Thanomkul Habib Tiliouine Giovanni A Travaglino Yannis Tsirbas Richard Wan Sita Widodo Rizqy Zein Qing-Peng Zhang Lina Zirganou-Kazolea Paul A M Van Lange Center for Cultural Evolution Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden. kimmoe@***. Mälardalen University Västerås Sweden. kimmoe@***. Institute for Futures Studies Box 591 Stockholm Sweden. Department of Psychology University of Maryland College Park MD USA. CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Chaoyang District Beijing China. Department of Sociology University of South Carolina Columbia SC USA. Department of Psychology University of Ghana P.O. Box LG 84 Legon Accra Ghana. New School of Economics Satbayev University Almaty Kazakhstan. Center for Cultural Evolution Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden. Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning Linköping University Linköping Sweden. Mälardalen University Västerås Sweden. Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies National Research Council of Italy Rome Italy. Department of Political Science Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland. Koç University Rumelifeneri Sarıyer Rumelifeneri Yolu Istanbul Turkey. Department of Psychology and Education Shahid Beheshti University Tehran Iran. University of Turin and Collegio Carlo Alberto Turin Italy. United States International University - Africa Box 14634 00800 Nairobi Kenya. International School of Economics Kazakh-British Technical University Almaty Kazakhstan. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) CABA República Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC). Facultad de Psicología (UNC) Ciudad Universitaria Bv. de la Reforma esquina Enfermera Gordillo s/n Córdoba Argentina. Sunway University No. 5 Jalan Universiti Bandar Sunway Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia. Departamento de Psicología Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú San Miguel Lima Peru. SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Warsaw Chodakowska Poland. Department of Psychology University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria. Moscow State University of Psych

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Estimates, trends, and drivers of the global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM_2·5 air pollution, 1990–2019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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The Lancet Planetary Health 2022年第7期6卷 e586-e600页

作者： Burkart, Katrin Causey, Kate Cohen, Aaron J Wozniak, Sarah S Salvi, Devashri Digvijay Abbafati, Cristiana Adekanmbi, Victor Adsuar, Jose C Ahmadi, Keivan Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alipour, Vahid Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amegah, Adeladza Kofi Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Ansari, Fereshteh Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Aripov, Timur Babaee, Ebrahim Banach, MacIej Barnett, Anthony Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Bedi, Neeraj Behzadifar, Masoud Béjot, Yannick Bennett, Derrick A Bensenor, Isabela M Bernstein, Robert S Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bijani, Ali Biondi, Antonio Bohlouli, Somayeh Breitner, Susanne Brenner, Hermann Butt, Zahid A Cámera, Luis Alberto Cantu-Brito, Carlos Carvalho, Felix Cerin, Ester Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chauhan, Bal Govind Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine Chu, Dinh-Toi Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Daryani, Ahmad Davletov, Kairat De Courten, Barbora Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dhimal, Meghnath Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Duncan, Bruce B El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa Eskandarieh, Sharareh Fareed, Mohammad Farzadfar, Farshad Fattahi, Nazir Fazlzadeh, Mehdi Fernandes, Eduarda Filip, Irina Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A Freitas, Marisa Ghashghaee, Ahmad Gill, Paramjit Singh Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Gopalani, Sameer Vali Guo, Yuming Gupta, Rajat Das Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie Hamadeh, Randah R Hamidi, Samer Hankey, Graeme J Hasanpoor, Edris Hassen, Hamid Yimam Hay, Simon I Heibati, Behzad Hole, Michael K Hossain, Naznin Househ, Mowafa Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi Jaafari, Jalil Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jha, Ravi Prakash Jonas, Jost B Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy Kasaeian, Amir Kaydi, Neda Khader, Yousef Saleh Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Junaid Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khatab, Khaled Khater, Amir M Kim, Yun Jin Kimokoti, Ruth W Kisa, Adnan Kivimäki, Mika Knibbs, Luke D Kosen, Soewarta Koul, Parvaiz A Koyanagi, Ai Defo, Barthelemy Kuate Kugbey, Nuworza Lauriola, Paolo Lee, Paul H Leili, Mostafa Lewycka, Sonia Li, Shanshan Lim, Lee-Ling Li Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery University of Washington Seattle WA United States Research Insights and Innovation Seattle WA United States Health Effects Institute Boston MA United States School of Public Health Boston University Boston MA United States Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Department of Population Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom Sport Science Department University of Extremadura Badajoz Spain School of Public Health Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Primary Care and Public Health Imperial College London London United Kingdom Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO United States Clinical Epidemiology Center US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) St Louis MO United States Health Management and Economics Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Economics Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Community and Family Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast) Barranquilla Colombia Research Group in Health Economics University of Cartagena Cartagena Colombia Department of Biomedical Science University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana Cardiology Department Ca

