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Completely-Stealthy and Energy-Stealthy Sensor Attacks With Constrained Channels: Existence and Design

IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 2025年

作者： Jin, Kaijing Ye, Dan Zhang, Tian-Yu Northeastern University College of Information Science and Engineering Shenyang110819 China Northeastern University State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation of Process Industries Shenyang110819 China

In this paper, the security of state estimation is studied under stealthy false-data injection attacks launched in the sensor-to-estimator channels. It is proved that there is no strictly stealthy sensor attack such that the state estimation is insecure. Thus, we focus on the existence of the attacks with complete and energy stealthiness to gradually remove the attack impact on detectors. Since the existence of stealthy attacks is significantly affected by accessing attack channels, the necessary and sufficient conditions of such two types of attacks with constrained channels are proposed by matrix decomposition techniques and the reachability analysis of system dynamics. In general, deeper stealthiness for attacks will require harsher constraints on the system dynamics, while it turns out that the completely-stealthy attacks are achievable under the same existence conditions as the generally stealthy attacks. Meanwhile, we indicate that though launching energy-stealthy attacks needs more demanding system dynamics, they can deceive detectors more deeply. The simulation examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented theoretical results. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： System theory

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Distributed State Estimation for Discrete-Time Linear Systems: A Canonical Decomposition-Based Approach

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IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 2025年

作者： Gao, Rui Yang, Guang-Hong Northeastern University College of Information Science and Engineering Shenyang110819 China Northeastern University State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries Shenyang110819 China

This paper is concerned with the problem of distributed state estimation for discrete-time linear systems using a network of agents, where the measurement of each agent suffers from the lack of detectability with the system dynamics. The existing results on this topic require stringent condition either on the network connectivity or on the detectability. In contrast, a new form of distributed observer, which ensures that all agents asymptotically estimate the system state under the mild network connectivity condition without increasing the need for the detectability condition, is proposed. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the proposed distributed observer are established. The key to the proposed method is a refined canonical decomposition form of the coefficient matrices of the system which is introduced leveraging the real Jordan canonical form, the Popov-Belevitch-Hautus test, the matrix permutation, and the observable decomposition. The methodology is applied to estimate the positions of a group of Pendubots to demonstrate its effectiveness. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Graph theory

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Finite Horizon Pareto-Optimal Control for Multi-Controller Cyber-Physical Systems Under DoS Attacks

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

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IEEE Transactions on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 2025年 3卷 362-371页

作者： Cheng Tan Qinglong Zhang Jianying Di Yuzhe Li School of Engineering QuFu Normal University Rizhao Shandong China College of Information Science and Engineering Northeastern University Shenyang China State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries Northeastern University Shenyang China

In this paper, we study multi-controller cyber-physical systems (MCPSs) characterized by the presence of multiple controllers engaging in cooperative game interactions. Due to Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks on the transmission channel, packet loss may occur in the delivery of control signals from the controllers to the actuator, which necessitates each controller to adopt optimal strategies to minimize its own cost function. Specifically, Pareto optimization is employed in this paper to derive Pareto-optimal strategies and cost function for MCPSs. In contrast to previous studies, we focus on solving the Pareto-optimal strategies of MCPSs using generalized difference Riccati equations (GDREs). This method relies on the equivalence between Pareto-optimal strategies and optimal strategies of the weighted cost function in the case of convex functions, thereby facilitating the derivation of corresponding minimum input costs. Ultimately, the efficacy of the proposed methodologies is validated through two illustrative numerical examples.

关键词： Games Cost function Pareto optimization Denial-of-service attack Cyber-physical systems Actuators Communication channels Real-time systems Packet loss Vectors

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TSDD-UB: A Texture Simplification-Based Denoising Diffusion Model for Unsupervised Defect Detection Under Ultrasonic B-Scan Signal

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IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 2025年 74卷

作者： Wang, Liwei Liu, Jinhai Zhong, Yuan Shen, Xiangkai Zhao, He Northeastern University School of Information Science and Engineering Shenyang110004 China Northeastern University State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries School of Information Science and Engineering Shenyang110004 China Beihang University School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering Beijing100191 China