Background: Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In view of the high and increasing prevalence of diabetes, we aimed to quantify the burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM_2·5 originating from ambient and household air pollution. Methods: We systematically compiled all relevant cohort and case-control studies assessing the effect of exposure to household and ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2·5) air pollution on type 2 diabetes incidence and mortality. We derived an exposure–response curve from the extracted relative risk estimates using the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. The estimated curve was linked to ambient and household PM_2·5 exposures from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, and estimates of the attributable burden (population attributable fractions and rates per 100 000 population of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years) for 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were calculated. We also assessed the role of changes in exposure, population size, age, and type 2 diabetes incidence in the observed trend in PM_2·5-attributable type 2 diabetes burden. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes was attributable to PM_2·5 exposure, with an estimated 3·78 (95% uncertainty interval 2·68–4·83) deaths per 100 000 population and 167 (117–223) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per 100 000 population. Approximately 13·4% (9·49–17·5) of deaths and 13·6% (9·73–17·9) of DALYs due to type 2 diabetes were contributed by ambient PM2·5, and 6·50% (4·22–9·53) of deaths and 5·92% (3·81–8·64) of DALYs by household air pollution. High burdens, in terms of numbers as well as rates, were estimated in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Am

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Subnational mapping of HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15–49 years in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–18: a modelling study

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The Lancet HIV 2021年第6期8卷 e363-e375页

作者： Sartorius, Benn VanderHeide, John D. Yang, Mingyou Goosmann, Erik A. Hon, Julia Haeuser, Emily Cork, Michael A. Perkins, Samantha Jahagirdar, Deepa Schaeffer, Lauren E. Serfes, Audrey L. LeGrand, Kate E. Abbastabar, Hedayat Abebo, Zeleke Hailemariam Abosetugn, Akine Eshete Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou Adebayo, Oladimeji M. Adegbosin, Adeyinka Emmanuel Adekanmbi, Victor Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Akalu, Yonas Akinyemi, Oluwaseun Oladapo Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola Aklilu, Addis Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alam, Noore Alamneh, Alehegn Aderaw Alanzi, Turki M. Alemu, Biresaw Wassihun Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Tilahun Alipour, Vahid Amini, Saeed Ancuceanu, Robert Ansari, Fereshteh Anteneh, Zelalem Alamrew Anvari, Davood Anwer, Razique Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Arabloo, Jalal Asemahagn, Mulusew A. Asghari Jafarabadi, Mohammad Asmare, Wondwossen Niguse Atnafu, Desta Debalkie Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atreya, Alok Ausloos, Marcel Awedew, Atalel Fentahun Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayanore, Martin Amogre Aynalem, Yared Asmare Ayza, Muluken Altaye Azari, Samad Azene, Zelalem Nigussie Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din Baig, Atif Amin Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar Banach, Maciej Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Basu, Sanjay Bayati, Mohsen Bedi, Neeraj Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye Bezabhe, Woldesellassie M. Mequanint Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bibi, Sadia Bikbov, Boris Birhan, Tsegaye Adane Bitew, Zebenay Workneh Bockarie, Moses John Boloor, Archith Brady, Oliver J. Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath Butt, Zahid A. Cárdenas, Rosario Carvalho, Felix Charan, Jaykaran Chatterjee, Souranshu Chattu, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chu, Dinh-Toi Cook, Aubrey J. Cormier, Natalie Maria Cowden, Richard G. Culquichicon, Carlos Dagnew, Baye Dahlawi, Saad M.A. D Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Malaria Atlas Project University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom The George Institute for Global Health University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Insights Program Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle WA United States Global Programs Medical Teams International Seattle WA United States Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA United States Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Environmental Health Engineering Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Public Health Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia College of Medicine and Health Science Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Nursing Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Biomedical Sciences Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Public Health Debre Berhan University Debre Brehan

Background: High-resolution estimates of HIV burden across space and time provide an important tool for tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts and assist with improving the precision and efficiency of targeting efforts. We aimed to assess HIV incidence and HIV mortality for all second-level administrative units across sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: In this modelling study, we developed a framework that used the geographically specific HIV prevalence data collected in seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care clinics to train a model that estimates HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15–49 years. We used a model-based geostatistical framework to estimate HIV prevalence at the second administrative level in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for 2000–18 and sought data on the number of individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) by second-level administrative unit. We then modified the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) to use these HIV prevalence and treatment estimates to estimate HIV incidence and mortality by second-level administrative unit. Findings: The estimates suggest substantial variation in HIV incidence and mortality rates both between and within countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with 15 countries having a ten-times or greater difference in estimated HIV incidence between the second-level administrative units with the lowest and highest estimated incidence levels. Across all 44 countries in 2018, HIV incidence ranged from 2·8 (95% uncertainty interval 2·1–3·8) in Mauritania to 1585·9 (1369·4–1824·8) cases per 100 000 people in Lesotho and HIV mortality ranged from 0·8 (0·7–0·9) in Mauritania to 676·5 (513·6–888·0) deaths per 100 000 people in Lesotho. Variation in both incidence and mortality was substantially greater at the subnational level than at the national level and the highest estimated rates were accordingly higher. Among second-level administrative units, Guijá District, Gaza Province, Mozambique,

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Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990–2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

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The Lancet HIV 2021年第10期8卷 e633-e651页

作者： Jahagirdar, Deepa Walters, Magdalene K. Novotney, Amanda Brewer, Edmond D. Frank, Tahvi D. Carter, Austin Biehl, Molly H. Abbastabar, Hedayat Abhilash, E.S. Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal Adekanmbi, Victor Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afzal, Saira Aghababaei, Soodabeh Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadpour, Ehsan Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Rashid, Tarik Ahmed Salih, Yusra Ahmed Aklilu, Addis Akram, Tayyaba Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet Al Hamad, Hanadi Alahdab, Fares Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour Aleksandrova, Ekaterina A. Alene, Kefyalew Addis Ali, Liaqat Alipour, Vahid Almustanyir, Sami Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amu, Hubert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Anvari, Davood Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Arulappan, Judie Atnafu, Desta Debalkie Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Ayza, Muluken Altaye Azari, Samad Darshan, B.B. Banach, Maciej Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barra, Fabio Barrow, Amadou Basu, Sanjay Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad Belay, Habtamu Gebrehana Berheto, Tezera Moshago Bezabhe, Woldesellassie Mequanint Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bibi, Sadia Bijani, Ali Bisignano, Catherine Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi Boloor, Archith Boltaev, Azizbek A. Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Buonsenso, Danilo Burkart, Katrin Butt, Zahid A. Cao, Chao Charan, Jaykaran Chatterjee, Souranshu Chattu, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chu, Dinh-Toi Couto, Rosa A.S. Cowden, Richard G. Dachew, Berihun Assefa Dadras, Omid Dagnew, Amare Belachew Dahlawi, Saad M.A. Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi das Neves, José Degenhardt, Louisa Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu Deuba, Keshab Dhamnetiya, Deepak Dhungana, Govinda Prasad Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Doan, Linh Phuong Dorostkar, Fariba Edinur, Hisham Atan Effiong, Andem Eftekharzadeh, Sahar El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa Elayedath, Rajesh Elhadi, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA United States School of Social Work University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeones Columbia University Medical Center New York NY United States Division of Data Analytics and Delivery for Impact WHO Geneva Switzerland Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Paediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Psychiatry Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Metabolomics and Genomics Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Non-Communicable Diseases Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Botany Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur Kozhikode India Clinical Sciences Department University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Mass Communication Department University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Health-Care Policy and Research Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar Doha Qatar Department of Population Medicine Ca