The ultrasonic B-scan signal is widely used in the detection of pipeline defects. However, most existing methods face challenges in achieving high accuracy due to the amplitude attenuation phenomenon and the complicated texture structure of the ultrasonic B-scan signal. To address the above issues, a texture simplification-based denoising diffusion model is proposed for unsupervised defect detection under an ultrasonic B-scan signal. This model closely follows the principles of ultrasonic propagation and incorporates meticulous designs in both data processing and model architecture, aiming to achieve high-precision defect detection while training exclusively on normal samples. First, an adaptive time gain compensation (ATGC) method is proposed to mitigate the amplitude attenuation phenomenon of the B-scan signal. Second, a novel texture simplification network is proposed to simplify texture structures while preserving the echo characteristics of the B-scan signal. Third, a double noise scale reconstruction (DNSR) method is designed, which utilizes the denoising diffusion model to reconstruct signals with two different levels of perturbation, aiming to overcome the issue of low reconstruction quality. Experimental results in real pipelines demonstrate that texture simplification-based denoising diffusion model for defect detection under ultrasonic B-Scan signal (TSDD-UB) achieves an image-level area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) of 100% and a pixel-level AUROC of 98.6%, outperforming state-of-the-art methods and indicating significant potential for practical applications. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Ultrasonic testing

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Intelligent PI control of hematite regrinding pressure based on signal compensation and reinforcement learning

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Kongzhi yu Juece/Control and Decision 2025年第6期40卷 1931-1938页

作者： Sun, Hong-Shuo Zhang, Ya-Jun Liu, Ning Guo, Ce Chai, Tian-You Zhang, Jin-Qiang State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries Northeastern University Shenyang110819 China National Engineering Technology Research Center for Metallurgical Industry Automation Northeastern University Shenyang110819 China Hongxing Beneficiation Plant Jiuquan Iron & Steel Group Corporation Jiayuguan735100 China

The regrinding process of hematite is a unique beneficiation process for low-grade hematite, where the control of the ore feed pressure is a key process. To ensure precise control of the ore feed pressure, this paper combines conventional PI control with signal compensation technology and reinforcement learning to propose an intelligent PI control method. Firstly, describing the controlled object as a low-order linear model with frequent changes in unknown nonlinear dynamic systems, the compensation signal is designed using precisely calculated unknown nonlinear terms from the previous moment and closed-loop operating data, superimposed on the output of the PI controller to improve the dynamic performance of the control system. Then, reinforcement learning and real-time operational data of the closed-loop system are used to iteratively determine the optimal parameters for the PI controller and compensator, thereby optimizing the operation of the closed-loop system. Finally, through comparative experiments with existing methods and physical experiments using real industrial process data, the experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method. © 2025 Northeast University. All rights reserved.

关键词： Proportional control systems

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Adaptive Nussbaum Design for Nonholonomic Systems With Asymptotic Stabilization Against False Data Injection

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IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics 2025年

作者： Liu, Guilong Yang, Yongliang Gao, Weinan Wunsch, Donald C. University of Science and Technology Beijing Key Laboratory of Knowledge Automation for Industrial Processes of Ministry of Education School of Automation and Electrical Engineering Beijing100083 China Northeastern University State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries Shenyang110819 China Missouri University of Science and Technology Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering RollaMO65409 United States

This article addresses the stabilization challenges of nonholonomic systems under the threat of false data injection (FDI) attacks, which compromise the integrity of state information. A novel adaptive control strategy using Nussbaum-type gains is proposed to ensure the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system while maintaining signal boundedness. The approach extends conventional Nussbaum designs to handle multiple unknown control directions. It integrates online learning mechanisms to mitigate the impact of FDI attacks. Additionally, adaptive backstepping and fuzzy-logic systems are utilized to approximate and compensate for unknown nonlinear dynamics. The methodology transforms nonholonomic systems into equivalent cascade structures to address inherent constraints and enable secure control input design. Simulation studies validate the effectiveness and resilience of the proposed control strategy, demonstrating significant improvements in stability and robustness in the presence of FDI attacks. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Adaptive control systems

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Secure State Estimation For Continuous-time Cyber-Physical Systems Under Stochastic Attacks And Faults

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IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 2025年

作者： Sun, Qingdong Yang, Guang-Hong Northeastern University College of Information Science and Engineering Liaoning Shenyang110819 China Northeastern University State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries Shenyang110819 China