Background: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. Methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was

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Author Correction: The power of genetic diversity in genome-wide association studies of lipids

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Nature 2023年第7965期618卷 E19-E20页

作者： Sarah E Graham Shoa L Clarke Kuan-Han H Wu Stavroula Kanoni Greg J M Zajac Shweta Ramdas Ida Surakka Ioanna Ntalla Sailaja Vedantam Thomas W Winkler Adam E Locke Eirini Marouli Mi Yeong Hwang Sohee Han Akira Narita Ananyo Choudhury Amy R Bentley Kenneth Ekoru Anurag Verma Bhavi Trivedi Hilary C Martin Karen A Hunt Qin Hui Derek Klarin Xiang Zhu Gudmar Thorleifsson Anna Helgadottir Daniel F Gudbjartsson Hilma Holm Isleifur Olafsson Masato Akiyama Saori Sakaue Chikashi Terao Masahiro Kanai Wei Zhou Ben M Brumpton Humaira Rasheed Sanni E Ruotsalainen Aki S Havulinna Yogasudha Veturi QiPing Feng Elisabeth A Rosenthal Todd Lingren Jennifer Allen Pacheco Sarah A Pendergrass Jeffrey Haessler Franco Giulianini Yuki Bradford Jason E Miller Archie Campbell Kuang Lin Iona Y Millwood George Hindy Asif Rasheed Jessica D Faul Wei Zhao David R Weir Constance Turman Hongyan Huang Mariaelisa Graff Anubha Mahajan Michael R Brown Weihua Zhang Ketian Yu Ellen M Schmidt Anita Pandit Stefan Gustafsson Xianyong Yin Jian'an Luan Jing-Hua Zhao Fumihiko Matsuda Hye-Mi Jang Kyungheon Yoon Carolina Medina-Gomez Achilleas Pitsillides Jouke Jan Hottenga Gonneke Willemsen Andrew R Wood Yingji Ji Zishan Gao Simon Haworth Ruth E Mitchell Jin Fang Chai Mette Aadahl Jie Yao Ani Manichaikul Helen R Warren Julia Ramirez Jette Bork-Jensen Line L Kårhus Anuj Goel Maria Sabater-Lleal Raymond Noordam Carlo Sidore Edoardo Fiorillo Aaron F McDaid Pedro Marques-Vidal Matthias Wielscher Stella Trompet Naveed Sattar Line T Møllehave Betina H Thuesen Matthias Munz Lingyao Zeng Jianfeng Huang Bin Yang Alaitz Poveda Azra Kurbasic Claudia Lamina Lukas Forer Markus Scholz Tessel E Galesloot Jonathan P Bradfield E Warwick Daw Joseph M Zmuda Jonathan S Mitchell Christian Fuchsberger Henry Christensen Jennifer A Brody Mary F Feitosa Mary K Wojczynski Michael Preuss Massimo Mangino Paraskevi Christofidou Niek Verweij Jan W Benjamins Jorgen Engmann Rachel L Kember Roderick C Slieker Ken Sin Lo Nuno R Zilhao Phuong Le Marcus E Kleber Graciela E Delgado Shaofeng Huo Dai Department of Internal Medicine Division of Cardiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System Palo Alto CA USA. Department of Medicine Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA. Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA. William Harvey Research Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK. Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistics Genetics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA. Department of Genetics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA. Clinical Pharmacology William Harvey Research Institute Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK. Endocrinology Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA. Medical and Population Genetics Broad Institute Cambridge MA USA. Department of Genetic Epidemiology University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany. McDonnell Genome Institute and Department of Medicine Washington University St Louis MO USA. Department of Precision Medicine Division of Genome Science National Institute of Health Cheongju-si South Korea. Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization Tohoku University Sendai Japan. Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa. Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health National Human Genome Research Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA. Blizard Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK. Wellcome Sanger Institute Hinxton UK. Department of Epidemiology Emory University Rollins School of Public Health Atlanta GA USA. Atlanta VA Health Care System Decatur GA USA. Malcolm Randall VA Medical Center Gainesville FL USA. Division of Vascular Sur

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Protein-altering variants associated with body mass index implicate pathways that control energy intake and expenditure in obesity (vol 50, pg 765, 2017)

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NATURE GENETICS 2018年第5期50卷 765-766页

作者： Turcot, Valerie Lu, Yingchang Highland, Heather M. Schurmann, Claudia Justice, Anne E. Fine, Rebecca S. Bradfield, Jonathan P. Esko, Tonu Giri, Ayush Graff, Mariaelisa Guo, Xiuqing Hendricks, Audrey E. Karaderi, Tugce Lempradl, Adelheid Locke, Adam E. Mahajan, Anubha Marouli, Eirini Sivapalaratnam, Suthesh Young, Kristin L. Alfred, Tamuno Feitosa, Mary F. Masca, Nicholas G. D. Manning, Alisa K. Medina-Gomez, Carolina Mudgal, Poorva Ng, Maggie C. Y. Reiner, Alex P. Vedantam, Sailaja Willems, Sara M. Winkler, Thomas W. Abecasis, Goncalo Aben, Katja K. Alam, Dewan S. Alharthi, Sameer E. Allison, Matthew Amouyel, Philippe Asselbergs, Folkert W. Auer, Paul L. Balkau, Beverley Bang, Lia E. Barroso, Ines Bastarache, Lisa Benn, Marianne Bergmann, Sven Bielak, Lawrence F. Bluher, Matthias Boehnke, Michael Boeing, Heiner Boerwinkle, Eric Boger, Carsten A. Bork-Jensen, Jette Bots, Michiel L. Bottinger, Erwin P. Bowden, Donald W. Brandslund, Ivan Breen, Gerome Brilliant, Murray H. Broer, Linda Brumat, Marco Burt, Amber A. Butterworth, Adam S. Campbell, Peter T. Cappellani, Stefania Carey, David J. Catamo, Eulalia Caulfield, Mark J. Chambers, John C. Chasman, Daniel I. Chen, Yii-Der I. Chowdhury, Rajiv Christensen, Cramer Chu, Audrey Y. Cocca, Massimiliano Collins, Francis S. Cook, James P. Corley, Janie Galbany, Jordi Corominas Cox, Amanda J. Crosslin, David S. Cuellar-Partida, Gabriel D'Eustacchio, Angela Danesh, John Davies, Gail Bakker, Paul I. W. Groot, Mark C. H. Mutsert, Renee Deary, Ian J. Dedoussis, George Demerath, Ellen W. Heijer, Martin Hollander, Anneke I. Ruijter, Hester M. Dennis, Joe G. Denny, Josh C. Angelantonio, Emanuele Drenos, Fotios Du, Mengmeng Dube, Marie-Pierre Dunning, Alison M. Easton, Douglas F. Edwards, Todd L. Ellinghaus, David Ellinor, Patrick T. Elliott, Paul Evangelou, Evangelos Farmaki, Aliki-Eleni Farooqi, I. Sadaf Faul, Jessica D. Fauser, Sascha Feng, Shuang Ferrannini, Ele Ferrieres, Jean Florez, Jose C. Ford, Ian Fornage, Myriam Franco, Oscar H. Franke, Andre Franks, Paul W. Friedrich, Ne Montreal Heart Institute Université de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada Division of Epidemiology Department of Medicine Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA Department of Epidemiology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA Human Genetics Center University of Texas School of Public Health University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston TX USA Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA USA Department of Genetics Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research Boston Children’s Hospital Boston MA USA Center for Applied Genomics Division of Human Genetics Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA USA Quantinuum Research LLC San Diego CA USA Estonian Genome Center University of Tartu Tartu Estonia Division of Epidemiology Department of Medicine Institute for Medicine and Public Health Vanderbilt Genetics Institute Vanderbilt University Nashville TN USA Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Torrance CA USA Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Hinxton UK Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences University of Colorado Denver CO USA Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics University of Oxford Oxford UK Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Arts and Sciences Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta Cyprus Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics Freiburg Germany Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics University of Michigan Ann Arbor