This paper studies the secure state estimation problem of continuous-time cyber-physical systems affected by sensor attacks and actuator faults, where the attackers do not target fixed transmission channels but instead stochastically select the channels to attack at each moment based on a specific Markov process. To address these challenges, a reduced-order observer is designed to simultaneously estimate the original system states, faults, and attacks, while ensuring that its observation errors remain unaffected by these faults, attacks, and unknown disturbances. According to the stability theory of stochastic systems, a necessary and sufficient condition is provided for the stochastic stability of the observation error system under known transition rates, with further analysis of its stability under unknown transition rates. Finally, the validity and superiority of the proposed method are verified through two numerical examples. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Markov processes

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Dissipativity-Based Secure Output Regulation in Networked Switched Systems With Long-Duration Zero-Value Attacks

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IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 2025年

作者： Li, Lili Guo, Qingjun Fu, Jun Rong, Di Dalian Maritime University College of Marine Electrical Engineering Dalian116026 China Northeastern University State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries Shenyang110819 China

The secure output regulation (OR) problem is formulated for networked switched systems (SSs) with severely unstable dynamics that are subjected to long-duration zero-value (LDZV) attacks. For these systems, well-defined switching rules enable the severely unstable dynamics to achieve stability and OR by allowing each subsystem to dwell for a short period. However, during LDZV attacks, the system's external variables (inputs and outputs) are set to zero for a long period. Given the presence of severely unstable dynamics, it becomes impossible to construct reliable switching rules that guarantee security, stability and OR by merely extending the dwell time. In this scenario, specific system internal parameters, such as dissipativity parameters, can be leveraged in designing a secure control scheme to address the cumulative impacts of LDZV attacks and severely unstable dynamics. Thereby, event-triggered protocols and switching rules are designed from the dissipativity context. Finally, the secure OR solvability is verified using an aero-engine. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Switching theory

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Data-driven fault-tolerant consensus control for constrained nonlinear multiagent systems via adaptive dynamic programming

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Information Sciences 2025年 705卷

作者： Zhang, Lulu Zhang, Huaguang Wang, Tianbiao Yue, Xiaohui College of Information Science and Engineering Northeastern University Liaoning Shenyang110004 China State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries Northeastern University Liaoning Shenyang110004 China

In this paper, a data-driven fault-tolerant control (FTC) method is proposed to solve the consensus problem of constrained multiagent systems (MASs) with denial-of-service attacks. First, a resilient distributed observer is introduced to extract the leader's state in real-time for each follower, even in the presence of attacks. A nonlinear mapping is employed to transform the original system with state constraints into an equivalent constraint-free system, ensuring that the original system's states remain within prescribed limits. Then, an adaptive dynamic programming (ADP)-based FTC scheme is designed for the system to mitigate the effects of actuator faults, enabling the nominal system to balance cost and performance. The ADP algorithm is implemented using an actor-critic structure to solve the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation based on system data collected via the least-squares method. In this framework, the designed controller is data-driven rather than reliant on precise system information, which broadens the controller's applicability to systems with unknown dynamics. Finally, the effectiveness of the established controller is validated through two examples. © 2025

关键词： Dynamic programming

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A Secure Transmission and Attack Detection Approach Based on Autoencoder

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IEEE Transactions on Network Science and engineering 2025年

作者： Ma, Zhen-Lei Li, Xiao-Jian Northeastern University College of Information Science and Engineering Liaoning Shenyang110819 China Northeastern University State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries Liaoning Shenyang110819 China

This paper is concerned with the secure transmission and attack detection problem for cyber-physical systems with unknown dynamic matrices. The signals transmitted between physical and cyber layers can be eavesdropped and injected with the false data by adversary, which causes the information leakage and performance degradation. To tackle this problem, an integrated secure transmission and attack detection framework is proposed. The system information is first hidden as latent variables for secure transmission without information loss by using the designed stable image representation-aided autoencoder. Moreover, to further enhance the security of transmission, the chaotic oscillators are also embedded as a supplement. Then, an attack detector is designed based on the residual generated from the original data and the reconstructed data. Compared with the existing results, the proposed method shows better encoding ability and detection performance. Furthermore, the attack types are further analyzed and identified by using an explainable artificial intelligence technique. Finally, two examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed defense method. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Information leakage

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