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >250 loci for body mass index (BMI), implicating pathways related to neuronal biology. Most GWAS loci represent clusters of common, noncoding variants from which pinpointing causal genes remains challenging. Here we combined data from 718,734 individuals to discover rare and low-frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) < 5%) coding variants associated with BMI. We identified 14 coding variants in 13 genes, of which 8 variants were in genes (ZBTB7B, ACHE, RAPGEF3, RAB21, ZFHX3, ENTPD6, ZFR2 and ZNF169) newly implicated in human obesity, 2 variants were in genes (MC4R and KSR2) previously observed to be mutated in extreme obesity and 2 variants were in GIPR. The effect sizes of rare variants are ~10 times larger than those of common variants, with the largest effect observed in carriers of an MC4R mutation introducing a stop codon (***35Ter, MAF = 0.01%), who weighed ~7 kg more than non-carriers. Pathway analyses based on the variants associated with BMI confirm enrichment of neuronal genes and provide new evidence for adipocyte and energy expenditure biology, widening the potential of genetically supported therapeutic targets in obesity.

关键词： Genome-wide association studies Obesity

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26th Annual computational Neuroscience Meeting (CNS*2017): Part 3 Antwerp, Belgium. 15-20 July 2017 Abstracts

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BMC NEUROscience 2017年第SUPPL 1期18卷 95-176页

作者： [Anonymous] Department of Neuroscience Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA Department Physiology & Pharmacology SUNY Downstate Brooklyn NY 11203 USA NYU School of Engineering 6 MetroTech Center Brooklyn NY 11201 USA Departament de Matemàtica Aplicada Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona 08028 Spain Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerrannée (INMED) INSERM UMR901 Aix-Marseille Univ Marseille France Center of Neural Science New York University New York NY USA Aix-Marseille Univ INSERM INS Inst Neurosci Syst Marseille France Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modélisation CNRS UMR 8089 Université de Cergy-Pontoise 95300 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex France Department of Mathematics and Computer Science ENSAT Abdelmalek Essaadi’s University Tangier Morocco Laboratory of Natural Computation Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics University of Salerno 84084 Fisciano SA Italy Department of Medicine University of Salerno 84083 Lancusi SA Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università degli Studi Aldo Moro Bari and INFN Sezione Di Bari Italy Data Analysis Department Ghent University Ghent Belgium Coma Science Group University of Liège Liège Belgium Cruces Hospital and Ikerbasque Research Center Bilbao Spain BIOtech Department of Industrial Engineering University of Trento and IRCS-PAT FBK 38010 Trento Italy Department of Data Analysis Ghent University Ghent 9000 Belgium The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging University College London London WC1N 3BG UK Department of Electronic Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology Karachi Pakistan Blue Brain Project École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Departement of Mathematics Swansea University Swansea Wales UK Laboratory for Topology and Neuroscience at the Brain Mind Institute École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Institute of Mathematics University of Aberdeen Aberdeen Scotland UK Department of Integrativ

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Publisher Correction: Protein-altering variants associated with body mass index implicate pathways that control energy intake and expenditure in obesity

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Nature genetics 2019年第7期51卷 1191-1192页

作者： Valérie Turcot Yingchang Lu Heather M Highland Claudia Schurmann Anne E Justice Rebecca S Fine Jonathan P Bradfield Tõnu Esko Ayush Giri Mariaelisa Graff Xiuqing Guo Audrey E Hendricks Tugce Karaderi Adelheid Lempradl Adam E Locke Anubha Mahajan Eirini Marouli Suthesh Sivapalaratnam Kristin L Young Tamuno Alfred Mary F Feitosa Nicholas G D Masca Alisa K Manning Carolina Medina-Gomez Poorva Mudgal Maggie C Y Ng Alex P Reiner Sailaja Vedantam Sara M Willems Thomas W Winkler Gonçalo Abecasis Katja K Aben Dewan S Alam Sameer E Alharthi Matthew Allison Philippe Amouyel Folkert W Asselbergs Paul L Auer Beverley Balkau Lia E Bang Inês Barroso Lisa Bastarache Marianne Benn Sven Bergmann Lawrence F Bielak Matthias Blüher Michael Boehnke Heiner Boeing Eric Boerwinkle Carsten A Böger Jette Bork-Jensen Michiel L Bots Erwin P Bottinger Donald W Bowden Ivan Brandslund Gerome Breen Murray H Brilliant Linda Broer Marco Brumat Amber A Burt Adam S Butterworth Peter T Campbell Stefania Cappellani David J Carey Eulalia Catamo Mark J Caulfield John C Chambers Daniel I Chasman Yii-Der I Chen Rajiv Chowdhury Cramer Christensen Audrey Y Chu Massimiliano Cocca Francis S Collins James P Cook Janie Corley Jordi Corominas Galbany Amanda J Cox David S Crosslin Gabriel Cuellar-Partida Angela D'Eustacchio John Danesh Gail Davies Paul I W Bakker Mark C H Groot Renée Mutsert Ian J Deary George Dedoussis Ellen W Demerath Martin Heijer Anneke I Hollander Hester M Ruijter Joe G Dennis Josh C Denny Emanuele Di Angelantonio Fotios Drenos Mengmeng Du Marie-Pierre Dubé Alison M Dunning Douglas F Easton Todd L Edwards David Ellinghaus Patrick T Ellinor Paul Elliott Evangelos Evangelou Aliki-Eleni Farmaki I Sadaf Farooqi Jessica D Faul Sascha Fauser Shuang Feng Ele Ferrannini Jean Ferrieres Jose C Florez Ian Ford Myriam Fornage Oscar H Franco Andre Franke Paul W Franks Nele Friedrich Ruth Frikke-Schmidt Tessel E Galesloot Wei Gan Ilaria Gandin Paolo Gasparini Jane Gibson Vilmantas Giedraitis Anette P Gjesing Penny Gordon-Larsen Mathias Gorski Hans-Jörgen Montreal Heart Institute Université de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada. Division of Epidemiology Department of Medicine Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA. Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA. Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA. Department of Epidemiology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA. Human Genetics Center University of Texas School of Public Health University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston TX USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA USA. Department of Genetics Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA. Center for Applied Genomics Division of Human Genetics Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA USA. Quantinuum Research LLC San Diego CA USA. Estonian Genome Center University of Tartu Tartu Estonia. Division of Epidemiology Department of Medicine Institute for Medicine and Public Health Vanderbilt Genetics Institute Vanderbilt University Nashville TN USA. Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Torrance CA USA. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Hinxton UK. Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences University of Colorado Denver CO USA. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics University of Oxford Oxford UK. Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Arts and Sciences Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta Cyprus. Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics Freiburg Germany. Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics University of M

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

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